SCIENCE Asthenosphere

Edmond Halley - 180 km thick

- Convection currents occur
- English astronomer and mathematician.
- Drive the movement of tectonic plates.
- Earth is hollow and that there are inner
concentric layers below the crust that Outer Core
float gas.
- Beneath the mantle
Earth Structure - Innermost layer
- Only layer that is Liquid
- Made up of four different layers.
- Composed of liquid, iron, and nickel
Different layers of Earth - Liquid layer 2270 km thick, 3,700-4,300
Celsius
 Inner core
 Outer core Inner Core
 Mantle
- Deepest and Solid layer of the earth.
 Crust
- Made up of solid iron and nickel
Crust - Extremely hot
- 1,220 diameter, 6000 Celsius
- Earth’s outermost layer.
- Continents and ocean floors Interfaces

Continental Crust  MAHOROVICIC discontinuity (MOHO)

Crust – Mantle
- Makes up the continents  GUTTENBERG discontinuity
- 40-70 km thick Mantle – Outer Core
- Made up of granitic rocks  LEHMAN discontinuity
Oter Core – Inner Core
Oceanic Crust
MAPPING THE INNER EARTH
- Underlies Ocean floor
- 5 km SEISMIC WAVE
- Made up of denser basaltic rocks - Waves that travels through the Earth or
Mantle (80%) another planetary body.
When: EARTHQUAKE OCCURS
- Thickest layer (2900km) ROCKS BREAK
- Semisolid, rocky, and very hot layer. VOLCANO ERRUPTS
- Made of (Ferromagnesium silicate TECTONIC PLATES MOVE
rocks) molten iron and minerals
- Temperature: 900-3700 degrees Celsius Seismometers

Lithosphere (crust and Upper mantle) - Highly sensitive instrument that

responds to ground displacement and
- Rigid layer that can break under stress. shaking.
- CRUST – made up of tectonic plates
Seismograph

- Record the motion of the ground.

Types of waves Supercontinent

 Body Waves - Also known as PANGEAE

 Surface Waves - Existed approximately 225 million years
ago
Body Waves
Plates
- Inner layers of the planet
- Continent sized slabs.
Surface Waves
- Move very slowly
- Travel only on the surface
Plates Move:
Body Waves
- Away from each other
P-WAVES (Primary Waves) - Toward each other
- Past each other
- First wave that are detected by a
seismograph. Alfred Wegener
- First to be felt on the Earth Surface
- Continentant Drift Theory
- Speed between 1.5 to 8 kilometers per
second Gondwana

S-WAVES (SECONDARY WAVES) - Africa, South America, Australia,

Antarctica, Subcontinent India.
- Transverse waves
- Up-and-down motion perpendicular to Laurisa
the direction of the wave.
- North America Europe & Asia
- 60% - 70% more slowly than P-Waves
Tectonic Plates
Surface Waves
- Major Tectonic Plates
Love Waves
Primary Plates
- Fastest type of surface wave
- Move the ground from side to side. - Original, large tectonic plates that
- Augustus Edward H. Love (British formed early in Earth’s history.
Geophysicist Mathematician)
Secondary Plates
Rayleigh Waves
- Smaller tectonic plates
- Move in circular manner. - Broken off from the primary plates due
- Up and down and side to side. to tectonic activity
- Named after John William Strutt (Lord
Rayleigh) Plates Theories

PANGAEA Contraction Theory

PAN – ALL (all-earth) - Proposed in early twentieth century.

- Suggested that Earth cooled after its
GAEA – EARTH (all-land) formation.
- Contracted and Wrinkled.
Panthalassa – all-seas
 - Wrinkles – considered as mountains - Had two major contribution in
ranges. validating the theory of plate tectonics
the induction of hot spots and the
Eduard Suess
recognition of transform boundaries.
- Austrian geologist
- Made and analogy between wrinkles on
the surface of a dried shrunken fruit.

Continental Drift Theory

- Developed in the early part of the 20th

century
- By Alfred Wegener in 1912.

Alfred Wegener

- Theorized that continents move around

on Earth’s surface and that they were
once joined together as a single
supercontinent.

Seafloor Spreading Theory

- Proposed by Harry Hess

- Seafloor or ocean floor, not the
continents, move and only carry the
latter.

Tectonics Plates Theory

- Incorporates the continental drift

theory and the seafloor spreading
theory

Lithosphere

- Composed of many independent

massive slabs of solid rock called plates.

Continental Plates

- Plates under landmasses

Oceanic Plates

- Plates under ocean.

John Tuzo Wilson

- Canadian geophysicist and geologist