ANAPHY (Lesson 4)

TISSUES AND MEMBRANES

TISSUES
 Group of cells with similar structure and
function.
 Contributes to the functioning of the
organs in which it is found.

TYPES OF TISSUES
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
 Found on surfaces as either
coverings (outer surfaces) or
linings (inner surfaces).
 Because they have no capillaries
of their own, epithelial tissues
GLANDS
receive oxygen and nutrients
 cells or organs that secrete something
from the blood supply of the
 they produce a substance that has a
connective tissue beneath them.
function either at that site or at a more
 Many epithelial tissues are
distant site.
capable of secretion and may be
called glandular epithelium, or
UNICELLULAR GLANDS
more simply, glands.
 one cell
 Goblet cells are an example of
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
unicellular glands.
 Based on the type of cell of which the
 Lining of the respiratory and
tissue is made
digestive tracts.
 Shapes:
 Their secretion is mucus
 squamous cells are flat,
cuboidal cells are cube shaped,
MULTICELLULAR GLANDS
and columnar cells are tall and
 made of many similar cells, or of a
narrow.
variety of cells with their secretions
 Number of Cells
mingled into a collective secretion.
 “Simple” is the term for a single
 Divided into two major groups:
layer of cells, and “stratified”
 exocrine glands endocrine
means that many layers of cells
glands.
are present
 “pseudostratified” special type
EXOCRINE GLANDS
of simple epithelium, that appears
 Have ducts (tubes) to take the secretion
to be falsely stratified. It consists
away from the gland to the site of its
of one layer of cells, with all the
function.
cells attached to the basement
 Salivary glands
membrane.
 secrete saliva that is
carried by ducts to the oral
cavity.
 Sweat glands
 secrete sweat that is
transported by ducts to the
skin surface, where it can
be evaporated by excess
body heat.
 Gastric glands of the stomach
 produce hydrochloric acid
and the enzyme pepsin.
 Both of these secretions
are part of gastric juice
Exocrine glands can also be classified PROTEIN FIBERS
according to how products leave the cell. Three types of protein fibers—collagen,
 Merocrine/Eccrine secretion involves reticular, and elastic—help form most
the release of secretory products by connective tissues.
exocytosis.  Collagen fibers, which resemble
 Apocrine secretion involves the release microscopic ropes, are very flexible but
of secretory products as pinched-off resist stretching.
fragments of the gland cells.  Reticular fibers are very fine, short
 Holocrine secretion involves the collagen fibers that branch to form a
shedding of entire cells. supporting network.
 Elastic fibers have the ability to return
to their original shape after being
stretched or compressed, giving tissue
an elastic quality.

GROUND SUBSTANCE
 The ground substance consists of non-
fibrous molecules and is shapeless. .
 It consists of proteoglycans, which are
large molecules that consist of a protein
core attached to many long
polysaccharides.
Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water
SWEAT GLANDS between the polysaccharides, which allows
 Eccrine sweat glands them to return to their original shape when
- These are found all over the body, compressed or deformed.
especially on the palms, soles and
forehead. TYPE STRUCTURE LOC & FUNCTION
 Apocrine sweat glands
- These are found in the areas like the
armpits and groin.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 Ductless glands
 The secretions of endocrine glands are
a group of chemicals called hormones,
 Enter capillaries and are
circulated throughout the body.

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 presence of a matrix in addition to cells
 structural network or solution of
BLOOD
nonliving intercellular material.
 Blood is a liquid connective tissue
 Blood
 It contains a liquid matrix, termed the
- plasma, which is mostly water.
plasma, along with formed elements.
 Bone
 The formed elements are erythrocytes,
- primarily of calcium salts, which are
leukocytes, and platelets.
hard and strong
 It functions in transport of food, oxygen,
waste, hormones, and other substances.
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
 The extracellular matrix of connective
SUBDIVISIONS OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE
tissue has three major components:
TISSUE
protein fibers, ground substance, and
 Areolar connective tissue primarily
fluid.
consists of collagen fibers and a few
 The structure of the matrix is
elastic fibers.
responsible for the functional
characteristics of connective tissues—
for example, they enable bones and
cartilage to bear weight.
  Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes,
or fat cells, which contain large amounts
of lipid for energy storage. Adipose
tissue pads and protects parts of the
body and acts as a thermal insulator.

TYPE STRUCTURE LOC & FUNCTION

 Reticular tissue forms the framework of

lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen
and lymph nodes, as well as in bone
marrow and the liver.
 The most common cells in loose
connective tissue are the fibroblasts.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Dense connective tissue - number of
protein fibers that form thick bundles
and fill nearly all of the extracellular
space.
There are two major subcategories of dense CARTILAGE
connective tissue: collagenous and elastic.  Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes,
 Dense collagenous connective tissue located in spaces called lacunae within
having the collagen fibers oriented in the an extensive matrix.
same direction is termed dense regular. - Collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility
Example: tendons and ligaments and strength.
 Dense collagenous connective tissue - Cartilage is resilient because the
having the collagen fibers oriented in the proteoglycans of the matrix trap water.
multiple directions is termed dense - Cartilage provides support, but if bent or
irregular. Example: dermis of the skin slightly compressed, it resumes its original
and in organ capsules shape.

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONN TYPES OF CARTILAGES

TISSUE  Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant
type of cartilage and has many
functions, such as covering the ends of
bones, where they form joints.

 Dense elastic connective tissue has

abundant elastic fibers among its
collagen fibers.
The elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and
recoil.
Examples include the dense elastic connective
tissue in the vocal cords.
 A genetic condition called Marfan
syndrome results from, in part the
inability to properly maintain and form
elastic fibers.
  Fibrocartilage has more collagen than SKELETAL MUSCLE
does hyaline cartilage and is able to
withstand compression and resist
tearing or pulling. Found in the
intervertebral disks.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

 Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers

in addition to collagen and
proteoglycans. The elastic fibers appear
as coiled fibers among bundles of
collagen fibers. Elastic cartilage is able
to recoil to its original shape when bent.
The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory
tube contain elastic cartilage.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
BONE
 a hard connective tissue that consists of
living cells and a mineralized matrix.
Osteocytes are located within lacunae.
 The strength and rigidity of the
mineralized matrix enables bones to
support and protect other tissues and
organs.
 Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy
bone and compact bone.

TYPES OF BONES
 Spongy bone has spaces between
trabeculae or plates, of bone and 4. NERVE TISSUES
therefore resembles a sponge.  consists of nerve cells called neurons
 Compact bone is more solid, with and some specialized cells found only in
almost no space between many thin the nervous system.
layers of mineralized matrix.  Two divisions:
o the central nervous system
3. MUSCLE TISSUES (CNS)
 specialized for contraction. o The brain and spinal cord are the
 When muscle cells contract, they organs of the CNS.
shorten and bring about some type of o They are made of neurons and
movement. specialized cells called neuroglia.
 There are three types of muscle tissue:  the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
o Skeletal o consists of all of the nerves that
o Smooth emerge from the CNS and supply
o Cardiac the rest of the body.
o These nerves are made of
neurons and specialized cells
called Schwann cells.
o The Schwann cells form the
myelin sheath to electrically
insulate neurons.
 MUCOUS MEMBRANE
 line body tracts that open to the
environment:
 respiratory, digestive, urinary,
and reproductive.
 Mucus
 keeps the living epithelium wet;
 provides lubrication in the
digestive tract;
 traps dust and bacteria in the
respiratory tract.
ILLUSTRATION OF NERVOUS TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE

MEMBRANES
 sheets of tissue that cover or line
surfaces or that separate organs or
parts (lobes) of organs from one
another.
 Many membranes produce secretions
that have specific functions.
 The two major categories of membranes AGING AND THE TISSUES
are  aging takes place at the cellular level,
 epithelial membranes but of course is apparent in the groups
 Serous membrane of cells we call tissues.
 Mucous membrane  In muscle tissue
 connective tissue membranes.  the proteins that bring
- Synovial membrane about contraction
- Cutaneous membrane deteriorate and are not
repaired or replaced.
SEROUS MEMBRANE  Connective tissue
 in closed body cavities; the serous fluid  collagen and elastin of the
prevents friction between the two layers dermis of the skin.
of the serous membrane.
 Thoracic cavity—partial pleura
lines chest wall; visceral pleura
covers the lungs.
 Pericardial sac—parietal
pericardium lines fibrous
pericardium; visceral pericardium
(epicardium) covers the heart
muscle.
 Abdominal cavity—peritoneum
lines the abdominal cavity;
mesentery covers the abdominal
organs.