HANDOUTS FOR CHAPTER 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building
A. The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda
The Philippine Government's Science and Technology (S&T) Agenda is a strategic framework
aimed at enhancing the country's innovation capacity, promoting research, and fostering
technological advancements to support national development. This agenda is crucial for
addressing various socio-economic challenges and ensuring sustainable growth in the
Philippines.
1. Key Components of the S&T Agenda
a. Research and Development (R&D) Investment
The government aims to increase funding for R&D initiatives across various
sectors, including agriculture, health, and information technology. This
investment is intended to spur innovation and improve competitiveness.
b. Collaboration with Academia and Industry
Strengthening partnerships between government agencies, academic institutions,
and private sectors is a priority. This collaboration is designed to facilitate
knowledge transfer, enhance research outputs, and promote technology
commercialization.
c. Capacity Building
The agenda emphasizes the importance of developing human resources in science
and technology. Training programs and scholarships are being offered to equip
the workforce with necessary skills in emerging technologies.
d. Policy Development
Formulating policies that support science and technology initiatives is essential for
creating a conducive environment for innovation. This includes intellectual
property rights protection and regulatory frameworks that encourage investment
in S&T.
e. Public Awareness and Engagement
Increasing public awareness about the importance of science and technology in
everyday life is a focus area. The government conducts outreach programs to
engage communities in S&T activities.
2. Goals of the S&T Agenda
a. Economic Growth
By fostering innovation, the agenda aims to stimulate economic growth through
increased productivity and competitiveness.
b. Sustainable Development
Addressing environmental issues through research on sustainable practices is a key
goal.
c. Social Equity
Ensuring that the benefits of technological advancements are accessible to all
segments of society.
3. Challenges Ahead
The implementation of the S&T Agenda faces several challenges:
1. Funding Limitations
Despite increased investment, budget constraints can hinder ambitious projects.
2. Infrastructure Gaps
Insufficient research facilities may limit the effectiveness of R&D efforts.
3. Brain Drain
Retaining skilled professionals in the country remains a challenge as many seek
opportunities abroad.
B. Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology in the
Philippines
The Philippines has a rich history of development in science and technology (S&T), marked by
significant programs and influential personalities. This handout outlines key development
programs and notable figures that have shaped the S&T landscape in the country.
1. Major Development Programs
a. Balik Scientist Program
Aimed at encouraging Filipino scientists, especially those abroad, to return to the
Philippines for research and development. The program offers incentives and
support to returning experts, enhancing local scientific capacity.
b. National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
Established to oversee S&T initiatives, it was reorganized into the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) in 1986. The DOST focuses on policy formulation,
R&D funding, and technology transfer initiatives.
c. Comprehensive Technology Transfer and Commercialization Program (CTTC)
This program promotes technology transfer to enhance productivity across
sectors. It supports innovation through funding and technical assistance.
d. Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project
A collaboration aimed at developing S&T manpower through scholarships,
training, and research partnerships with California institutions.
e. Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards)
A government-funded initiative that focuses on disaster risk reduction through
scientific assessments of natural hazards (Studocu, n.d.).
f. Grants-In-Aid Program
Provides funding for scientific research projects that promote innovation and
technology transfer across various fields.
2. Notable Personalities in Philippine S&T
a. Dr. Josefino C. Comiso - a senior scientist at NASA, he is a prominent figure in
climate science and advocates for utilizing advanced technology to address
environmental challenges in the Philippines.
b. Dr. Angel Alcala - renowned for his contributions to marine biology and
conservation, particularly in the establishment of marine protected areas in
the Philippines.
c. Dr. William G. Padolina - a former Secretary of the DOST, he played a
significant role in promoting biotechnology research and development in the
country.
d. Dr. Emil Q. Javier - an influential agricultural scientist who has contributed to
improving crop varieties and sustainable agricultural practices.
e. Dr. Lourdes J. Cruz - known for her research on marine toxins, she has
significantly advanced knowledge in pharmacology through her work on
natural products.
f. Fe del Mundo - the first woman pediatrician to be admitted to Harvard Medical
School and the first woman named National Scientist of the Philippines in
1980. She founded the first pediatric hospital in the country and developed a
bamboo incubator for rural areas lacking electricity.
g. Diosdado "Dado" Banatao - An engineer and venture capitalist known for
inventing the first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator. He has
made significant contributions to computer technology and is a philanthropist
focused on education.
h. Ramon Cabanos Barba - a horticulturist recognized for his research on mango
flowering, enabling off-season fruit production. He has also contributed to
studies on other crops like bananas and sugarcane, earning him the title of
National Scientist in 2014.
i. Maria Orosa y Ylagan - a food technologist who invented Soyalac, a nutrient-
rich drink, and Darak, rice biscuits fortified with vitamin B-1. She is also
credited with bringing banana ketchup to the Philippines.
j. Gregorio Velasquez - a National Scientist known for his extensive research on
marine algae, contributing significantly to phycology in the Philippines.
k. Angel Alcala - an ecologist who invented artificial coral reefs to support
fisheries and has been instrumental in promoting biodiversity conservation in
marine ecosystems.
l. Julian Banzon - a pioneer in renewable energy research, he focused on
developing alternative fuels from coconut oil and sugarcane, contributing to
sustainable energy solutions.
m. Leonard Co - an ethnobotanist known for his work on Philippine flora and
environmental activism, tragically killed during a field study in 2010.
n. Dolores Ramirez - a biochemical geneticist who played a crucial role in
advancing genetics research in the Philippines.
o. Carmen Velasquez - specialized in fish parasitology and discovered numerous
new species of parasites affecting local fish populations.
p. Francisco Quisumbing - known for his work in chemistry, particularly related
to natural products and their applications.
C. Science Education in the Philippines
Overview
Science education in the Philippines is a critical component of the national educational
framework, aimed at equipping students with essential skills and knowledge to navigate a
scientifically advanced world. This handout explores the current state of science education, its
significance, challenges, and ongoing initiatives to enhance its quality.
1. Importance of Science Education
a. Foundation for Future Careers
Science education lays the groundwork for students considering careers in science
and technology, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills necessary for
various professions.
b. Scientific Literacy
Understanding scientific concepts is vital for informed decision-making in
everyday life, promoting a scientifically literate citizenry capable of engaging with
contemporary issues.
c. Societal Development
A strong emphasis on science education contributes to national development by
preparing individuals to participate in research and innovation that address
societal challenges.
2. Current State of Science Education
a. Performance Metrics
According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA),
Filipino students ranked poorly in science and mathematics, with only 22%
achieving minimum proficiency levels.
b. Funding Challenges
Government spending per student in the Philippines is significantly lower than
the OECD average, impacting the quality of education and resources available
for science programs.
c. Curriculum Limitations
The existing curriculum often prioritizes rote memorization over critical
thinking and practical application, which can hinder students' understanding
and interest in science.
3. Key Initiatives to Improve Science Education
a. Establishment of Science Schools
Specialized science schools have been created to nurture gifted students and
encourage them to pursue careers in science and technology.
b. Balik Scientist Program
This initiative aims to attract Filipino scientists from abroad to return home
and contribute to local research and development efforts (Studocu, n.d.).
c. Grants-In-Aid Programs
The government provides funding for scientific research projects aimed at
fostering innovation and technology transfer within educational institutions.
d. Project NOAH
A government-funded initiative focused on disaster risk reduction through
scientific assessments of natural hazards, integrating real-world applications
into science education.
4. Challenges Facing Science Education
a. Quality of Instruction
Many teachers lack adequate training in modern pedagogical methods, which
can affect their ability to engage students effectively.
b. Resource Availability
Insufficient laboratory facilities and learning materials limit hands-on learning
experiences crucial for understanding scientific concepts.
c. Socioeconomic Barriers
Economic disparities can affect access to quality education, particularly in rural
areas where resources are limited.
D. Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies in Pangasinan
This handout explores the indigenous science and technologies practiced by the Ibaloi,
Kankanaey, and Badjao communities in Pangasinan, highlighting their unique contributions to
sustainable living and resource management.
1. Ibaloi – San Nicolas
a. Traditional Farming Techniques
The Ibaloi people employ “kaingin” (slash-and-burn) agriculture, which
involves clearing forested areas for cultivation. This method is complemented
by crop rotation to maintain soil fertility.
b. Medicinal Plants
The Ibaloi have extensive knowledge of local flora, utilizing various plants for
medicinal purposes. For instance, “sambong” (Blumea balsamifera) is used for
treating kidney stones and urinary issues.
c. Bamboo Crafting
Bamboo is a versatile resource for the Ibaloi, used in constructing houses,
furniture, and tools. Their craftsmanship reflects sustainable practices that
minimize waste.
2. Kankanaey – Umingan
a. Terracing Techniques
The Kankanaey community utilizes terracing in mountainous areas to prevent
soil erosion and manage water runoff. This technique enhances agricultural
productivity while preserving the ecosystem.
b. Indigenous Knowledge of Weather Patterns
Kankanaey farmers rely on traditional knowledge to predict weather changes,
which informs their planting and harvesting schedules. This practice helps
them adapt to climate variability.
c. Traditional Fishing Methods
The Kankanaey employ sustainable fishing techniques using traps and nets
made from natural materials, ensuring that fish populations remain stable
over time.
3. Badjao
a. Marine Resource Management
The Badjao people are known for their deep understanding of marine
ecosystems. They practice sustainable fishing methods that include seasonal
closures to allow fish stocks to replenish.
b. Boat-Making Skills
Traditional boat-making is a vital skill among the Badjao, using locally sourced
materials such as wood and bamboo. Their boats are designed for efficiency
in navigating coastal waters.
c. Cultural Practices Related to the Sea
The Badjao have cultural rituals that emphasize respect for marine resources,
promoting conservation practices that have been passed down through
generations.
In summary, the Philippine Government's S&T Agenda represents a comprehensive approach to
leveraging science and technology for national development. By addressing funding,
collaboration, capacity building, policy formulation, and public engagement, this agenda seeks to
create a robust innovation ecosystem that can effectively respond to the country's challenges.
Thus, the integration of science and technology programs and personalities has been pivotal in
advancing science and technology in the Philippines. Continued investment in these areas is
essential for addressing national challenges and fostering sustainable development.
Moreover, enhancing science education in the Philippines is vital for national development and
global competitiveness. By addressing existing challenges and implementing targeted initiatives,
the country can foster a generation of scientifically literate individuals capable of contributing to
societal progress.
The indigenous science and technologies practiced by the Ibaloi, Kankanaey, and Badjao
communities in Pangasinan demonstrate a profound understanding of their environment. These
practices not only contribute to their cultural identity but also offer valuable insights into
sustainable resource management that can inform broader environmental conservation efforts.
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