FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. Admission – it is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject short of

acknowledgement of guilt.
2. Associative Evidence - is evidence that ties a suspect to the crime scene, the
victim, or some other bit of evidence.
3. Accessory- A person who contribute before, during, or after an unlawful act in
a subordinate or secondary capacity.
4. Acquittal- A setting free or deliverance from a charge by verdict.
5. Adjudication- A formal judicial decision that ends a proceeding by a judgment
of conviction, acquittal, or dismissal.
6. Admissible evidence- Evidence deemed material and relevant so as to be
allowed in a judicial proceeding.
7. Affidavit- A written statement made under oath or an attachment to a warrant
where in the police detail probable cause.
8. Alias- A false name used to conceal true identity.
9. Alibi- A statement or defense attempting to prove that a subject suspected of
a crime could not have committed the offence.
10. Arrest – the taking of a person into custody so he can answer for the
commission of the crime.
11. Artificial Cover - The Manufacture of Documents, False Documents,
Passports, Or Forged Documents.
12. Associative Evidence - These Are Physical Evidence Which Link A Suspect
To The Crime.
13. Burned - when an investigator has been exposed. The target has become
aware
14. Cartography – the witness and investigator develop a picture of the criminal
with the help of skilled cartographer.
15. Chain of custody – a process used to maintain and document the
chronological history of the evidence.
16. Close tail – surveillance is on in which extreme precautions are taken against
losing the subject.
17. Confession – the direct acknowledgment of the truth of the guilty facts as
charges of some essential part of the commission of the criminal act itself.
18. Confidential Informant – an individual who supplies information on a
confidential basis with understanding that his identity will not be made known.
19. Corpus Delicti - the facts and circumstances constituting a crime. Concrete
evidence of a crime, such as a corpse.
20. Covert – the secret way of obtaining information like a surveillance,
undercover assignments, entrapment and tactical interrogation.
21. Crime Scene – the place where the crimes were committed.
22. Criminal Identification – identifications od suspects and the actual culprits of
the crime is one of the primary tasks in criminal identification.
23. Criminal Investigation – seeks all the facts associated with a crime to
determine the truth.
24. Criminal Potential – possession of knowledge, skills, or facilities that could
easily be adopted for criminal use.
25. CULTIVATED SOURCE - ARE INFORMATION FURNISHED BY
INFORMANTS/ INFORMERS.
26. Custodial Investigation – the skillful questioning of a suspect or hostile
witness to divulge information concerning the crime under investigation.
27. Deductive Reasoning – forms a general conclusion prior to having a complete
explanation based on facts.
28. Departmental Reference – many police agencies have established file listings
of voluntary informants cultivated in prior investigation.
29. Deposition - in Criminal Investigation,is a formal written statement, made for
example by a witness to a crime or by the perpetrator of a crime.
30. DETAILS (SKETCH) - THE IMMEDIATE SCENE ONLY
31. Disclosure of Identity – the investigator should be instructed not to disclose
his identity or he should remain undercover if arrested by civilian authorities.
32. Documentary Source of Information – any type of information of a printed
nature, or data otherwise recovered and stored for retrieval.
33. DOUBLE CROSSER INFORMANT - TO GET MORE INFORMATION
34. Double Strip Search Method– a modification of the strip search method. Here,
the rectangle is traversed parallel to the base then parallel to the side.
35. Eavesdropping - is secretly or stealthily listening to the private conversation of
others without their consent.
36. Electronic Surveillance – listening on spoken interactions via devices that
gather and amplify sounds.
37. EMOTIONAL APPEAL - PLACE THE SUBJECT IN THE PROPER FRAME
OF MIND.
38. Emotional Approach – place the subject in the proper frame of mind.
39. Emotional Offender – have a greater sense of morality.
40. Extenuation – the investigator indicated he does not consider his subject’s
indiscretion a grave offense.
41. Fact – is a statement or observation that can be verified by their verifiable
points of information.
42. FALSE INFORMANT – INFORMATION HAS NO VALUE
43. Faulty Reasoning – often centers on generalization, stereotyping,
oversimplifying, or incorrect assumptions.
44. Final Interview – this is the last step of questioning that may lead to the act of
offering a witness to testify during court trial.
45. Final/Concluding Investigation – the direct outgrowth of the previous two
stages.
46. Follow-up Interview – this is to obtain further information that was missed
during the initial interview and to clarify data that has been already gathered.
47. Follow-up/In-depth Investigation – it follows up the preliminary or initial
investigation.
48. Form Hypothesis – it is the construction of an explanation of an occurrence.
49. FRIGHTENED INFORMANT - MOTIVATED BY ANXIETY
50. Grapevine Source - Information Given by The Underworld Characters Such
As Prisoners Or Criminals.
51. Ground (Sketch) - Picture of The Scene of The Crime With Its Nearest
Physical Surrounding.
52. Ibid - is a latin word, it is the short for ibidem. It means in the same place.
53. Informants with Ulterior Motives – individuals who provided the police
information for self-serving reasons.
54. Instrumentation – the scientific examination of real evidence, application of
instruments and methods of the physical science in detecting crimes.
55. INTENT - THE RESULT OR ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE ACT
56. Interpret Data – the investigator should be as objective as possible in the
interpretation.
57. Investigare - is a Latin word which means to track or trace by footprint and to
study or examine closely.
58. JOLTING - MAYBE APPLIED TO CALM AND NERVOUS SUBJECTS.
59. Judicial Confession – confession is an open court.
60. Kneeling Search – subject kneels on the ground with hand raise over his
head.
61. Known Criminals/Fugitives – these include groups of criminals who have
existing record in the police files.
62. LOCALITY (SKETCH) - GIVE PICTURE OF THE SCENE, THE CRIME AND
ITS ENVIRONS, INCLUDING NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS, ROADS ETC.
63. Loose Tail – is employed when a general impression of the subject’s habits
and associates is required.
64. Mental Reconstruction – from the physical reconstruction, some conclusions
can be made concerning the consistency of the accounts of various
witnesses.
65. MERCENARY INFORMANT - SELL INFORMATION
66. Modus Operandi – a suspect’s pattern or method or procedure in committing
a crime.
67. Motive – the reason why a crime was committed.
68. NATURAL COVER - USING THE INDIVIDUAL’S TRUE IDENTITY,
OCCUPATION OR PROFESSION.
69. Non-judicial Confession – this kind of confession is inadmissible unless
corroborative by proof or corpus delicti.
70. Objective Interview – the questions are designed to acquire the basic and
specific data or facts regarding to a criminal case.
71. Observation Ability – the act of observing is a nothing and recording of facts.
72. Observe and Experiment – as applied to the proposed explanation, this
process serves as a check for the hypothesis that is incorrect.
73. OPENING STATEMENT — THE INVESTIGATOR MUST HAVE TO
INDICATE WHY THE SUBJECT IS BEING CONTRACTED.
74. Opportunity – being in a better position to commit the crime.
75. Personal Cultivation – is the development of one’s mind or capacities through
one’s own efforts.
76. Physical Evidence – evidence addressed to the senses of the court, as when
objects are exhibited for the personal observation of the judge.
77. Paid Informants – an individual who receives monetary compensation for
information given.
78. Preliminary Interview – the first or initial questioning usually conducted at the
crime scene.
79. Preliminary Investigation – it involves the first exposure of the criminal offense
to the investigative process.
80. Raid – a surprise invasion of a building or area.
81. Raid Operation – coordination of individual efforts is an essential element in
the success of a raid.
82. Security Check – the undercover investigator can listen to the conversation of
social groups to check on security leaks or careless observations.
83. Sensory Form – the outward manifestation of a criminal event that can be
perceived by out five senses.
84. Shadow/Tailing – is the art of following a person.
85. Sit On - conduct a stakeout or stationary surveillance.
86. Standing Search – raise subject’s hand over his head and spread his feet far
apart as possible.
87. Strip Search Method – the area is blocked out in form of a rectangle.
88. Superior Reasoning Ability – the ability to analyze logically a multitude of facts
and determine how they interrelate is basic to the investigative process.
89. Sympathetic Approach – the suspect may feel the need for sympathy or
friendship,
90. Tail - to conduct a moving surveillance.
91. Testimonial Evidence – the most common form of evidence, and it is obtained
through interview and interrogation.
92. Testing – the investigator should memorize all details in connection with his
assumed role and functions portion of his biography.
93. Trace - means to find or discover by investigation.
94. Tracing Identification – this involves the use of all other information that may
be indicative of the personal identity of an individual.
95. Unknown Criminals – identification of unknown criminals should be conducted
discreet, or with caution.
96. Unsolicited Contact – voluntary informants who self-initiate the police contact.
97. Wheel Search Method – the area is considered to be approximately circular.
98. Wiretapping – interception of telephone calls.
99. Witness Interview – a witness is one who saw or knows by personal presence
and perception about the crime.
100. Written Form – a criminal act may also provide information is a written form
like receipts from the motel, food and drinks in the pocket of the suspect.
SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION 1 WITH LEGAL MEDICINE

1. ABC method – reduces the risk of losing the subject, affords greater security
agents detection.
2. Actus Reus - proof that a criminal act has occurred.
3. Admission - is a voluntary acknowledgment, confession, or concession of the
existence of a fact or the truth of an allegation made by a party to the suit.
4. Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon possible while facts are fresh
in the memory of interviewees.
5. Associate evidence- evidence which links the suspects to the crime scene or
offense
6. Associative Evidence - is evidence that ties a suspect to the crime scene, the
victim, or some other bit of evidence.
7. Azimuth - uses polar coordinates. This method requires two people; one to hold
each end of a tape measure.
8. Background Interview - time and place of interview is not a consideration except
for busy person.
9. Baseline method– a sketching method that makes measurements along
from a single reference line, called a baseline.
10. Bluff on a Split Pair- The suspects are separated and one is informed that other
has talked
11. Bugging - is the act of concealing a miniature microphone in (a room or
telephone) in order to eavesdrop on or record some one's conversations secretly.
12. by making a measurement at right angles from each of two walls. Works
13. Circumstantial Evidence - also known as indirect evidence.
14. Close up Views - These photos are taken at a distance of less than five feet and
should focus on small segments on specific objects in the scene.
15. Collection- refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical
things that are significant to the case under investigation.
16. Combined foot-auto surveillance – employment of surveillants on foot and agents
in an automobile
17. Command Post – an area which, is ideally located adjacent to the Crime Scene
where the CSI Evidence Custodian stays and receives the pieces of evidence
turned over to him.
18. Compass point method– a sketching method that requires a protractor or some
method of measuring angles between two lines.
19. Confession - an out-of-court statement by a suspect in which he or she
voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently acknowledges that he or she committed or
participated in the commission of a crime.
20. Corpus Delicti - the facts and circumstances constituting a crime. Concrete
evidence of a crime, such as a corpse
21. Crime Scene Photography - seeks to establish a visual record of the condition of
the scene and the items present in it.
22. Criminal investigation - it is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the
three-fold aims: To identify the guilty party, to locate the guilty party and to
provide evidence of his guilt
23. Criminal Investigator- is the super star in the process of investigation. He must be
capable of observing and rationally thinking the steps.
24. Criminal Law- is defined as that branch of the municipal or substantive law which
defines crimes.
25. Cross projection method – a sketching method in which the ceiling appears to
open up like a lid of a hinged box, with the four walls opening
outward.
26. Custodial Interrogation or Investigation- is the investigation conducted by the
investigator on the suspect who is under police custody.
27. Deductive approach- is done by assuming a theory on how and why was the
crime committed and then attempting to support it by collecting corroborative
information.
28. Direct – the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of the
interrogation
29. Discretion- is the wise use of one’s own judgment.
30. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the strip search method.
31. Dying declaration- made by the person under a consciousness or an impending
death regarding the cause and surrounding of the injury which subsequently
produces his death.
32. Elicitation- is the process of collecting intelligence from people as part of human
intelligence.
33. Evaluation- the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.
34. Evidence recovery log- documentation of the recognition, collection, marking and
packaging of physical evidence for administrative and chain of custody purpose.
35. Evidence- the means sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a
judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact.
36. Ex-convict- is any person who served his penalty from penal establishment.
37. Felonies- are acts and omissions punishable under Revised Penal Code.
38. First responder- Refers to Police Officer who is the first to arrive at the crime
scene to provide initial police actions on the information or complaint receive.
39. Fixed or immovable evidence- which cannot be readily removed from the crime
scene because of its size, shape or make up.
40. Formal - interview conducted by the investigator assigned to the case.
41. General Views - It demonstrates what the scene looks like in its own
environment.
42. Homicide investigation- it is the official inquiry made by the police on the facts
and circumstances surrounding the death of the person which is expected to be
criminal or unlawful.
43. Important Criminal Cases - should be conducted in places other than the
subject’s home/office to prevent him/her feeling confident.
44. Indirect – the subject is aware.
45. Inductive approach- is done by collective information then carefully analyzing and
evaluating them to develop a theory of the crime.
46. Informal (on the scene interview) - conducted by police/investigator at the crime
scene to get description of criminal if seen.
47. Information - data gathered by an investigator and other person including the
victim himself.
48. Instrumentation - scientific examination of real evidence, application of
instruments and method of physical sciences in detecting crime.
49. Instrumentation- It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police
sciences in criminal investigation and detection.
50. Interrogation- is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant
suspect about his participation in a crime.
51. Interrogation Report- is an oral or written statement of information by the
questioning of an interrogee.
52. Interview - skillful questioning of witness and suspects.
53. Interview- is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess information,
which is relevant to the investigation of a crime or non-criminal activities.
54. Investigation- refers to the process of carrying out a detailed examination or
inquiry usually in official manner, to discover something or somebody.
55. Jolting- may be applied to calm and nervous subjects by constantly observing the
suspects, the investigator chooses a propitious moment to shout a pertinent
question and appear as though he is beside himself with rage.
56. Medium Range Views - These photos should be taken at a distance no greater
than 20 feet away from the subject or item being photographed.
57. Miranda Doctrine - The principle on the rights of a suspect against forced self-
incrimination during police interrogation.
58. Modus Operandi - Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner of
committing the crime.
59. Movable evidence- which can be picked- up at the crime scene or any other
location transported.
60. Narrative description- documentation of the general appearance of the scene as
first observed.
61. One man –extremely difficult and should be avoided, if unavoidable keep subject
in view at all times.
62. Planned operation-it is the carefully structured and the robbery group examines
all aspects of the situation.
63. Presentation- it is the function that is primarily manifested inside the courtroom.
64. Preservation- includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and
original for, preventing contamination or destruction of its substantive value.
65. Preventive response- prevention through deterrence is sometimes achieved by
arresting the criminal and by aggressive prosecutions.
66. Probative value- refers to the evidence or its worth in successful establishing a
proof that a crime has in fact committed and that the suspect/ accuses is the one
who is responsible for it.
67. Recognition- involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that
may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.
68. Recording notes- notes that are gathered in chronological order corresponding to
the investigative steps or receipt of the information
69. Rectangular - a method of obtaining measurement to locate an object
70. Rectangular coordinates method – a sketching method that involves measuring
the distance of an object from two fixed lines at right angles to each other.
71. Respondent- is a person of a case in the prosecutor’s office.
72. Rouges Gallery - is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and
suspects kept for identification purposes.
73. Routine Criminal Cases - interview should be carefully planned. Busy person can
be interviewed at night, privacy is important.
74. Scene of the Crime Operators (SOCO)- this is the team who is composed of
specialized fields in processing crime scene after a request is approved by the
concerned police station/unit.
75. Sketch - a rough drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more
finished picture.
76. Sketch of details- describes the immediate scene only for instance the room in
which the crime scene was committed and the details.
77. Sketch of locality- gives the picture of the scene of the crime and its environs
including such items as neigh boring and roads leading to the location to the
crime scene.
78. Sketch of the ground- pictures the scene of crime with its nearest physical
surroundings, the gardens, the number of the flooring of the building and others.
79. Special Crime Investigation - The investigation of cases that are unique and often
require special training to fully understand their broad significance.
80. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is good) follow each other along
the path of a spiral beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards the center.
81. Spotter- refers to an undercover agent who is present in the area of operational
ahead of time and is duty bound to give information as to updates on the
activities of the subject.
82. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle.
83. Subject- is the person, place or vehicle being observed by the surveillant.
84. Surveillance- is the discreet observation of persons, places, and vehicles for the
purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities or activities of
criminals.
85. Surveillant- is the person who conduct the surveillance or performs the
observations.
86. Suspect- refers to any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity.
87. Tail - to conduct a moving surveillance.
88. Trace - means to find or discover by investigation.
89. Tracing evidence- articles which assist the investigation in locating the suspects.
90. Triangulation - is a method that can be used when the scene is irregularly
shaped.
91. Triangulation method – a sketching method that requires measuring the distance
of an object along a straight line from two widely separated fixed reference
points.
92. Two man – two agents are employed to follow the subject.
93. Under arrest and detention- This kind of investigation is applicable when the
suspect was arrested and is under investigation.
94. Undercover agent-is a person who conduct an undercover assignment. He
should be knowledgeable on the language or dialect, customs and habit, physical
appearance and others, which are very important in the assignment.
95. Undercover Operation- is a police operation wherein the investigator assumes a
fictitious identity in order to infiltrate the ranks of the criminals for the purpose of
obtaining information.
96. well for indoor measurements.
97. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to be approximately circular.
98. Wiretapping - is the practice of connecting a listening device to a telephone line
to monitor conversations secretly.
99. Witness- refers to any person who has directs knowledge of facts concerning an
event or activity.
100. Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a
quadrant and then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
101.
FIRE PROTECTION AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

1. Abatement - any act that would remove or neutralize fire hazard.

2. Administrator - any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the
use of a building for him.
3. Aerial Ladder - It is power operated metal ladder mounted on specially build
chassis.
4. Aerial ladder truck - has a metal extension ladder mounted on a turntable.
5. Arson - intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire
6. Articulating Aerial Tower - It is an apparatus consisting of two or more boom
sections within enclosed platform attached to the top of the boom.
7. Blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used
to set off explosives.
8. Boiling point. The constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
liquid is equal or above to the atmospheric pressure.
9. Burning – that there was fire which may be shown by direct testimony of
complainant, firemen responding to the crime, other eyewitnesses.
10. Cellulose nitrate or Nitro cellulose - a highly combustible and explosive
compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a cellulose material.
11. Cellulose nitrate plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance,materials or
compound having cellulose nitrate as base.
12. Class A fires. These are fires involving ordinary combustible materials such
as, wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.
13. Class B fires. It involves flammable and combustible liquids, greases and
gases such as gasoline, oil, lacquers, paints, mineral spirits, and alcohols.
14. Class C fires. These are fires involving energized electrical equipment. A non-
conducting extinguishing agent such as halon, dry chemical, or carbon
dioxide can sometimes control these fires.
15. Class D fires. It involves combustible metals such as aluminum, magnesium,
titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, calcium, zirconium, zinc and potassium.
16. Class E fires. These are fires involving liquefied petroleum gases.
17. Class F fires. These are fires involving the burning of spontaneously
combustible materials.
18. Combination Ladders - These are designed so that they may be used as
single extension or “A” frame ladder.
19. Combustible liquid - any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8 degrees
Celsius or 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
20. Combustible/Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are
easily set on fire.
21. Compressed gas. Is one which at all normal atmospheric temperature inside
its container, exist solely in the gaseous state under pressure.
22. Concealment of Crime – to hide a crime committed.
23. Conduction. It is the transfer of heat from a region of higher temperature to a
region of lower temperature by increased kinetic energy.
24. Convection. It is the transfer of heat through a circulating medium, usually air
or liquid.
25. Corrosive liquid - any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic
matter or with certain chemicals.
26. Criminal design – must be shown that it was willfully and intentionally done.
27. Cryogenic gases. Is a liquefied gas which exist in its container at temperature
far below normal atmospheric temperature.
28. Damper - a normally open device installed inside an air duct system which
automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
29. Duct system - a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
30. Dust - a finely powdered substance which when mixed with air in the proper
proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.
31. Elevating Platforms - Although elevating platforms are not considered to be
ladders, some elevating platform apparatus carry ground ladders.
32. Elevating-platform truck - has a cage like platform that can hold several
people.
33. Ember - a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned
and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.
34. Endothermic Reactions. These are changes whereby energy (heat) is
absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place.
35. Evidence of intent – when valuables were removed before the fire, absence of
effort to put out the fire and such other indications.
36. Exothermic Reactions. Are those that release or give off energy (heat) thus
they produced substances with less energy than the reactants.
37. Extension Ladder - A type of ladder that is adjustable in length.
38. Finishes - materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or
protective purposes.
39. Fire - the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of
combustion.
40. Fire Alarm - any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to
warn the occupants of the building or the fighting element.
41. Fire door - a fire restrictive door prescribed for openings in fire separation
walls or partitions.
42. Fire Lane - the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened
and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operations of firefighting units.
43. Fire Point. The temperature at which the material will give off vapors in
sufficient quantity to sustain combustion (burning).
44. Fire Trap - a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or
because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.
45. Flames. It refers to incandescent gases.
46. Flaming Combustion – represented by the Fire Tetrahedron
47. Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor
in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.
48. Flash point. The temperature at which the vapors given off (gas) is not in
sufficient quantity to burn.
49. Folding Ladders - These are single ladders that have hinges rungs, allowing
them to be folded up so that one beam rests against the other.
50. Forcing - a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its
shape or dimensions.
51. Fuel Gases. These are customary used for burning with air to produce heat,
which in turn is utilized as power, light, and process.
52. Fulminate - a kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by
percussion.
53. Gaseous Fuels. The principal component is hydrocarbon.
54. Glowing combustion – represented by the Fire Triangle
55. Heat of decomposition. It is the heat produced by the decomposition of
compounds requiring the addition of heat for their formation.
56. Heat of solution. It is the heat released by the solution of matter in a liquid.
57. Horizontal exit - passage way from one building to another or through or
around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
58. Hose Box - a box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment
are stored and arranged for firefighting
59. Hose Reel - a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is
connected.
60. Hypergolic fuel - a rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of
fuels and oxidizers which ignite simultaneously on contact with each other.
61. Ignition temperature. The temperature at which a flammable material will
ignite, whether it be gas, liquid, or gas.
62. Industrial Gases. These are used for industrial processes as those used in
welding and cutting.
63. Intimidation or economic disabling – these are saboteurs, strikers to intimidate
management and employers.
64. Jumper - a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety
device in an electrical system
65. Law of Heat Flow – specifies that heat tends to flow from a hot substance to a
cold substance.
66. Liquefied gas. Is one in which, at normal atmospheric temperature inside its
container, exist partly in the liquid state and partly in the gaseous state.
67. Liquid Fuels. The principal component is hydrocarbon.
68. Luminous flame is orange red, will deposit soot at the bottom of a vessel
being heated due to incomplete combustion of fuel and has a lower
temperature.
69. Mechanical heat energy. Mechanical heat is the product of friction.
70. Medical Gases. These are used for treatment and respiratory therapy.
71. Non-luminous flame is blue, will not deposit soot due to almost complete
combustion of the fuel and has relatively high temperature.
72. Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or
intended to be used.
73. Occupant - any person actually occupying and using a building or portions
thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by
permission or sufferance of the latter.
74. Organic Peroxide - a strong oxidizing organic compound which release
oxygen readily.
75. Overloading - the use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which
draw or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the
existing electrical system.
76. Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a
building or real property.
77. Oxidation. It is a chemical change that is exothermic.
78. Oxidizing Material - a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities
sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.
79. Pole Ladders - These are extension ladders that have stay poles for added
stability.
80. Pompier Ladders - It consists of a large gooseneck hook at the tip, with a
single bed through which the rungs project.
81. Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where 50 0r more people
congregate, gather or assemble for any purpose.
82. Public Way - any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the
ground to the sky, dedicated for public use.
83. Punitive Measure – to inflict injury to another due to hatred, jealousy or
revenge.
84. Pyromania – It is the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn anything
without motivation.
85. Pyrophoric - descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when
exposed to air.
86. Radiation - Radiation is the process of heat transfer by means of infrared
radiation, a form of electromagnetic wave.
87. Refining - a process where impurities and,or deleterious materials are
removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound. It
shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
88. Rescue Ladders - are enclosed vehicles equipped with many of the same
kinds of forcible entry tools that ladder truck carry.
89. Roof Ladders - These are single ladders equipped with folding hooks at the
top end which provides means to anchor the ladder over the roof ridge or
other roof parts.
90. Self Closing Doors - automatic closing doors that are designed to confine
smoke and heat and delay the spread o fire.
91. Single or Straight Ladder. A type of ladder that is non-adjustable in length and
consists only of one section.
92. Smelting - melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate
impurities from pure metals.
93. Solid Fuels. The principal component is carbon.
94. Special Fire Vehicles - include airport crash trucks and hazardous material
trucks.
95. Standpipe System. A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hose
can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made
available to the outlets as needed.
96. Torch. A professional fire setter.
97. Tower Ladders - It combines some features of both aerial ladder equipment
and elevating platforms.
98. Vaporization. The physical change of going from a solid or liquid into a
gaseous state.
99. Vertical Shaft. An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor
to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the building.
100. Vestibule. A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and
interior parts of a house or building.
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND
PROTECTION

1. Advanced Persistent Threat - An adversary that possesses sophisticated

levels of expertise and significant resources.
2. adversary - An individual, group, organization, or government that conducts
or has the intent to conduct detrimental activities.
3. air gap - To physically separate or isolate a system from other systems or
networks.
4. alert - A notification that a specific attack has been detected or directed at an
organization’s information systems
5. antispyware software - A program that specializes in detecting and blocking
or removing forms of spyware.
6. attack surface -The set of ways in which an adversary can enter a system and
potentially cause damage.
7. back door -- a vulnerability intentionally left in the security of a computer
system or its software by its designers
8. biometrics -- the use of a computer user's unique physical characteristics --
such as fingerprints, voice, and retina -- to identify that user
9. black hat -- a term used to describe a hacker who has the intention of causing
damage or stealing information
10. Blocklist - A list of entities that are blocked or denied privileges or access
11. Bot – a type of malware that allows an attacker to take control over an
affected computer.
12. Bot code – allows for the remote control of computers that are infected by it
without the knowledge of the computer user
13. Botherders – refers to those who control botnets
14. Botnet – a network of zombie computers
15. Browser: A program used to access the Internet.
16. bug - An unexpected and relatively small defect, fault, flaw, or imperfection in
an information system or device.
17. bypass -- a flaw in a security device
18. Cable piracy – refers to unauthorized transmission of films through cable
network
19. ciphertext -- data that has been encrypted
20. Computer – refers to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromechanical, or
other data processing or communication device.
21. Computer data – refers to any representation of facts information, or concepts
in a form suitable for processing in a computer system
22. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) -- an organization that
collects and distributes information about security breaches
23. computer network defense - The actions taken to defend against
unauthorized activity within computer networks.
24. Computer security – also known as information security
25. Confidentiality – refers to the prevention of unauthorized disclosure of
information
26. Cookie: An information packet sent from a website to a web browser that
records a user’s activity on that website.
27. Cyber bullying: The act of one individual harassing or intimidating another
individual via the Internet.
28. Copyright – used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary
and artistic works
29. countermeasure -- any action or device that reduces a computer system's
vulnerability
30. cracker -- a term sometimes used to refer to a hacker who breaks into a
system with the intent of causing damage or stealing data
31. cracking -- the process of trying to overcome a security measure
32. Crimeware – spyware created or employed specifically to facilitate identity
theft or other economically motivated crime
33. cryptanalysis -The operations performed in defeating or circumventing
cryptographic protection of information.
34. cryptography -- protecting information or hiding its meaning by converting it
into a secret code before sending it out over a public network
35. crypto keys -- the algorithms used to encrypt and decrypt messages
36. cryptology - The mathematical science that deals with cryptanalysis and
cryptography.
37. cyber infrastructure - An electronic information and communications systems
and services and the information contained therein.
38. Cybercrime – the used of the internet, computers, and related technologies in
the commission of a crime
39. Cyberspace – indefinite place where individuals transact and communicate
40. Cyberprostitution – the criminal act of providing, or offering to provide, sexual
services in exchange for compensation through the use of computer
41. Cyberterrorism – the premeditated, methodological, ideologically motivated
dissemination of information, computer systems, and/or computer programs .
42. data aggregation - Definition: The process of gathering and combining data
from different sources, so that the combined data reveals new information.
43. data breach - The unauthorized movement or disclosure of sensitive
information to a party, usually outside the organization.
44. data loss - The result of unintentionally or accidentally deleting data,
forgetting where it is stored, or exposure to an unauthorized party.
45. decipher - To convert enciphered text to plain text by means of a
cryptographic system.
46. decode -To convert encoded text to plain text by means of a code.
47. decrypt -- the process of converting encrypted information back into normal,
understandable text
48. decryption - process of transforming ciphertext into its original plaintext.
49. denial of service (DoS) -- an attack that causes the targeted system to be
unable to fulfill its intended function
50. digital signature -- an electronic equivalent of a signature
51. disruption - An event which causes unplanned interruption in operations or
functions for an unacceptable length of time.
52. domain name -- the textual name assigned to a host on the Internet
53. dumpster diving -- looking through trash for access codes or other sensitive
information
54. dynamic attack surface - The automated, on-the-fly changes of an information
system's characteristics to thwart actions of an adversary.
55. Electronic attack – those attacks wherein electromagnetic energy is employed
as a weapon
56. email -- an application that allows the sending of messages between
computer users via a network
57. encipher - To convert plaintext to ciphertext by means of a cryptographic
system.
58. encode - To convert plaintext to ciphertext by means of a code.
59. encrypt - The generic term encompassing encipher and encode.
60. encryption -- the process of protecting information or hiding its meaning by
converting it into a code
61. End user piracy – occurs when an individual reproduces a copies of software
without authorization
62. Event - An observable occurrence in an information system or network.
63. Exfiltration - The unauthorized transfer of information from an information
system.
64. Exploit - A technique to breach the security of a network or information
system in violation of security policy.
65. firewall -- a device designed to enforce the boundary between two or more
networks, limiting access
66. Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite navigation system that identifies
the precise location of the transmitting device.
67. hacker -- a term sometimes used to describe a person who pursues
knowledge of computer and security systems for its own sake.
68. hash value - A numeric value resulting from applying a mathematical
algorithm against a set of data such as a file.
69. hashing - A process of applying a mathematical algorithm against a set of
data to produce a numeric value (a 'hash value') that represents the data.
70. Hacktivism: A politically- or ideologically-motivated cyber attack or hack.
71. Hard disk – a part of a unit, often called a “disk drive”, “hard drive”
72. high risk application -- a computer application that, when opened, can cause
the user to become vulnerable to a security breach
73. hijacking -- the process of taking over a live connection between two users so
that the attacker can masquerade as one of the users
74. host -- a computer system that resides on a network and can independently
communicate with other systems on the network
75. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) -- the language in which most webpages
are written
76. Identity cloning – occurs when an offender assumes the identity of the victim
in his daily life
77. Identity fraud – refers to vast array of illegal activities based on fraudulent use
of identifying information of a real or fictitious person
78. Identity theft – the illegal use or transfer of a third party’s identification
information with unlawful intent
79. information security -- a system of procedures and policies designed to
protect and control information
80. Insider attacks – involve breach of trust of an employee within the
organization
81. Intellectual property – refers to the creation of minds
82. Internet piracy – occurs when software is downloaded from the internet
83. Internet Protocol (IP) address: A unique 32-bit binary number that identifies
the computer or other host being used to access the Internet.
84. Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company that offers access to the Internet.
85. intrusion detection -- techniques designed to detect breaches into a computer
system or network
86. IP spoofing -- an attack where the attacker disguises himself or herself as
another user by means of a false IP network address
87. Keyloggers – devices or software program which record the input activity of a
computer via strokes
88. keystroke monitoring -- the process of recording every character typed by a
computer user on a keyboard
89. leapfrog attack -- using a password or user ID obtained in one attack to
commit another attack
90. letterbomb -- an email containing live data intended to cause damage to the
recipient's computer
91. malicious code -- any code that is intentionally included in software or
hardware for an unauthorized purpose
92. Malware – causes damage to computer or invades computer to steal
information from it
93. Metadata: Amassed data that is used to describe large amounts of other
Internet data.
94. Network: A group of computers that is linked to share data and other
information.
95. packet -- a discrete block of data sent over a network
96. packet sniffer -- a device or program that monitors the data traveling over a
network by inspecting discrete packets
97. Patent – an exclusive right granted for an invention
98. pen register -- a device that records the telephone numbers of calls received
by a particular telephone
99. phracker -- a person who combines phone phreaking with computer hacking
100. phreaker -- a person who hacks telephone systems, usually for the purpose of
making free phone calls
SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION 2 WITH SIMULATION ON INTERROGATION
AND INTERVIEW

1. A CORRUPTEE - a public official, usually not a member of the organization

family, who can wield influence on behalf of the organization’s interest.
2. A CORRUPTER – One who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens, negotiates and
sweet talks into a relationship with the police.
3. Accused - A person who’s case was forwarded to the office of the prosecutor and
filed in court.
4. AN ENFORCER – One who decides for killing and injuring the members or non-
members.
5. Animus Lucrandi - means intent to gain, in Robbery.
6. ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUNCIL- Financial intelligence unit in the
Philippines that conducts investigations on suspicious transactions.
7. Approach- the process of setting people to start talking.
8. Armed Robbery - This involves the use of weapons such as firearm, a knife or
other dangerous weapons.
9. Bank Capture- Money launders/ criminals buy a controlling interest in a bank,
preferably in a jurisdiction with laundering controls.
10. Baseline - a method of locating object, particularly useful in in large, irregularly
shaped outdoor areas.
11. Bienes Muebles - in Robbery, means personal property belonging to another.
12. Black Notice - Used to seek the true identity of unidentified bodies.
13. Black Salaries- Companies might have unregistered employees without a written
contract who are given cash salaries.
14. Blue Notice - Used to collect additional information about a person's identity or
illegal activities in relation to a criminal matter
15. Bribery – Requires one to give and the other to receive. It is demanded for an
official to do something he is already paid to do.
16. Bulk Cash Smuggling- Physically smuggling cash to another jurisdiction, where it
will deposited in a financial institution.
17. Business Racketeering – the act of operating an illegal business or scheme in
order to make profit by a structured group.
18. Code of Silence “omerta”- or non-cooperation with the authorities whenever
arrested. Violation of the rule would mean death.
19. Corruption – The use of legislative power of the government officials for
illegitimate private gain.
20. Crime Scene - The geographical area where the crime was committed.
21. Crime Scene Sketch - A simple diagram that creates a mental pictures of the
scene to those who are not present.
22. Criminal Law - One that defines crimes treats of their nature andprovides for their
punishment.
23. Cronyism – Favoring personal friends
24. Designees – (Drug cartels) responsible for such matters as production,
transportation, storage, and wholesale distribution of drugs.
25. ECOTERRORISM - A recently coined term describing violence in the interests of
environmentalism.
26. Embezzlement- Theft of misappropriation of entrusted fund.
27. Emigration – the act of removing from one country to another, with no intention to
return.
28. Emotional Appeal- this is a technique where the investigator, combining his skills
of an actor and a psychologist, addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal
to confess.
29. Enforcer – This person carries out difficult assignments involving the use of
violence, including murder.
30. Enforcers – men to implements the killings, threat, intimidation and other forms of
violence.
31. English Constable - early recorded professional criminal investigator.
32. Entrepreneurship – They provide illegal good and services.
33. Environmental crimes – damage some protected or otherwise significant aspect
of the natural environment.
34. Evidence - The means by which facts are proved.
35. Fixer– The fixer excels in developing contacts with criminal justice and political
officials and, when appropriate, arranges for corruption.
36. Gambling – The wagering of money or something of material value with the intent
to win more but the outcome is uncertain.
37. Global Policing – indicate those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.
38. Globalization – a process by which regional economies, societies, cultures have
become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation
and trade.
39. Graft – It requires that an official has gained something of value which is not part
of his official pay when doing his work.
40. Green Notice - Used to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons
who have committed criminal offences, and are likely to repeat these crimes in
other countries.
41. HIERARCHICAL - An OC has a vertical power structure with at least three
permanent ranks – not just a leader and followers – each with authority over the
level beneath.
42. Illegal Drug Business- This one of the major source of income/fund of organized
crime groups.
43. Immigration – the coming into a country of foreigners for the purpose of
permanent residence.
44. IN-GROUP ORIENTED O.C. –groups manned by semi – organized individuals
whose major goals are for psychological gratification such as adolescent gangs.
45. Intelligence analyst – analyzes information concerning the OCG.
46. International Policing – indicate those types of policing that are formally directed
by institutions usually responsible for international affairs.
47. Kickback – The official’s share of misappropriated funds from his office made
possible by corrupt bidders.
48. Labor Racketeering – the use of union power for personal profit and its heart
relies on fear.
49. Loan Sharking – Lending money to another whereby the percentage of the
principal amount is too exorbitant for the lender to pay his debt and the collection
is done by force or intimidation.
50. Migrant – person who moves from one place or country to another with the
objective of making profit or improvement of life.
51. Migration – movement from one place to another or from one country or region to
another country or region.
52. Minimization- it is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.
53. Miranda Doctrine - The principle on the rights of a suspect against forced self-
incrimination during police interrogation.
54. Modus Operandi - Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner of
committing the crime.
55. Money Laundering – the practice of disguising illegally obtained money so that
they may seem legal.
56. Money mover – an expert in “laundering” illicitly obtained money, disguising its
origin through a string of transactions and investing it in legitimate enterprises.
57. Musclemen or legbreakers – runners or errand men
58. Nepotism – Favoring relatives
59. NO POLITICAL GOALS - An OCG is not motivated by social doctrine, political
beliefs, or ideological concerns.
60. NUCLEAR TERRORISM - Refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials
might be exploited as a terrorist tactic.
61. Occupational crimes – any act punishable by law which is committed through
opportunity created in the course of an occupation that is legal.
62. Opposite personality techniques- also known as “Mutt and Jeff”; “Threat and
rescue”; “Bad Guy-Good Guy”.
63. Orange Notice - Used to warn police, public bodies and other international
organizations of possible threats to them from hidden weapons, parcel bombs
and other dangerous items or material.
64. Organized crime Group is a complex set of people and functions interrelated in
hierarchical structure specifically for the purpose of attaining set goals.
65. papermen – persons who convert stolen “paper,” such as stocks, bonds, and
checks, into cash.
66. Parasitic – Organized crime member extort money from illegal entrepreneurs
under threat of violence.
67. Patronage – Favoring supporters during the previous election.
68. POLITICAL GRAFT – manned by political criminals who use force or violence of
a means to obtain profit or gain or achieving political aim.
69. Pornography – Is the depiction of explicit sexual matter for sexually titillating the
viewer.
70. Probe- the process to keep the person talk incessantly.
71. Projection- it is the process of putting the blame to other persons, not alone to
the suspect.
72. Prostitution – The act of engaging in sexual acts for hire or money.
73. Question Barrage Technique (Rapid Fire Questioning)- this is intended to
confuse the interrogee and put him into a defensive position
74. RA 7438 - An act defining certain rights of person under custodial investigation.
75. RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.
76. RA 9514 - The Fire Code of the Philippines.
77. Rationalization- it is the use of reasons which is acceptable to the subject that led
to the commission of the crime.
78. Real State- This may be purchased with illegal proceeds then sold.
79. Reciprocal – OC extort money but they provide services e.g. Debt collection and
restricting market entry.
80. Record file (we know all technique) - the interrogator prepares a file about the
subjects/source listing all known information.
81. Red Notice - Used to seek the arrest with a view to extradition of subjects wanted
and based upon an arrest warrant.
82. Republic Act No. 8293 -otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
83. Round Tripping- Money is deposited in controlled corporation offshore, preferably
in Tax Haven where minimal records are kept.
84. Silent Technique- this is employed against nervous or the confident type of
interrogee.
85. Soldiers - are lowest level members of the family, also known as "wise guys,"
"made guys" or "button men," who report directly to the capo and will often
operate at least one specific criminal enterprise.
86. Sympathetic Approach- the investigator, in his preliminary or probing questions
must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the life of
the suspect.
87. SYNDICATED CRIME – illicit activity through use of force, threat and
intimidation.
88. The ‘common interest’- the interrogator must exert effort to impress the
interrogee of their common interest.
89. The Boss - oversees all organizational endeavors and has the final word on
decisions involving virtually all aspects of family business.
90. The Capos - are a sort of mid-level manager.
91. The Consigliere - is a close associate of the boss who enjoys a considerable
amount of influence and status in the family, serving the boss as a trusted
advisor.
92. THE MERCENARY/PREDATORY O.C. – crimes committed by groups for direct
personal profit but they prey upon unwilling victims.
93. The open technique- here, the interrogator is open and direct in his approach and
makes no attempt to conceal the purpose of the interrogation.
94. The Underboss - works at the pleasure of the boss and acts in his behalf when
the boss is incapacitated.
95. Torches – professional arsonist
96. Trafficking in person- see discussion on transnational crimes.
97. Transnational Crime – refers to crime that takes place across national borders.
98. Transnational Policing – pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national
borders.
99. WHITE COLLAR CRIMES - Committed by a person of respectability and high
social status in the course of his/her occupation.
100. Yellow Notice - Used to help locate missing persons, especially minors, or
to help identify persons who are not able to identify themselves.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGTATION

1. ACCIDENT- that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces

unintended injury, death or property damage
2. ADVANCE SIGNS - these are the names and distances of the principal
destination or destination served by the intersecting roads.
3. AMBER LIGHT – means to slowdown
4. ANCIENt chinese kite - based on korean tradition, the kite was first used for
transport when a korean general employed one in building bridge.
5. APPREHENSION - a police responsibility wherein the police are required
action to prevent continued and future violation.
6. AREA PATROL - type of patrol assigned to an area of vicinity
7. BACK LOAD AND TUMPLINE - in may parts of the world, goods are carried
on the back.
8. BARANGAY ROAD- from market to town not less than 2 meters
9. BIORHYTHM - it is the theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant
variation of the energy and mood states.
10. BIORHYTHM - the theory asserting that man exhibit constant variation of
energy and mood states
11. BROKEN YELLOW LINE - means passing is allowed if the way ahead and
rear is clear.
12. CANALS - a body of water used to be channel of sea transportation. the first
canal was constructed by engr. james brindley
13. CARNAPPING - is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging
to another without the latter's consent, or by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things.
14. CENTER LANE - for thru moving vehicle and fast and overtaking vehicle
15. CHANNELING Islands - these are constructed to channelize or direct the flow
of traffic.
16. CITY ROAD- interlink in the city, row not less than 15 meters
17. COMMERCIUM – derived from latin word means movement and control of
goods in transit.
18. COMMEMORATIVE PLATE - these special plate numbers are issued for
specific purposes such as fund-raising for government projects and programs.
19. COMMENTARY DRIVING METHOD - the student-driver accompanied by an
instructor.
20. COMPREHENSIVE INSTRUCTION METHODS - this method places the
student into real life of driving situations from the beginning.
21. CONCEALED TRAFFIC OBSERVATION - observer is not visible to the public
22. CONDUCTOR - licensed person allowing limited number of passengers,
freight or cargo in public utility truck or buses
23. CONGRESS AND LOCAL COUNCIL - the branch of government primarily
tasked to create laws for the welfare of the public
24. CONSPICUOUS TRAFFIC OBSERVATION - officer attracts attention
25. COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT- performed by the court through
adjudication and penalization
26. Curb Markings for Restrictions - these are markings placed in the curbs or
edges of the traffic for restriction or for parking regulations purposes
27. CYCLE TIME PHASE- total time required for one signal express in seconds
28. DANGER WARNING SIGNS - these signs are intended to warn road users of
danger that lies ahead of its nature.
29. DEBRIS - the scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other
materials left at the scene of the accident caused by a collision.
30. DIPLOMATIC VEHICLE – vehicles owned by foreign government or their
diplomatic officers in philippines
31. DIRECTION SIGNS - direction signs shall be placed at the right of
intersection to show the direction and destination of a route.
32. DRIVER - licensed operator of a vehicle
33. DRIVER’S LICENSE - a document issued to qualified drivers who possess
the statutory qualifications as provided therefore.
34. DRUNKEN DRIVERS- it is a driver who drives under the influence of alcohol
with 10% of intoxicating level
35. ELEMENTARY - tasked to educate children to obey traffic rules through their
programmed curricula
36. ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM - this area consists of legislation, police and
courts.
37. EXPRESSWAY - a through traffic for free-flow of vehicular movement
38. FATAL - it is any motor vehicle accident that results in fatal injuries to one or
more persons.
39. FEEDER ROADS - intended for farm-to-market roads.
40. FOR HIRE VEHICLE - vehicles covered by certificate of public convenience
or special permit issued by ltfrb.
41. GREEN LIGHT – means to go
42. GOVERNMENT VEHICLE - vehicles owned by the philippine government or
nay of its political subdivisions
43. HEADLIGHT - the vehicle should have 2 headlights, one on each side, which
must be dimmed when meeting another vehicle.
44. HENRY FORD - introduced the model t, which was proved so popular that by
1914. ford had adopted mass production methods to meet the demand.
45. HORNS - every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or signaling
device in good order.
46. HIGHER EDUCATION - they offer subjects on driving and traffic safety
course or any allied subjects
47. HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION this applies to drivers who failed to stop at a
road accident
48. IMPACT - the striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor
vehicle with another motor vehicle.
49. INFORMATIVE SIGNS - these signs are intended to guide road users while
traveling,
50. INTERSECTION - means the space occupied by two streets at the point
where they cross each other.
51. JOHN L.. MACADAM - he advocated the theory of feeder road building and
perfected the macadamized road in england about 1815.
52. JUDICIARY - the branch of government that interprets the law through
adjudication of cases
53. KEEP RIGHT - (two lanes, two ways) in case of one way the left lane shall be
the fast lane and the slow lane is the right.
54. KEY EVENT - an event on the road which characterizes the manner of
occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.
55. LINE PATROL - this involves observation either in moving or stationary
observation
56. LLAMA - in pre-columbian america, the llama was the only new world animal
other than the dog capable of domestication for use in transport.
57. LINE PATROL - it is assigned to a particular place
58. LOCAL COLLECTOR ROADS - intended to collect traffic from feeder road to
municipal road.
59. MAJOR COLLECTOR ROADS - intended as major arteries to collect inter-
locality traffic to provincial road.
60. MAJOR HIGHWAY - serves as main artery that caters on big volumes of
vehicular traffic on national roadway.
61. MINOR VISIBLE INJURY it is an abrasion, bruise, swelling, limping, or
obviously painful movement.
62. MOTOR VEHICLE - the first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.
63. MUNICIPAL ROAD- within town proper row not less than 10 meters
64. NATIONAL ROAD- right of way 20 to 120 meters
65. NON-FATAL - is any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries other than
fatal to one or more persons.
66. NON-VISIBLE INJURY it is complaint of pain without visible signs of injury; or
momentary unconsciousness.
67. OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES - observe and obey traffic
notices sign like notices and pavement markings.
68. OPERATION - pertains to a cause or series of acts to affect a certain
purpose; manner of action; or a vital or natural process of activity.
69. OUTER LANE - slow moving vehicle only; right turning vehicle and stopping,
loading or unloading vehicle.
70. OWNER - the actual legal owner of the motor vehicle, in whose name such
vehicle is duly registered with the LTO.
71. PARTIAL SIMULATION METHOD - this method has the specific aim of
training of the subtasks of the driving task.
72. PAVEMENT MARKINGS - separate opposing streams of traffic and direct
vehicles into proper positions on the roadway.
73. PAVEMENT MARKINGS - lines and symbols on roadways are used to warn
and direct drivers and to control the flow of traffic
74. PHYSICAL ADEQUACY - this is characterized by lack of roads, narrow
bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc.
75. POINT/ AREA CONTROL - it is the part of the traffic direction concerning the
control of vehicular/ pedestrian movement
76. POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION - it involves telling the public how and when
they should not stand and move
77. PRIORITY SIGNS - these are signs intended to regulate priority over a
particular road section or roadway intersection.
78. PRIVATE VEHICLE – not use hire under any circumstances
79. PROFESSIONAL DRIVER - every and any driver hired for driving or
operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public.
80. PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM - these are used on major arteries of a number of
cities.
81. PROVINCIAL ROAD- link between to municipalities, row from 15 to 60 meters
82. RAILWAYS - channel of transportation wherein a parallel line of irons were
used as roads. the first railroad is the stockton and darlington line (1925)
83. RED LIGHT – means to stop
84. REFLECTORIZED MARKINGs - these markings or gadgets designated to
reflect and become luminous when hit by vehicles headlight.
85. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY REMINDER - “safety first”
86. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6539 - an act preventing and penalizing carnapping
"anti-carnapping act of 1972."
87. RESTRICTION CODE NO 1 - limited to drive motor motorcycles
88. RESTRICTION CODE NO 2 - limited to drive vehicle weighing not more than
4500 kg
89. RESTRICTION CODE NO 3 - limited to drive vehicles weighing more than
4500 kg
90. RESTRICTION CODE NO 4 - limited to drive weighing 4500 kg and with
automatic transmission only
91. RESTRICTION CODE NO 5 - limited to drive vehicle with automatic clutch
and weighing more than 4500 kg
92. RIGHT OF WAY RULE - the right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or
pedestrian
93. ROADWAY - refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle
passes.
94. ROMAN CARPENTUM - a closed, two wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle
when Roman women journeyed outside the city
95. ROTARY ISLANDS - these are constructed along intersections or "rotundas"
for purpose of turning around.
96. RUNNING OFF ROAD - this usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling
on the roadside or on a cliff along mountainous roads.
97. RUTS - a sunken track worn by wheel, as in road; hence, a groove forming a
path for anything.
98. SAFE SPEED - the speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the
road and the traffic situation ahead.
99. SHOULDER - it refers to either side of the roadway, especially along
highways.
100. SIDEWALK - integral part of roadway, answer to the safety of pedestrians of
any road hazards.
TECHNICAL ENGLISH (TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING AND PRESENTATION AND
LEGAL FORMS)

1. Accuracy - The police report must conform with the established rules of
syntax,format, spelling and grammar.
2. Active voice. When the verb focuses on what the subject of the sentence is
doing.
3. Affidavits – these are types of verified, formal sworn statements of fact signed
by an affiant or author, and witnessed by a notary public
4. Affidavit of arrest – refers to a statement given under oath and penalty under
perjury.
5. Affidavit of loss - a sworn document describing the details of a thing and
attesting to the facts concerning the loss of a said thing.
6. Affidavit of witness – it is a legal and binding document of written testimony of
a witness as a way of evidence to be presented to the court.
7. After patrol report – submitted by the personnel on patrol immediately after
their tour of duty.
8. After soco report - it is a report rendered by the team leader of the SOCO that
conducted the scene of the crime operations, processing or investigation.
9. Agents report - it is a report rendered by a documented agent who answers
an intelligence requirement.
10. Agreement - Proposal. A proposal remains an offer even if not answered and
irrespective of the length of time that has passed.
11. Application – the process by which the knowledge or concepts gained in one
situation are used successfully in other situations.
12. Analysis – writing that carefully examines and explores a subject with the
objective of generating understanding for the writer and/or the reader
13. Argument - process of promoting an idea or issue around which there is
tension or disagreement
14. Arrangement - the order in which details are placed or organized in a piece of
writing
15. Assessment - a process of evaluation of writing that takes place according to
a certain set of desired outcome
16. Backstory. The history behind characters and events, often included as
flashbacks or slipped into the dialogues or recollections of the characters.
17. Balance - the arrangement of words, phrases, arguments etc. in order for the
ideas to be given equal emphasis.
18. Bibliography. The list of sources used in researching a book or article.
19. Biography. A life story.
20. Book of account - a book containing charges and showing a continuous
dealing with persons generally.
21. Brainstorming - an activity in which writers list all as many ideas as possible
on a given topic
22. Brevity - The police report must be short, with simple sentences, common
words andeasy to understand
23. Case officer - the person responsible for and in charge of the investigation of
the case.
24. chronological Order – refers to the arrangement of events and/or actions in
the order or bythe time of their occurrence.
25. Clarity - The police report must be clear and it should be written directly and
easy to understand.
26. Clichés - figures of speech which have become predictable, old, tired, used
up; they should be avoided “like the plague”
27. Cognition - the process of thinking
28. Content - words and ideas included in a work which express the major
message of the sentence, paragraph, or entire product
29. Communication – the use of language, spoken or written to exchange ideas
or transfer information.
30. Completeness -The police report must be complete by using the 5W‘s and
1H.
31. Conclusion – pertains to a decision made or an opinion formed after
considering relevant facts or evidence
32. Crime Incidence - the number of crimes reported as index or non index
crimes within a given period.
33. Crime Rate - the measure that gives an index of crime occurring in a
particular jurisdiction for a specific time period.
34. Crime Solution Efficiency - means the number of crimes solved after the
arrest of the suspects and filing of charges against them.
35. Crime Trend - represents the percentage change in crime based on data
reported in a prior equivalent period.
36. Crime Volume - is a basic indicator of the frequency of known criminal
activity. It represents the number of reported offenses.
37. Draft - an initial product
38. E-inquest – an inquest proceeding using any online platform for video calls
and conferences and all available electronic communications.
39. Exposition - writing that explains
40. Evidence - materials offered to support and further a writer’s purpose; types
of evidence might include personal experience, factual information, research,
etc
41. Fact – refers to anything which either through careful observation or
investigation, has been proven to exist as to have happened.
42. Final investigation report - a complete written narration of facts based from a
thorough investigation of the case (bajado-nano and pioquinto).
43. Font. The typeface used in a published work.
44. Footnote. An explanation of a point, placed at the bottom of a page.
45. Format. The layout aspects of a manuscript, including spacing, margins,
indentations and font.
46. Forms - the customary method of drafting legal documents, usually with fixed
words, phrases, and sentences.
47. Freshness - the unique quality of a piece of writing displaying creativity and
originality of ideas or presentation
48. Hard copy. The printed version of a manuscript.
49. Generalities - ideas or statements that emphasize vague or imprecise
characteristics rather than the specific details of a subject
50. Gendered language - using nouns or pronouns which limit a subject to a
specific gender
51. Key words - terms that precisely pertain to the concepts, properties, topics or
ideas of a writing piece
52. Knowledge - informed opinions, facts, evidence and reason about a given
topic
53. Impartiality - The police report must know what the receiving office needs to
know.
54. Information. – an accusation in writing charging a person with an offense
subscribed by the prosecutor and filed with the court.
55. Inquest referral form- form submitted by the law enforcer to the inquest
prosecutor for the conduct of the inquest proceedings.
56. Initial information. This should establish how the officer became involved with
the specific incident and additional background information.
57. Introduction. The introduction prepares readers to understand the document
58. Hearsay – pertains to information that is heard from other people
59. Legal - of or relating to law; falling within the province of law; established,
required, or permitted by law.
60. Judicial forms – refer to forms which pertain to different kinds of pleadings,
applications, petitions, affidavits, motions and the like. (suarez, rolando)
61. Literal- actual meaning
62. Logical – is a characteristic or trait which one is able to think sensibly and
come to a rational conclusion based on facts rather than emotion
63. Narrative – pertains to the story or an account of a sequence of events in the
order in which they happened
64. Note Taking – is a brief notation concerning specific events while fresh in
one’s mind and used to prepare a report.
65. Nouns are naming words, and could be used to identify people, places, or
things.
66. Originality - the quality of newness that exists in a piece of writing; that which
has neither been produced before nor derived from any other source
67. Opinion – refers to a personal view about an issue especially when it is based
on personal judgment
68. Paragraphs are the structural units for grouping information
69. Plagiarism - using the words or ideas of others without proper
acknowledgment or permission
70. Police blotter - is a record of daily events occurring within the territories and
jurisdictions of a given police unit or command.
71. Police report - any well written matter prepared by the police involving their
interaction with the community
72. POLICE REPORT WRITING - It is considered technical writing, and
as such, one needs to develop special skills and techniques.
73. Portfolio - a collection of a writer’s work including several drafts of projects as
well as artifacts from different stages of the writing process
74. Progress report – this is the follow up report to a report previously sent or it
could be an accomplishment report which may be analytical in nature and ma
75. POLICE REPORT WRITING - It is considered technical writing, and
as such, one needs to develop special skills and
76. techniques. It is the backbone of criminal investigation and prosecution
77. Proofreading may seem time‐consuming, tedious, and difficult, but when
writing reports where accuracy, clarity, and completeness are important,
proofreading is critical.
78. Property information. Property information should include the color, make,
model, serial number, approximate value, and full descriptions where
possible.
79. Pronouns - are words that substitutes for a noun or proper noun.
80. Proper nouns - refer to specific places persons, or things, and always should
begin with a capital letter.
81. Purpose - the reason or aim, explicit or implicit, for writing a particular piece
82. Report - an objective account of an event, situation or episode
83. Response - written commentary from a reader to the author conveying his or
her reaction to the author’s writing, questions or needs
84. Review - an examination of a piece of writing to ensure it adequately and
accurately meets the targets set by the reviewer or the high-stakes reader
85. Reporting – is a way of knowingly passing along information to someone else
86. Situation report – relates the present condition of a place or unit and could be
submitted daily, hourly or as the need arises.
87. Slang – pertains to the words, expressions and usage that are casual, vivid,
racy or playful replacement for standards ones which are often short-
lived and are usually considered unsuitable for formal context
88. Special report – done either because one feels he has some reporting to do,
or a lower police unit is obligated based on directives.
89. Specificity - The police report must be specific by using concrete examples.
90. Subpoena ad testificandum – orders a persons to testify before the ordering
authority or face punishment.
91. Subpoena duces tecum – orders a person to bring physical evidence before
the ordering authority or face punishment.
92. Substantive due process - which requires the intrinsic validity of the law in
interfering with the rights of the person to his life, liberty, or property.
93. Timeliness - The police report must be submitted on time.
94. Third person pronouns - Third person pronouns refer to the person, place or
thing being written about.
95. Transitions are words or phrases that show relationships between thoughts,
sentences, or paragraphs.
96. Verbal – is a way of using words, especially spoken words as opposed to
pictures or physicalaction.
97. Victim/witness/suspect statements. Summary statements of all involved
parties should be taken, and direct quotes used, where necessary.
98. vocabulary. A list of words and definitions typically used in a certain sphere or
on a specific occasion
99. Wanted person report- using this notice on wanted person, this report is about
those persons who are wanted by the police.
100. Warrant of arrest - a legal process issued by competent authority directing the
arrest of a person or persons upon grounds stated therein.
VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

1. A Bag - a pocket of drug

2. A Fix - one injection of opiate
3. A Hit - the street slang for injection of drugs
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action
desired by an individual who improperly uses it.
5. Acid - slang term for LSD
6. Acid Head - LSD user
7. Acute tolerance - The development of tolerance within the course of a single
exposure to a drug.
8. Adulterant - Material used to increase the mass of a controlled substance.
9. Alcohol - refers to alcoholic beverages classified into beer, wine and distilled
spirits, the consumption of which produces intoxication.
10. Alcoholic - A person suffering from alcoholism.
11. Alcoholism - an excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to
the extent that the drinker repeatedly is harmed or harms others.
12. Anaphylaxis - An allergic hypersensitivity reaction of the body to a foreign
protein or drug.
13. Antidepressant - A drug, such as imipramine and tranylcypromine, that
relieves depression by increasing central sympathetic activity.
14. Antipyretics - those that can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.

15. Antisera - Injecting human serum into various animals, such as the horse,
goat,sheep, rabbit, duck, hen, or guinea pig, can produce antihuman sera.
16. Antiserum - Any immune serum that contains antibodies active chiefly in
destroying a specific infecting virus or bacterium.
17. Ayuhuasca - refers to the narcotics used by the yacaska - the high priest.
18. program designed as a preventive education and information strategy to
counter the dangers and disastrous effects of drug abuse.
19. Benzoylecognine - A cocaine metabolite.
20. Breath analyzer - refers to the equipment which can determine the blood
alcohol concentration level of a person through testing of his breath.
21. Butabarbital - A short- to intermediate-acting barbiturate derivative.
22. Calumet - a long-stemmed ceremonial pipe used by some Native American
peoples.
23. Ceremony – A formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or
authority as proper to special occasion of PDEA.
24. Chemical – any substance taken into the body that alters the way the mind
and body work.
25. Chemical Abuse – an instance when the use of chemical has produced
negative or harmful consequences.
26. Chronic - Persistent, prolonged, repeated.
27. Chronic effect - A pathologic process caused by repeated exposures over a
period of long duration.
28. Cocaine - A colorless to white crystalline powder. Used as a local anesthetic
(medicine or dentistry), usually as the hydrochloride.
29. Codeine - A narcotic alkaloid that is used in medicine and cough syrups;
highly toxic and habit-forming narcotic.
30. Coke - street slang for cocaine
31. Cold Turkey - the withdrawal effect that occurs after a repeated opiate use.
32. Courtesy - A manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for
others in PDEA.
33. Craving – strong need or compulsion to drink.
34. Customs – Established usage or social practices carried on by traditions that
have obtained the force of law PDEA.
35. Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) - DDB was mandated to be the policymaking
and coordinating agency as well as the national clearing house on all matters
pertaining to law enforcement and control of dangerous drugs.
36. Decongestants - those that relieve congestion of the nasal passages.
37. Deliver – Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another,
personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without consideration.
38. Den, Dive or Resort – A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal
purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.
39. Depressants - Drugs that depress the action of the central nervous system
such as phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and alcohol.
40. Dispense – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any
dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription.
41. Downer - street slang for depressant.
42. Drop - taking drug orally
43. Drug Addiction – a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the
repeated consumption of a drug.
44. Drug Dependence – the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on
dangerous drugs following the administration or use of that drug.
45. Financier. – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or
underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under this Act.
46. Financiers or Capitalist - Any person who finances the operations of any
illegal numbers game.
47. Flashback - user can be thrown back into the drug experience months after
the original use of the drug.
48. General Protoplasmic Poison Property – have the property of being general
protoplasmic poisons.
49. Golden Triangle - Refers to the three countries which are Burma, Laos and
Thailand.
50. Hallucinogens - Drugs like marijuana, LSD, PSP, and ecstasy that produce
changes in mood, thought and perception.
51. Head - drug user
52. Heroin - It was called a “miracle drug "because it is believed that it can cure
both opium and morphine addiction.
53. High - under the influence of drugs
54. Huaca - a religious rite of offering young virgins as a sacrifice to the sun god-
Rah.
55. Impramine - The prototype of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs.
56. Joint - an MJ Cigar
57. Juni - heroin
58. Junkie - an opiate addict
59. La Cosa Nostra - Originated in the U.S similar with the Turkish Mafia.
60. Laxatives - those that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement.
61. Lethal dose – amount of drug that will cause death
62. Loss of Control – frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun
to drink.
63. Mainline’/to shoot - injecting a drug into the vein
64. Marijuana - Popular name for the dried flowers and leaves of Cannabis sativa.
65. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired
therapeutic effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
66. Methamphetamine - Colorless, volatile liquid; characteristic strong odor and
slightly burning taste.
67. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal that is, the smallest amount of
a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
68. Minor - refers to any below eighteen (18) years old
69. Morphine - Refers to the extracted opium.
70. Natural drugs - includes natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashish,
opium, and marijuana.
71. Octopus Napolitan Camora -The most notorious organized crime group in
Europe.
72. On-the-nod/ Nodding - the state produced by opiates like being suspended on
the edge of sleep.
73. Opiate - Narcotic
74. Oplan Iwas Droga - The national flagship on drug abuse prevention.
75. Oral – this is the safest most convenient and economical route whenever
possible.
76. Overdose – When too much of a dug is taken, there may be an over
extension of its effects.
77. Peer Pressure - the major cause of youth involvement, in social vices.
78. Pharmacodynamics - The study of the relationship of drug concentration to
drug effects.
79. Philander - Is a serial cheater who betrays his spouse or long-term partner
repeatedly.
80. Point-of-sale - refers to any location at which an individual can purchase or
otherwise obtain tobacco products.
81. Prescriptive Drugs - These are drugs requiring written authorization from a
doctor to allow a purchase.
82. Prohibited Drugs –these are different types of drugs in which the government
does not allow to be sold.
83. Protocol – A system of rules that explain the correct conduct and procedures
to be followed in formal situations of PDEA.
84. R.A. 9165 – the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
85. Roach - butt end of a joint
86. Rush - the beginning of a high
87. Screening Test – A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive
positive result.
88. Skin popping - to inject a drug under the skin.
89. Smoke-Free - refers to air that is 100% free from tobacco smoke.
90. Social Decorum – A set of norms and standards practiced by members during
social and other functions of PDEA.
91. Speed Freaks - amphetamine addicts
92. Speed - amphetamines
93. Stoned - the intoxicating effect of a drug
94. Track - scars on the skin left from the repeated injection of opiate
95. Tranquilizers - Used to treat anxiety or problems with sleep.
96. Trial Court – the court where the criminal case for violation of R.A. 9165 is
filed.
97. Trip - the name for the reaction that is caused by drugs
98. Uppers - street slang for amphetamines
99. Work - an apparatus for injecting a drug
100. Yacaska - refers to the high priest of Ancient Peruvians.