REPORT OF THE SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT THE FEDERAL

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY, ABUJA, NIGERIA.

BY

EKWEOZOR JESSICA

2019565004

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY OF

AGRICULTURE, CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY,

IGBARIAM CAMPUS.

DECEMBER , 2023
 REPORT OF THE SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT THE FEDERAL

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY, ABUJA, NIGERIA.

BY

EKWEOZOR JESSICA

2019565004

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU

UNIVERSITY, IGBARIAM CAMPUS.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE ([Link]) DEGREE IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

DECEMBER , 2023
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to God Almighty my Creator, my strong pillar, my source of inspiration,

wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the source of my strength throughout this

program and on His wings only have I soared. Special dedication also goes to my ever

supportive parents and siblings for their relentless support and encouragement towards me during

the period of this training.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily, my special gratitude goes to God Almighty, for his grace and Holy Spirit my greatest

friend for strength, wisdom, knowledge and understanding throughout this period of internship. I

would like to thank the staffs and directors of the Department of Agricultural Land and Climate

Change, who took their time to teach, aid and guide me throughout my training
 SUMMARY

The industrial training report provides an overview of the activities carried out at the Federal

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security in Abuja, Nigeria, with a focus on the Agricultural

Land and Climate Change Department and the Food and Strategic Reserve Department. It

highlights the key responsibilities and roles of these departments, including the preservation of

food and grain for palliative distribution during out-of-season periods, as well as research on the

impact of climate change on food storage and food security.

Throughout the training period, the report documents the hands-on experience gained in these

departments, emphasizing the importance of preserving food and grain to ensure its availability

when needed most. The research conducted on climate change and its effects on food storage and

security also serves as a valuable contribution to understanding the challenges our agricultural

sector faces in the face of changing climates.

Overall, the training experience at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security has

provided an opportunity to witness and participate in crucial efforts aimed at ensuring food

security and mitigating the impact of climate change on agriculture.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 DEDICATION

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 SUMMARY

 TABLE OF CONTENT

 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1.3 IMPACT ON STUDENTS

1.4 BODIES INVOLVED IN SIWES

1.5 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

SECURITY (FMAFS)

1.6 DEPARTMENTS OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

SECURITY (FMAFS)

 CHAPTER TWO: THE FOOD AND STRATEGIC RESERVE DEPARTMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE DEPARTMENT

2.3 PROCESSES IN FOOD/GRAIN PRESERVATION

2.4 EQUIPMENTS USED IN FOOD/GRAIN PRESERVATION

2.5 RICE PROCESSING FOR STORAGE

 CHAPTER THREE: THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND &

CLIMATE CHANGE

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 POLICY OBJECTIVES AND MANDATE OF THE DEPARTMENT

3.3 DIVISIONS AND UNITS OF THE DEPARTMENT

3.4 RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT THE DEPARTMENT

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 RELIANCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING TO THE TRAINEE’S COURSE OF

STUDY

4.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

4.3 CONCLUSION

 REFERENCES
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an appreciable skill training which

is included as part of the minimum academic standard in Nigeria tertiary institution. The scheme

is a participatory program involving universities, polytechnics and technical colleges of student

of various institutions in Nigeria. It is run jointly by the Industrial Training Fund (1.T.F).

Before the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our industrialist

that graduates of our higher institutions lacked adequate practical background studies preparatory

for employment in industries. The opinion that the theoretical education going on in higher

institutions was not responsive to the needs of the employers of labour. It is against this

background that the rationale for initiating and designing the scheme by the fund during its

formative Years. (ITF, 2016)

In 1973/1974, it was introduced to acquaint students with the skills of handling employer’s

equipment and machinery. The ITF solely funded the scheme during its formative years but as

the financial involvement became unbearable to the fund, it withdrew from the scheme in 1978.

The federal government handed over the scheme in 1979 to both the National University

Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Later the federal

government in November 1984 reverted the management of the SIWES program to ITF and it

was effectively taken over.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Specifically, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are to:

a) Provide avenue for Students in Institutions of higher Learning to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their course of study;

b) Expose Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their Institutions;

c) Make the transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance Students

contacts for later job placement.

d) Provide Students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation

thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice; and

e) Enlist and strengthen Employers involvement in the entire educational process and

prepare graduation. Students for employment after. (ITF, 2016)

1.3 BODIES INVOLVED IN SIWES

Listed below are the key bodies involved in the SIWES operations;

1. National Universities Commission (NUC): NUC is responsible for coordinating the

implementation of SIWES in Nigerian universities and ensuring compliance with

established guidelines (NUC, n.d.).

2. The Federal Government of Nigeria: The roles of the Federal Government are; to

Provide adequate funds to the Industrial Training Fund through the Federal Ministry

of Industry, Trade & Investment for the Scheme and to Make it mandatory for all

Ministries, Companies and Parastatals to offer places for the attachment of Students

in accordance with the provisions of Decree No. 47 of 1971 as amended in 2011.

3. Industrial Training Fund (ITF): ITF serves as the regulatory body for SIWES,

overseeing the formulation of policies, guidelines, and monitoring student placements

in industries or organizations (ITF, n.d.).

4. Nigerian Employers’ Consultative Association (NECA): NECA collaborates with ITF

in ensuring the effective implementation of SIWES by organizing workshops,

seminars, and train-the-trainer programs to enhance workplace learning (NECA, n.d.).

5. Tertiary Institutions: Universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education actively

participate in SIWES by mobilizing students for the program, monitoring their

activities during the industrial attachment, and facilitating assessment of their

performance (NUC, n.d.; ITF, n.d.).

1.4 IMPACT ON STUDENTS

SIWES has had a significant impact on Nigerian students. It has provided them with the

opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in practical settings, improving their industry-

relevance and employability (Olowookere et al., 2018). The program has also allowed students to

develop important skills, such as teamwork, problem-solving, and communication, which are

essential for their future careers (Matemilola, 2013).

The history of SIWES in Nigeria demonstrates its evolution from a small-scale program to a

mandatory component of higher education curricula. SIWES has played a pivotal role in bridging

the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical skills, equipping Nigerian students with the

necessary experience to succeed in the job market. It is crucial for the government and relevant

institutions to continue supporting and improving SIWES to ensure the continued development

and success of Nigerian students.

1.5 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

SECURITY (FMAFS)

1.5.1 BACKGROUND

Prior to Nigeria’s independence in 1960, the agricultural sector served the purpose of growing

and exporting cash crop produce to the United Kingdom to support the development of the

British industrial revolution era. During the period, agricultural processing was minimal but there

was sufficient commodity output for consumption in the domestic economy.

Created in 1966, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources had passed through a

serial modification of appellations to suit the prevailing climes of mergers and demergers with
related sectors. All the same, the adjustment enabled the Federal Government to play a leading

role in promoting agricultural activities in the country

Now known as the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security [FMAFS] is responsible

for developing the agriculture sector of the Nigerian economy, with a view to growing the sector,

driving income growth, accelerate food and nutrition security, generating employment and

transforming Nigeria into a leading global food market, through the commodity value chain

concept of the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA).

The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security [FMAFS] is a Ministry of the Nigerian

government that regulates agricultural research, agriculture and natural resources, forestry and

veterinary research all over Nigeria. The Ministry has the responsibility of optimizing agriculture

and integrating rural development for the transformation of the Nigerian economy, with a view to

attaining food security and positioning Nigeria as a net food exporter for socio-economic

development. (FMAFS, 2023)

1.5.2 MANDATE

Ensure food security in crop, livestock and fisheries, stimulate agricultural employment and

services, promote the production and supply of raw materials to agro industries, provide markets

for the products of the industrial sector, generate foreign exchange and aid rural socio-economic

development. (FMAFS, 2023)

1.5.3 MISSION

Organize and manage the agriculture sector and facilitate agribusiness for increased food security

and employment along commodity value chains and agro-industrial development to earn foreign

exchange and contribute to socio-economic development of the country. (FMAFS, 2023)

1.5.4 VISION

Grow Nigeria’s agriculture sector, drive income growth, accelerate food and nutrition security,

generate employment, and transform Nigeria into a leading global food market with wealth for

farmers. (FMAFS, 2023)

1.6 DEPARTMENTS OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

SECURITY (FMAFS)

The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Abuja, Nigeria, is responsible for

overseeing various departments related to agriculture and food security. Here are brief

descriptions of each department:

1. AgriBusiness & Marketing: This department focuses on promoting agribusiness

activities, facilitating market access for farmers, and encouraging investments in the

agricultural sector.

2. Agricultural Land & Climate Change: This department is responsible for land

management, including allocation, utilization, and sustainable use of agricultural land.

Additionally, it addresses the impact of climate change on agriculture and develops

strategies for adaptation and mitigation.

3. Federal Department of Agriculture: This department serves as the central agency for

implementing agricultural policies and programs at the federal level. It coordinates

activities across the other departments and focuses on enhancing agricultural

productivity and efficiency.

4. Farm Input Support Services: This department provides support services related to

agricultural inputs, such as seeds, fertilizers, and agricultural machinery. Its aim is to

ensure farmers have access to quality inputs for increased productivity.

5. Fisheries and Aquaculture: This department focuses on the development and

management of fisheries and aquaculture resources. It implements policies and programs

to promote sustainable fisheries practices, improve productivity, and support the

livelihoods of fishing communities.

6. Animal Husbandry Services: This department is responsible for promoting and

regulating animal husbandry activities, including livestock production, animal health,

and breeding services. It aims to enhance livestock productivity and ensure animal

welfare.

7. Department of Rural Development: This department focuses on rural development in the

agricultural sector. It addresses issues related to rural infrastructure, rural finance, and

rural community development, with the goal of improving the socio-economic well-

being of rural areas.

8. Agriculture Extension Services: This department provides agricultural extension services

to farmers, including training, advisory services, and technical support. It aims to

disseminate knowledge, best practices, and new technologies to improve farmers' skills

and practices.

9. Federal Department of Cooperatives: This department promotes and regulates

agricultural cooperatives in Nigeria. It supports the establishment and management of

cooperatives, which play a crucial role in facilitating access to inputs, credit, and markets

for small farmers.

 10. Veterinary & Pest Control Services: This department is responsible for animal health

management, disease control, and prevention. It also addresses pest and weed control in

agriculture to safeguard crop productivity.

11. Food and Strategic Reserve: This department focuses on food security and management

of strategic reserves. It monitors food production, ensures stockpiling of essential

commodities, and develops emergency response plans to address food shortages or

crises.

These departments work collectively to promote sustainable agriculture, enhance food security,

and support the development of the agricultural sector in Nigeria. During my internship, I had

the opportunity to work at the department of Agricultural Land & Climate Change and the Food

and Strategic Reserve Department, the activities and lessons learnt are discussed in length in the

next chapter.

CHAPTER TWO

THE FOOD AND STRATEGIC RESERVE DEPARTMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Food and Strategic Reserve Department at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food

Security in Abuja, Nigeria, plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and managing strategic

reserves. In this chapter, we will discuss the department's responsibilities and delve into food and
grain preservation and storage on a nationwide level, including the processes and equipment

used.

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE DEPARTMENT

The primary objective of the Food and Strategic Reserve Department is to ensure a sustainable

and reliable food supply for the nation. The department oversees various activities related to food

security, including monitoring food production, stockpiling essential commodities, and

developing emergency response plans to tackle food shortages or crises.

2.3 PROCESSES IN FOOD/GRAIN PRESERVATION

Food and grain preservation and storage are vital components of the department's work, as they

aim to mitigate post-harvest losses and ensure the availability of food throughout the year.

Food and grain preservation involves employing various techniques to extend the shelf life of

raw agricultural produce and minimize spoilage. These preservation methods are crucial to

combat the challenges of seasonality, pests, diseases, and adverse weather conditions.

1. Drying

Drying is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. In this process, moisture is removed

from the food item, inhibiting the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria. The department uses

different drying techniques, such as sun drying, air drying, and mechanical drying, depending on

the specific requirements of the product.

2. Canning
Canning is another popular preservation method that involves sealing food in airtight containers,

typically cans or jars. The food is heated to destroy microorganisms and enzymes that can cause

spoilage. Canned food can be stored for an extended period without losing its nutritional value.

3. Freezing

Freezing is widely used to preserve a wide range of food products. Low temperatures prevent the

growth of microorganisms and slow down enzymatic reactions that lead to spoilage. The

department utilizes industrial-scale freezers to freeze food items quickly and maintain their

quality for an extended period.

4. Chemical preservation

Chemical preservation involves the use of additives such as salt, sugar, vinegar, and various

food-grade preservatives. These substances inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend the

shelf life of food products. The department carefully follows guidelines and employs approved

additives to ensure the safety and quality of preserved foods.

2.4 EQUIPMENTS USED IN FOOD/GRAIN PRESERVATION

To efficiently manage food and grain reserves, the department utilizes a range of storage

equipment specifically designed to maintain optimum storage conditions. Some commonly used

equipment includes:

- Silos: These large cylindrical containers are used to store grains and other bulk produce.

Silos ensure proper aeration and protect the stored grains from pests and environmental

factors
 - Warehouses: Spacious warehouses are employed to store various food items, including

perishable and non-perishable goods. These storage facilities are equipped with

temperature and humidity control systems to maintain optimum storage conditions.

Plate 1: Warehouse Containing Covid-19 food Palliatives .

- Cold storage rooms: Refrigerated cold storage rooms are used to preserve perishable food

items like fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Controlled temperatures help to delay

spoilage and extend the shelf life of these items.

2.5 RICE PROCESSING FOR STORAGE

Processing rice for storage involves several step-by-step processes that ensure the quality, safety,

and longevity of the rice grains. Let's explore the detailed processes involved and the equipment

used in each stage, from the initial harvesting to the storage in silos.

1. Harvesting:

Rice is typically harvested when the grains have reached their optimal maturity. Modern

harvesting techniques include using combine harvesters or mechanical threshers to efficiently

remove the grains from the rice plants.

2. Threshing:

After harvesting, the rice plants are subjected to threshing, where the grains are separated from

the rest of the plant material. Threshers, which are machines specifically designed for this

purpose, are commonly used to separate the grains from the straw and husks.

3. Cleaning and Destoning:

Once the grains are separated, they undergo a cleaning process to remove impurities such as

stones, dust, and other foreign particles. Cleaning is usually carried out using a combination of

sieves, screens, and air blowers.

4. Hulling:

Hulling or dehusking is the process where the outer husk or hull is removed from the rice grains.

This can be done using a machine called a huller, which uses friction or impact to separate the

hull from the rice. The hulls that are removed during this process can be utilized for other

purposes, such as animal feed or fuel.

5. Whitening or Polishing:
After hulling, the rice grains may undergo a whitening process to remove the remaining bran

layers and make the rice more visually appealing. This process can be achieved by passing the

grains through machines like rice polishers or whiteners, which use friction or abrasive surfaces

to remove any remaining bran

6. Packaging:

Once the rice grains have been processed and sorted, they are typically packaged in bags or

containers for storage and distribution. Packaging is an important step in maintaining the quality

of the rice grains and protecting them from moisture, pests, and other contaminants.

7. Storage in Silos:

After packaging, the rice bags or containers are stored in silos, which are large cylindrical

containers designed for efficient storage of grains. Silos provide a controlled environment with

proper aeration, protection from pests and moisture, and temperature regulation to maintain the

quality and longevity of the rice grains.

Plate 2: Silos for Storing grains.

By diligently following these step-by-step processes and utilizing appropriate equipment, the

Food and Strategic Reserve Department at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture ensures that rice is

processed and stored on a national scale to meet the needs of the less privileged during out-of-

season periods.

In conclusion, the Food and Strategic Reserve Department at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture

and Food Security in Abuja, Nigeria, plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. Through
effective food and grain preservation techniques and the use of appropriate storage equipment,

the department strives to minimize post-harvest losses and maintain a steady supply of food

throughout the year.

CHAPTER THREE
 THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND & CLIMATE CHANGE

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Department of Agricultural Land and Climate Change plays a crucial role in managing

agricultural land and addressing the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector in

Nigeria.

The department is responsible for various tasks related to land management, including the

allocation and sustainable use of agricultural land. By ensuring proper land utilization, the

department promotes efficient agricultural practices and helps to maximize productivity. This is

particularly important for a country like Nigeria, where agriculture is a significant sector

contributing to economic growth and sustenance of livelihoods.

3.1.1 VISION

Effective and continuous management of Nigerian Agricultural Land Resources and Climate

change Adaptation and Mitigation for small holder farmers on the basis of sustainability and

enhanced productivity.

3.1.2 MISSION

Maximizing the most efficient and effective use of the Agricultural Land Resources while

building climate change resilience for guaranteed sustainability and improved productivity across

the Nation.

3.2 POLICY OBJECTIVES AND MANDATE OF THE DEPARTMENT

 1. Continuous inventory and assessment of Nigeria’s Agricultural Land Resources so as to

them in to optimal use and monitor changes in their potential for agriculture through

systematic soil survey and land evaluation as well as nutrient status of the various soil

and appropriate fertilizer recommendations.

2. Identification and rehabilitation of degraded agricultural land affected by drought,

desertification encroachment soil erosion and flood and prevent the spread of these

natural phenomena to other areas through effective protective measures: (efficient and

effective land use planning and conservation strategic programs)

3. Building national adaptive capacity and resilience in agricultural sector to support

Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) of the federal government.

4. Training and development of intermediate manpower needs in agriculture, organize short

term refresher courses for all categories of farmers, develop soil conservation action

program for and provide extension services.

3.3 DIVISIONS AND UNITS OF THE DEPARTMENT

 Land use and Conservation Division (LUC)

 Integrated Soil and water management Division (ISWM)

 Soil fertility management Division (SFM)

 Soil Survey and Land Evaluation Division (SS & LE)

 Soil testing Division (ST)

While the units are:-

 Environment and Climate change Unit (ECCU)

  Geographical Information system and Remote sensing Unit

3.4 RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT THE DEPARTMENT

The department focuses on addressing the impact of climate change on agriculture. Climate

change poses numerous challenges to the sector, including altered rainfall patterns, increased

frequency of extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and prolonged droughts. These

changes can significantly impact food production, storage, availability, and overall food security

in the country.

Research conducted by the department has played a critical role in understanding the effects of

climate change on food storage, availability, and food security.

3.4.1 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FOOD STORAGE

The effects of climate change on food storage and are becoming increasingly evident in Nigeria

and around the world. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature, rainfall patterns,

and other weather phenomena that are caused by human activities, primarily the emission of

greenhouse gases. Given below are the results of this research;

1. Increased Frequency And Intensity Of Extreme Weather Events

One of the direct impacts of climate change on food storage is the increased frequency and

intensity of extreme weather events such as storms, floods, and heatwaves. These events can

damage food storage facilities, leading to spoilage and loss of stored crops. For example, floods

can contaminate stored grains and destroy infrastructure, making it difficult to store food
properly. Similarly, heatwaves can accelerate spoilage and reduce the shelf life of perishable food

items.

2. Changes In Agricultural Productivity.

Another indirect effect of climate change on food storage is related to changes in agricultural

productivity. Rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns can disrupt agricultural

production, leading to lower yields and food shortages. This can create additional pressure on

food storage systems as they need to store larger volumes of food to compensate for the

decreased production.

3. Altering Pest And Disease Dynamics

In addition to these challenges, changing climate conditions can also alter pest and disease

dynamics, affecting both pre-harvest and post-harvest stages of food production. Pests and

diseases that were once limited by certain climatic conditions may find new favorable habitats

due to changing weather patterns. This can lead to increased damage to stored crops and a greater

need for pest control measures during storage.

4. Affecting The Nutritional Quality Of Food

Furthermore, climate change can impact the nutritional quality of food, especially if crops are

exposed to increased levels of carbon dioxide and higher temperatures. These changes can

reduce the protein, mineral, and vitamin content of crops, affecting the overall nutritional value

of stored food.
To address the effects of climate change on food storage and food security, various adaptation

strategies and technologies can be employed. These include:

1. Improving infrastructure: Creating more resilient and climate-proof storage facilities that

can withstand extreme weather events such as floods and storms.

2. Enhancing pest management: Developing integrated pest management strategies that are

specifically designed to address the changing pest dynamics resulting from climate

change. This may involve the use of biological control methods and resistant crop

varieties.

3. Improving post-harvest management practices: Implementing better post-harvest

handling techniques such as proper cleaning, grading, and sorting, as well as effective

storage techniques to minimize losses.

4. Diversifying crops and varieties: Promoting the cultivation of climate-resilient crops and

varieties that are more tolerant to changing climate conditions and have better storage

characteristics.

5. Strengthening early warning systems: Implementing effective monitoring and early

warning systems to anticipate and respond to extreme weather events and other climate-

related risks.

6. Enhancing capacity building: Providing training and support to farmers, extension

workers, and other stakeholders involved in food storage to build their capacity to adapt

to the changing climate conditions.

It is crucial to prioritize efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change to ensure food security in

the face of these challenges. By implementing appropriate strategies and technologies, it is

possible to minimize the negative effects of climate change on food storage and thereby enhance

overall food security.

3.4.1 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FOOD STORAGE

Climate change has a significant impact on food security in Nigeria, a country highly dependent

on agriculture for livelihood and food production. Here are some key effects of climate change

on food security in Nigeria:

1. Decreased agricultural productivity:

Climate change can result in changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, leading to decreased

agricultural productivity. In Nigeria, changing rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts can

negatively affect crop yields, making it difficult for farmers to produce enough food to meet the

growing population's needs. This situation can ultimately lead to food shortages and insecurity.

2. Increased risk of crop failure:

Climate change increases the likelihood of extreme weather events such as floods, storms, and

heatwaves. These events can destroy crops, damage agricultural infrastructure, and lead to crop

failure. For instance, flooding can destroy crops, especially in low-lying areas, making it

challenging for farmers to recover from such losses and maintain consistent food production.

3. Pests and diseases:

Climate change can influence the distribution, behavior, and population dynamics of pests and

diseases that affect crops. Higher temperatures can promote the proliferation of pests, such as
insects and diseases, making it difficult for farmers to control them effectively. Infestations and

disease outbreaks can further weaken agricultural productivity and compromise food security.

4. Decreased water availability:

Changes in rainfall patterns can lead to water scarcity, affecting irrigation systems and reducing

water availability for agricultural purposes. This is particularly concerning for rain-fed

agriculture, which is prevalent in many parts of Nigeria. Insufficient water for irrigation can

result in reduced crop yields and limited production, leading to food insecurity.

5. Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services:

Climate change can disrupt ecosystems, resulting in a loss of biodiversity and essential

ecosystem services that are crucial for sustainable agriculture. Pollinators, such as bees and

butterflies, are declining due to climate change, which affects crop pollination and ultimately

reduces agricultural productivity and food security.

6. Impact on fishing and aquaculture:

Climate change also affects fish populations and aquatic ecosystems. Rising sea temperatures

and ocean acidification can disrupt marine ecosystems, affecting fish reproduction, migration

patterns, and overall fish yields. This can have adverse effects on the livelihoods of fishing

communities and their food security.

Efforts to address the effects of climate change on food security in Nigeria should prioritize the

following:
 - Investing in climate-smart agriculture practices that promote sustainable farming

techniques and maximize resource efficiency.

- Developing and promoting drought-tolerant and disease-resistant crop varieties suitable

for changing climate conditions.

- Expanding irrigation infrastructure to mitigate the effects of water scarcity and ensure

consistent crop production.

- Enhancing early warning systems for extreme weather events to enable timely response

and adaptation.

- Promoting sustainable land and water management practices to improve resilience to

climate change.

- Encouraging diversification of food production to reduce the dependencies on single

crops or farming systems.

- Strengthening agricultural extension services to disseminate climate-smart farming

techniques and knowledge to farmers.

- Collaborating with international partners to leverage resources, knowledge, and

technology for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the agricultural sector.

Addressing the effects of climate change on food security requires a comprehensive and multi-

sectoral approach, involving agricultural stakeholders, policymakers, researchers, and local

communities. By implementing suitable adaptation strategies and investing in climate-resilient

practices, Nigeria can strengthen its food security and ensure the availability and access to

nutritious food for its population even in the face of a changing climate.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 RELIANCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING TO THE TRAINEE’S COURSE

OF STUDY

Industrial training provides valuable practical experience and exposure, allowing me to apply the

knowledge and skills gained in my food science and technology studies to real-world scenarios.

Here's how the industrial training relates to my course of study:

1. Practical Application of Theoretical Knowledge:

During my industrial training, i had the opportunity to apply the theories and concepts i learned

in my food science and technology courses to actual situations. This hands-on experience

allowed me to see how scientific principles are implemented in various aspects of agriculture,

food production, and food security.

2. Understanding Food Processing and Preservation Techniques:

As a food science and technology student, the industrial training provided me with insights into

various food processing and preservation techniques. I observed or directly participated in

activities such as food storage, quality control, and preservation methods aimed at reducing post-

harvest losses and ensuring food safety.

3. Exposure to Food Safety Regulations and Standards:

Food safety is a critical aspect of food science and technology. During my industrial training, I

gained exposure to food safety regulations, quality control procedures, and certification
standards. This firsthand experience helped me understand the regulatory requirements and

protocols necessary to ensure the production of safe and high-quality food.

4. Practical Understanding of Supply Chain Management:

The food industry relies on efficient supply chain management to ensure the availability and

distribution of food products. My industrial training exposed me to aspects such as inventory

management, logistics, and quality assurance within the food supply chain. This experience

provided me with insights into how different components of the supply chain interact and impact

food safety and quality.

5. Insight into Food Security and Agricultural Practices:

Working at the department of Agricultural Land and Climate Change and the Food and Strategic

Reserve Department gave me first-hand exposure to the challenges and strategies related to food

security and agricultural practices. I gained insights into agricultural policies, climate change

impacts, food storage systems, and strategic planning to ensure food availability and security.

6. Professional Skill Development:

My industrial training enhanced my practical skills, such as data collection, analysis, and report

writing. These skills are essential for a food science and technology professional, as they are

often required for research, product development, and quality assurance roles within the industry.

Overall, the industrial training provides me with practical exposure, real-life examples, and a

deeper understanding of the complexities and challenges of the food industry. It complements my

theoretical knowledge and equips me with the skills necessary to excel in my future career as a

food science and technology professional. It is an invaluable experience that bridges the gap
between academia and industry, and it can serve as a strong foundation for my future endeavors

in the field.

4.2 PROBLEMS FACED AND RECOMMENDATIONS

During my Industrial Training at The Ministry of Agriculture, I didn’t encounter any problems or

issues but I have some suggestions and recommendations;

4.2.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Enhancing agricultural research and development: Allocate more resources towards

agricultural research and development to foster innovation, improve crop yields, and

develop sustainable farming practices. This can help address challenges such as climate

change and food security.

2. Strengthening extension services: Invest in capacity building and training for extension

workers to effectively disseminate knowledge and provide technical assistance to

farmers. This can help improve farmers' access to information, modern techniques, and

best farming practices.

3. Promoting sustainable farming practices: Encourage the adoption of organic farming

methods, integrated pest management, and conservation agriculture techniques. This can

help minimize the use of harmful chemicals, protect the environment, and enhance soil

fertility.
 4. Supporting small-scale farmers: Implement policies and programs that provide financial

support, access to credit, and training for small-scale farmers. This can help empower

them and promote inclusive growth within the agricultural sector.

5. Investing in agricultural infrastructure: Improve rural infrastructure such as roads, storage

facilities, and processing units. This can help reduce post-harvest losses and ensure

timely transportation and storage of agricultural produce.

4.3 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the industrial training at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security has

been an invaluable opportunity to gain practical knowledge and experience in addressing key

issues related to food preservation, grain storage, and the impact of climate change on

agriculture.

The experience at the Food and Strategic Reserve Department has underscored the importance of

proactive measures to ensure the availability of food during periods of scarcity and to support

palliative distribution efforts. On the other hand, the involvement with the Agricultural Land and

Climate Change Department has emphasized the need for research and strategies focused on

adapting to climate change and securing our future food supplies.

The training period has highlighted the significant role that the Federal Ministry of Agriculture

and Food Security plays in driving agricultural development and securing the nation's food

resources. It has also highlighted the importance of collaboration across departments and sectors

to address the multifaceted challenges faced in the agricultural sector.

Overall, the training experience has provided insights into the complexities of food preservation,

storage, and climate change adaptation in the context of Nigeria's agricultural landscape. It

serves as a foundation for continued learning and engagement in efforts to enhance food security

and sustainable agricultural practices.

REFERENCES

 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (FMAFS), 2023. Retrieved from:

[Link]

 Industrial Training Fund (ITF), 2016. SIWES: Information And Guidelines For Students

Industrial Work Experience Scheme. Pages: 3-9

 Industrial Training Fund (ITF). (n.d.). SIWES. Retrieved from

[Link]

 Matemilola, S. (2013). Practical skills acquisition for Nigerian engineering students

during industrial training: problems and prospects. International Journal of Research in

Engineering and Technology, 2(5), 151-160.

 National Universities Commission (NUC). (n.d.). Students Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES). Retrieved from [Link]

 Nigerian Employers’ Consultative Association (NECA). (n.d.). SIWES. Retrieved from

[Link]

 Olowookere, O. E., Ewemade, O. E., & Mohammed, O. B. (2018). Effects of students

industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) on the performance of mechanical

engineering graduates in Nigeria. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 10(1), 30-

48.