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D.C. Machines & Transformer Lab Manual

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

76 views186 pages

D.C. Machines & Transformer Lab Manual

Uploaded by

abhaypalrajput1

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Diploma Engineering

Laboratory Manual
D. C. Machines and Transformer
4330901

Electrical Semester 3
Enrolment No
Name
Branch Electrical Engineering
Academic Term 241 term AY 2024
Institute Government Polytechnic, Halol

Directorate of Technical Education

Gandhinagar - Gujarat
Government Polytechnic, Halol
1 | Page
Directorate of Technical Education
Gandhinagar - Gujarat

Directorate of Technical Education Gandhinagar -

Gujarat

DTE’s Vision:
▪ To provide globally competitive technical education;
▪ Remove geographical imbalances and inconsistencies;
▪ Develop student friendly resources with a special focus on girls’ education
and support to weaker sections;
▪ Develop programs relevant to industry and create a vibrant pool of technical
professionals.

DTE’s Mission:

2 | Page
Institute’s Vision:

Institute’s Mission:

Department’s Vision:

Department’s Mission:

3 | Page
Certificate

This is to certify that Mr/Ms ……………………………………………………………….

Enrolment No. ………….…………………………. of 3rd Semester of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering of Government Polytechnic, Halo (GTU Code 998) has satisfactorily completed
the term work in course DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER - 4330901 for the academic
year: 2024 Term: 241 Odd prescribed in the GTU curriculum.

Place:…………………..

Date: …………………..

Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department

4 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Preface
The primary aim of any laboratory/Practical/field work is enhancement of required
skills as well as creative ability amongst students to solve real time problems by developing
relevant competencies in the psychomotor domain. Keeping in view, GTU has designed
competency focused outcome-based curriculum -2021 (COGC-2021) for Diploma
engineering programmes. In this curriculum, more time is allotted to practical work than
theory. It shows the importance of enhancement of skills amongst students and it pays
attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst Students, Instructors
and Lecturers to achieve relevant outcomes by performing rather than writing practice in
study type. It is essential for effective implementation of competency focused outcome-
based Green curriculum-2021. Every practical has been keenly designed to serve as a tool to
develop & enhance relevant industry needed competency in each and every student. These
psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content
delivery methods in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual has been designed to focus
on the industry-defined relevant outcomes, rather than the old practice of conducting
practical to prove concepts and theory.
By using this lab manual, students can read the procedure one day in advance to the
actual performance day of the practical experiment, which generates interest, and also, they
can have an idea of judgement of magnitude prior to performance. This in turn enhances
predetermined outcomes amongst students. Each and every Experiment /Practical in this
manual begins by competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well as practical
outcomes, which serve as a key role for doing the practical. The students will also have a
clear idea of safety and necessary precautions to be taken while performing experiments.
This manual also provides guidelines to lecturers to facilitate student-centred lab
activities for each practical/experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in
order that the students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions
to achieve outcomes. It also gives an idea of how students will be assessed by providing
Rubrics.

This course will enable the students to develop skills to select, operate, and maintain
various types of D.C. machines and transformers. Practical features of the course will make
the students capable of performing various tests on these machines. This course will also
make the students familiar with the working and applications of Single-phase transformers
and D.C. Machines.

Although we try our level best to design this lab manual, there are always chances of
improvement. We welcome any suggestions for improvement.

5 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Programme Outcomes (POs):

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined

technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet
specified needs.

4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools

and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.

7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering

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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Practical Outcome - Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):
CO1 Distinguish types of DC generators.
CO2 Distinguish types of DC motors.
CO3 Interpret construction and operational features of different types of single-phase transformers.
CO4 Undertake performance test of single-phase transformer.

S. No. Practical Outcome/Title of experiment CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4

1 Identify various parts of DC machine 
2 Identify various parts of single phase transformer 
Perform a test on D.C. shunt generator to find out Magnetization
3 
characteristics.
Maintain constant voltage of DC generator at different load
4 
conditions
5 Test the performance of a separately excited D.C. shunt generator 

6 Test the performance of a DC series generator 

7 Test the performance of a DC compound generator 

8 Connect Three Point and Four Point Starters for DC Motor. 

9 Reverse direction of various DC Motors. 

Control the Speed of DC Shunt Motor by Armature and Field
10 
Control.
11 Perform Direct Load Test on Single Phase Transformer. 

Perform open circuit and short circuit test of single-phase 

12
transformer.
13 Perform polarity test on single-phase transformer. 

14 Perform parallel operation on two single phase transformers. 

15 Perform Sumpner test on single phase transformer. 

16 Perform Swinburne’s Test of DC Machine. 

17 Study construction of BLDC motor and its parts. 

Industrial visit of DC Machine/ single phase transformer
18 manufacturing/ Repairing unit and Prepare Industrial visit Report
on it.

7 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant skills are expected to be developed in the students
by performance of experiments of this course.
➢ Maintain various types of D.C. machines safely
➢ Maintain various types of single-phase transformers safely

Guidelines to Course Faculty

1. Course faculty should demonstrate experiment with all necessary implementation
strategies described in the curriculum.
2. Course faculty should explain industrial relevance before starting each experiment.
3. Course faculty should involve & give opportunity to all students for hands-on
experience.
4. Course faculty should ensure mentioned skills are developed in the students by
asking.
5. Utilise 2 hrs. Of lab hours effectively and ensure completion of write up with quiz
also.
6. Encourage peer-to-peer learning by doing the same experiment through fast
learners.

Instructions for Students

1. Organize the work in the group and make a record of all observations.
2. Students shall develop maintenance skills as expected by industries.
3. Students shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
4. Students shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills
etc.
5. Students shall refer to technical magazines and data books.
6. Students should develop the habit to submit the practical on date and time.
7. Students should prepare well while submitting a write-up of exercise.

8 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Continuous Assessment Sheet

Name: Term: ___________________
Enrolment No: _______________________ Division __________ Batch: ____________

Sr
Practical Outcome/Title of experiment Page Date Marks Sign
no

1 Identify various parts of DC machine

2 Identify various parts of single phase transformer
3 Test the magnetizing characteristic of DC
Generator.
4 Maintain constant voltage of DC generator at
different load conditions
5 Test the performance of a separately excited DC
generator

6 Test the performance of a DC series generator

7 Test the performance of a DC compound
generator
8 Connect Three Point and Four Point Starters for
D.C. Motor.
Reverse direction of various D.C. Motors.
9

10 Control the Speed of Dc Shunt Motor by

Armature and Field Control.
11 Perform Direct Load Test on Single Phase
Transformer.
12 Perform OC and SC Test of Single Phase
Transformer.
13 Perform polarity test on single-phase transformer.

14 Perform parallel operation on two single phase

transformers.
Perform Sumpner test on single phase
15
transformer.
16 Perform Swinburne’s Test of DC Machine.
Study construction of BLDC motor and its parts.
17
Industrial visit of DC Machine/ Single phase
18
transformer manufacturing/ Repairing unit and
Prepare Industrial visit Report on it.

9 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

1. While performing experiments in the Laboratory, you must follow stringent safety rules and
precautionary measures for your own safety as well as for the safety of your co-workers.
Always remember that you are working at voltage levels much higher compared to normal
working voltage.
2. For safety reasons, every student must come to the laboratory in shoes (covering the whole
feet).
3. Instruments and tools will be issued from the Lab Staff / Lab In charge. Every student must
produce his identity card for the purpose. Tools, etc. must be returned to the Lab Staff / Lab
In charge on the same day after work hours.
4. The student should take the permission and guidance of the Lab Staff / Lab-In charge before
operating any machine. Do not attempt to operate any equipment yourself without
permission of the concerned teachers / instructors. Unauthorized usage of any machine
without prior guidance may lead to fatal accidents and injury.
5. Always maintain sufficient distance from the live objects to avoid electrical shock due to
induction.
6. Before taking entry in the lab, always double check that all the apparatus and equipment are
disconnected from supply and are properly grounded.
7. The student will not lean on the machine or take any kind of support of the machine at any
point of time. If found leaning on a machine without proper reasons serious action would be
taken.
8. Laboratory reports (experiment manual) should be submitted on said time. The students must
submit a report on the next working lab day, these have associated some grades.

10 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 01
Aim: Identify various parts of D C Machine.

Specific Objective:
After studying this experiment we should be able to:
➢ Know the function & working principle of DC machines.
➢ Understand various parts of the DC machine.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC machine by:
✔ Knowing the function & working principle of a DC machine.
✔ Understanding various parts of DC machines.

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Distinguish types of DC generators.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Identify various parts of D. C. Machine.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Handle the cut-section of DC machines carefully with safety and necessary precaution.

Resources/Equipment Required:
Cut-section model of DC machine

Theory:
Introduction:
A D.C. machine is a device that converts Mechanical energy into Electrical energy and
vice-versa. When the device acts as a generator, the mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy. On the other hand, when the device acts as a motor, the electrical energy is
converted into mechanical energy.
Constructional features:
Generator and motor are very similar to each other in essential parts and construction.
The essential parts of dc machine, as shown in fig. 1, can be grouped into two categories
depending upon their placement as follows

11 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 01 Cross Section view of DC Machine

12 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 02 Pole

13 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Static Parts Rotating Parts

Magnetic Frame / Yoke Armature Core
Main Poles Armature winding
Main field Winding Commutator
Inter-poles /Commutating Poles Brushes & Bearings
Interpole winding

STATIC PARTS:
Magnetic frame or Yoke: The outer frame of the DC Machine is called the Yoke and is
normally made of cast Iron for small machines, while for large machines cast steel or rolled steel
is employed. Yoke generally serves two purposes.
➢ It provides mechanical support to the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the whole
machine.
➢ It provides a return path of low reluctance to the magnetic flux produced by the poles

Field System: The object of the field system is to create a uniform magnetic field within which
the
armature rotates. Field system consists of three parts namely pole, pole shoes and magnetizing
coils or field coils. The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes

Pole is used to carry the coils of insulated wires carrying the exciting current.

Pole shoe acts as a support to the field coils & spread out the flux in the air gap & also being a
larger cross-section reduces the reluctance of the magnetic path. Fig. 2 represents pole and pole
shoes. Both pole and pole shoes are laminated and are bolted to the frame of the yoke. The
thickness of the lamination varies from 0.25mm to 1mm.
Field coils or field windings: It consists of copper wire or strip wound around the pole pieces.
Fig. 3 represents field coil. When current passes through the coil, the coil magnetizes the poles,
which produce the necessary flux that is cut by revolving armature conductors.
Inter-poles &Interpole Winding: These poles are comparatively smaller in size than the main
poles. They are placed between adjacent main poles. The flux provided by inter-poles gives
sparkless commutation & hence they are also called as commutating poles. The exciting coils
around Inter-poles are normally connected in series with the armature circuit & carry the entire
armature current.

Air gap: Radial spacing between main pole & surface of the armature is called air-gap. The
length of the air gap may be set between 0.5 mm to 2.5mm.

ROTATING PARTS:
Armature:The purpose of armature is to rotate the armature conductors in the uniform magnetic
field. It is further divided into two parts namely: Armature core and Armature winding.

14 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 03 Field Winding

15 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Armature core: it is cylindrical in shape mounted on the shaft as shown in fig. 4. It consists of
slots on its periphery & the air ducts to permit the air flow through armature which serves
cooling purpose It is made from high permeability silicon-steel stampings, each stamping being
separated from its neighbouring one by thin paper or varnish as insulation. The function of
armature core is:
➢ To provide house for armature winding
➢ To provide a path of low reluctance to the magnetic flux produced by the field winding
Armature winding: It is nothing but the interconnection of the armature conductors placed in
the slots provided on the armature core periphery. The function of armature winding is:
➢ To generate EMF in the armature winding in case of generator
➢ To carry the current supplied in case of dc motor

Commutator: The basic nature of EMF induced in the armature conductor is alternating. This
needs rectification in case of DC generator, which is possible by device, called a commutator. It
is cylindrical in shape and is made up of wedge shape segments of hard drawn, high
conductivity copper. These segments are insulated from each other by a thin layer of mica as
shown in fig. 5. It is connected to the armature conductor by means of copper lug or strip.
The function of commutator is:
➢ To collect current from the armature conductors
➢ To convert internally developed alternately EMF into unidirectional EMF

Brushes: The function of brushes is to collect current from the commutator or to draw current to
the commutator. They are usually made of carbon and are in the shape of a rectangular block.
These brushes are housed in brush holders usually of the box type as shown in the fig. The
brushes are in contact with the commutator by a spring whose tension can be adjusted by
changing the position of the lever in the notches.

Bearings: Bearing is a device, which gives free & smooth rotation of armature. Ball bearing is
frequently employed due to their reliability, though for heavy duties roller bearings are
preferable.

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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 04 Armature

17 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 05 Commutator Segment

18 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. List the major parts of the DC machine.

2. State the types of armature winding. What is the function of Yoke?

3. What is the function of field coils?

4. What is the function of a brush?

5. What is the function of a commutator?

19 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

6. Why is the armature core laminated?

7. How are commutator segments insulated?

8. What types of bearings are used in DC machines?

References/ Suggestions:
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105155/
https://electrical4u.in/D.C.-machines/
https://lectures.gtu.ac.in/

20 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC Machines and Transformer

RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT (Term– )

Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
No. Criteria 5 4 3 0-2
Ability of student
Students are able to Student is able to Student is able to
to identify Student clearly
identify some of the identify the Parts identify only few
Various Parts of identifies all the
Parts components components, with the Parts
Machine Parts components
1 correctly but not all. error. components.
(Out of 5 Marks)
Student is able to
Ability of student Student is able to Student is able to Student is able to
Explain the
to Give the Explain the function Explain the Explain the
function of ALL
Explanation of of some Given Parts function of few function of few
Given Parts
the function of Components Given Parts Given Parts
2 Components
parts Correctly Correctly with some Components Components
Correctly without
(Out of 5 Marks) errors. Correctly with some errors.
any error.
Student has Student has
Student has knowledge of knowledge of
Knowledge of Student has
knowledge of material used for material used
3 material knowledge of
material used for only few parts for only few
(Out of 5 Marks) all parts without material used for
some parts. without any parts
any error. error. with some errors
Derive Student is able to Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able to
conclusion, Derive Derive
Derive conclusion, Derive conclusion,
answer the conclusion, conclusion, but
answer All the answer All
4 Questions answer Few not able to
Questions related to Questions related to
related to Questions related answer the
experiment experiment with
experiment to experiment Questions related
correctly. some Errors.
(Out of 5 Marks) with some Errors. to experiment.
Write up
Write up (figures, Write up (figures, (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & Quality specification etc.) specification etc.) specification
specification etc.)
Report writing without any error with errors and etc.) with
with some error and
5 (Out of 5 Marks) and submits in delayed significant errors
submits in time.
time. submission. and delayed
submission.

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

21 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 02
Aim: Identify various parts of single phase Transformer.

Specific Objective:
After studying this experiment we should be able to:
➢ Know the function & working principle of the transformer.
➢ Classify the transformer according to the construction.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Problem analysis
➢ Design /Development of solution

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain Single phase transformer by:
✔ Knowing the function & working principle of transformer
✔ Classifying the transformer according to the construction

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Interpret construction and operational features of different types of single-phase
transformers.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Identify various parts of the single phase Transformer.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Handle the single phase Transformer carefully with safety and necessary precaution.

Resources/Equipment Required:
1-Phase Transformer

Theory:
A transformer is a static (or stationary) apparatus by means of which electric power in
one circuit is transformed into another electric circuit at the same frequency. It can raise or lower
the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. The physical
basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic
flux. In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils which are electrically separated by
magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance as shown in fig. 1.

22 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure 01 Basic of Transformer Construction

23 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure 02 Core Type Construction

24 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Electrical energy is generated at places where it is easier to get water head, oil or coal for
hydro-electric, diesel or thermal power stations respectively. Then energy is to be transmitted at
considerable distances for use in villages, towns and cities located at distant places.
Transmission of electrical energy at high voltages is economical therefore some means are
required for stepping up the voltage at generating stations and stepping down the same at the
places where it is to be used. Electric machine used for these purposes is the “transformer”. In
our country, the electric energy is usually generated at 6.6, 11, or 33 kV. This generated voltage
is stepped up to 132 or 220 or 400 kV with the help of step up transformers for transmission. At
grid-substation voltage is stepped down to 66 kV or 33 kV for feeding various substations,
which further step down the voltage to 11 kV for feeding distribution transformers, stepping
down the voltage further to 400/230 volts for consumer uses.

Constructional features:
A single-phase Transformer consists of a magnetic core and two windings. By
construction, the two windings are called low-voltage (LV) winding and High-voltage (HV)
winding. The transformer core is made up of silicon sheet steel laminations. Steel offers a low
reluctance path for the magnetic flux to pass through. As the type of flux present is alternating
flux, the flux reversal causes the magnetic losses, hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core.
To reduce Hysteresis and eddy current loss laminated silicon sheet steel stampings are used to
make a core. To reduce copper loss, LV and HV windings are wound with copper wires, being a
good conductor of current.

There are two basic types of transformer construction:

1. Core type Transformer.
2. Shell Transformer.

Core type transformer:

In this type, the core is stacked by “U‟ section and “I‟ section laminations as shown in
fig. 2 (a). Single-phase core type transformer has two limbs, the vertical columns, around which
windings are housed, two yokes, the horizontal sections and one window, the space enclosed by
the core. All sections of the core carry the same flux as there is a single flux path. Initially U
section laminations are stacked. After placing sufficient insulations around the limbs, pre wound
LV windings are inserted immediately around the limb. Each LV winding has half the required
number of turns. The two half LV windings are connected in series and the resultant two
terminals are taken out for external connections.

After providing sufficient insulation around the LV windings, each half HV coils are
placed over the LV windings as shown in fig. 2(b). The two half HV coils are then connected in
series and resultant two terminals are taken out for external connection.

25 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure 03 Shell Type Construction

Shell type transformer:

26 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

E and I section laminations shown in fig. 3(a) are used for stacking the shell type
transformer core. The shell type transformer has two outer limbs, one middle limb, two yokes
and two windows. There are two flux paths. Full flux φ passes through the middle limb and in
the remaining parts of the core that core the flux φ/2. Hence, the middle limb width is twice as
that of outer limbs.

Initially E section laminations are stacked and immediately around the middle limb the
full LV winding is placed with suitable insulation between limb and LV winding. Over the LV
winding, HV winding is placed with suitable insulation between LV and HV winding. Finally,
the magnetic circuit is closed with I section lamination.

Transformer of smaller capacity may be provided with a simple enclosure with a

provision for natural air circulation. Large capacity transformers are put up inside a leak proof
tank and filled up with insulation oil.

Working Principle of a transformer:

The principle on which a transformer works is electromagnetic induction, which states
that induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Essential parts of a
transformer (fig. 1) are:

➢ An iron core: It is either cruciform or rectangular, and is laminated (to avoid eddy current
loss). The vertical portion of the core is called limb; while the top and bottom portion are the
yokes.
➢ Two windings: One winding is connected to the source of the electrical energy (called
primary winding); while the other is connected to the load (called secondary windings).
These windings are coils of different number of turns, wound around the limbs of the core.
Each winding is properly insulated from each other as well as the core.

In a step-up transformer, the primary coil consists of a smaller number of turns of thick
well-insulated copper-wire; while the secondary coil has a larger number of turns of thin well-
insulated copper-wire. On the other hand, in a step-down transformer, the primary coil consists
of thin well-insulated copper-wire of larger number of turns; while the secondary coil has a
smaller number of turns of thick well-insulated copper-wire.
When primary winding is connected to an AC supply, current flows through it. Since this
winding links with an iron core, current flowing through this winding produces an alternating
flux Ø in the core. Since this flux is alternating and links with the secondary winding also, EMF
is induced in the secondary winding and is the same as that of the flux or that of the supply
voltage. The induced EMF in the secondary winding enables it to deliver current to an external
load connected across it. Thus, the energy is transformed from primary winding to the secondary
winding by means of electro-magnetic induction without any change in frequency.

27 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

The flux Ø of the iron core links not only with the secondary winding but also with the primary
winding so produces self-induced EMF in the primary winding. This induced EMF in the
primary winding opposes the applied voltage and therefore sometimes it is known as back EMF
of the primary. In fact, the induced EMF in the primary winding limits the primary current in
much the same way that the back EMF in a DC Motor limits the armature current.

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. State the working principle of a single-phase transformer.

2. List the major parts of a single-phase transformer.

3. What are the types of transformer according to its construction?

28 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

4. Why is the core laminated?

5. Which types of stampings are used in the core type of transformer?

6. Which types of stampings are used in the shell type of transformer?

7. Which type of winding is wound first on the limb and why?

References/ Suggestions:
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105155/
https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-engineering-articles/transformer/
https://lectures.gtu.ac.in/

29 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC Machines and Transformer

RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT (Term– )

Student has Student has Student has

Knowledge of Student has knowledge of knowledge of
knowledge of
3 material knowledge of material used for material used for
material used for
(Out of 5 Marks) all parts without material used for only few parts only few parts
some parts. without any error. with some errors
any error.
Derive
Student is able to Student is able to Student is able to Student is able to
conclusion,
Derive conclusion, Derive conclusion, Derive conclusion, Derive conclusion,
answer the
answer All the answer All answer Few but not able to
4 Questions
Questions related to Questions related to Questions related answer the
related to
experiment experiment with to experiment with Questions related to
experiment
correctly. some Errors. some Errors. experiment.
(Out of 5 Marks)
Write up (figures, Write up (figures, Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & Quality specification etc.) specification etc.) specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Report writing Without any error with errors and with significant
with some error and
5 (Out of 5 Marks) and submits in delayed errors and delayed
submits in time.
time. submission. submission.

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

30 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 03
Aim: Test the magnetizing characteristic of D C Generator.
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the magnetizing characteristic of DC generator
➢ Define residual magnetism
➢ Understand the importance of field winding resistance and critical resistance of field
winding in DC generator

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Problem analysis
➢ Design /Development of solution
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
➢ Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment
Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
➢ Maintain DC Generator by:
✔ Knowing the magnetizing characteristic of DC generator
✔ Defining residual magnetism
✔ Understanding the importance of field winding resistance and critical resistance
of field winding in DC generator
Expected Course Outcomes (COs)
➢ Distinguish types of DC generators.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Test the magnetizing characteristic of D. C. Generator.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate DC generator carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing an experiment and taking readings.

Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit

Ammeter 0-10 A (DC) 1

Ammeter 0-2 A (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0-150 / 300 V (DC) 1
Rheostat 300 Ohm, 1.7 A 2
Tachometer 0-5000 RPM 1

31 | Page
32 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for magnetizing characteristic of DC Generator

33 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for magnetizing characteristic of DC Generator

D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specification:

D.C. Shunt motor D.C. Generator

HP: ____________ KW: ____________
Voltage: ____________ Voltage: ____________
Current: ____________ Current: ____________
Speed: ____________ Speed: ____________

Theory:
When the field winding is supplied from external separate DC supply, i.e. excitation of
field winding is separate then the generator is called separately excited generator as shown in
circuit diagram. Magnetizing characteristic is obtained by changing the exciting or field current
supplied from a separate source & observing the change in induced EMF. Magnetization
characteristic of a DC generator shows the relation between no load-generated EMF in armature
Eoand field current If at a given constant speed. It is just like the magnetization curve of
electromagnet. In DC generator an expression for the voltage generated E0 in armature can be
written as:

∅𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸0 =
60 𝐴
Where,
Φ = flux per pole in wb.
Z = number of conductor
N = speed in R.P.M
P = number of pole.
A = number of parallel paths.
E0 = K Φ

E0 α Φ

Since the air gap flux is proportional to the field winding current If, then

E0 α If

So, the magnetization curve represents a plot of magnetic flux versus field winding
magneto-motive force (MMF). However, in a DC generator if the speed is constant, the
magnetization curve represents a plot of the open-circuit induced voltage Eo(in the armature) as
a function of field current If. This curve is also called the open circuit characteristic curve
(O.C.C.) of the DC generator.

34 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

For plotting the O.C.C., the generator is separately excited and no load is connected
across the armature. A voltmeter is used for measuring the induced voltage Eo across the
armature terminals as shown in circuit diagram. The generator is driven by a motor or any other
prime mover at constant speed.

Graph shows the typical O.C.C. of a DC generator for a constant speed of armature. Note
that at If = 0, the EMF E0 is not necessarily zero. It is so because the machine has been previously
used and some residual magnetism is left. If there is no EMF, the curve would start from the
origin. As the field current If is increased, the flux per pole also increases. Therefore, the induced
EMF increases. Increase in If initially increases E0 almost in linear manner. For higher values of
If variation of E0 becomes non-linear & finally it remains constant when the generator becomes
fully saturated as shown in graph.

Critical Field Resistance:

The line OR in the graph represents the resistances of the field winding Rf

𝑂𝑄 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑓 = =
𝑂𝑃 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
If an external resistance is added to the field circuit, then this slope of the field resistance line
will increase. Let ORf1 be the new field resistance line when the resistance in the field circuit is
Rf1. The voltage to which the machine can build up with Rf1 in the field circuit is OQ1.With an
increase in field resistance, the voltage built up by the machine gets reduced. When the process
of increasing the field resistance continues, there will be a value of Rf equal to Rfc, such that the
field resistance line becomes a tangent to the O.C.C. Any further increase of Rf beyond Rfc will
make the field resistance line not to intersect the O.C.C. This means that the machine will not
generate sufficient EMF Therefore, for appreciable generation of EMF across the machine
terminal the field resistance must always be less than critical resistance Rfc

35 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation table:
Speed = RPM

Sr Field Current Armature no load Voltage

No If (Amp) E0 (Volt)

36 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

37 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
➢ Switch ON the main power supply to the motor.
➢ Adjust the speed of the DC motor at rated speed using rheostat.
➢ Note the voltage across the armature when the field current is zero. It gives the residual
magnetism.
➢ Now increase If gradually by using the rheostat and note down the voltage across the
armature terminals E0 for each value of field current, If.
➢ Increase the field current and note the reading of voltmeter up to higher than rated voltage.

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
Plot the graph: Armature voltage (E0) V/s Field current (If)

Conclusion:

Practical Related Quiz:

1. What is the magnetizing characteristic of a DC generator?

38 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

2. Define residual magnetism.

3. Explain the importance of field winding resistance and critical resistance of field winding in
DC Generator.

4. Why does the magnetizing characteristic curve not start from zero?

References/ Suggestions:
www.vlab.co.in
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105155/
https://electrical4u.in/D.C.-machines/
https://lectures.gtu.ac.in/

39 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student clearly
Identification of Student is able to
identifies all the Student is able to Student is able to
components, identify some of the
components, identify identify only few
equipment, components,
machines components, components but not
machines used in equipment used in
equipment used equipment with equipment or vice
1 the experiment. the experiment
in the error. versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) correctly but not all.
experiment.
Student is able to Student is not
Student is able to
Circuit interpret circuit able to interpret Student is able to
interpret circuit
Interpretation diagram, able to the circuit, but interpret circuit but
diagram, able to
and Connection connect them able to make not able to make the
2 connect but with
(Out of 5 Marks) without any connection but connections.
some errors.
error. with some errors.
Student is able to
Student knows
conduct Student is able to Student misses some
procedure, but
Experimental experiment / conduct the procedural steps and
not able to
Procedure and operate experiment / operate is not able to
conduct the
3 conduction equipment as per equipment but conduct the
experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure misses some experiment / operate
operate
correctly without procedural steps. equipment
equipment
any error.
Student is able to Student is able to
Student is able to Student makes
Measurement take precise take
take measurement mistakes in
and measurement measurements
but is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation and correctly but not able to
correctly interpret does not interpret the
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
the results. result.
result. results.
Write up Write up
Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, Write up (figures, (figures,
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification specification etc.) specification
with significant
writing (Out of etc.) without any with some error and etc.) with errors
5 errors and delayed
5 Marks) error and submits submits in time. and delayed
submission.
in time. submission.

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

40 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 04
Aim: Maintain constant voltage of DC generator at different load conditions.
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Test DC shunt generator & maintain constant voltage at different load conditions.
Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Problem analysis
➢ Design/ development of solutions
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
➢ Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC Generator by:
✔ Testing DC shunt generator & maintaining constant voltage at different load
conditions
Expected Course Outcomes (COs)
➢ Distinguish types of DC generators.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Maintain constant voltage of D.C. generator at different load conditions.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate DC generator carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiment and taking readings.

Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter 0-10 A (DC) 1
Ammeter 0-2 A (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0-300 V (DC) 1
Rheostat 300 Ohm, 1.7 A 2
Lamp Load 4 KW 1
Tachometer 0-5000 RPM 1

41 | Page
42 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram to maintain constant voltage of D.C. generator at different load conditions
43 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram to maintain constant voltage of D.C. generator at different load conditions
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specification:

D.C. Shunt motor D.C. Shunt Generator

HP: ____________ KW: ____________
Voltage: ____________olt Voltage: ____________
Current: ____________ Current: ____________
Speed: ____________ Speed: ____________

Theory:
The working behaviour of a DC generator under different load conditions is studied.
When a load test is performed on a DC shunt generator, the terminal voltage of the generator
falls down as the load on the generator increases at the constant speed of the prime mover.
There are three reasons for the terminal voltage of the generator falling down as the load
on the DC shunt generator increases.
➢ Armature Resistance drop (IaRa): As load current increases, armature current Ia also
increases because Ia = ISH + IL. Due to the armature resistance Ra, IaRa voltage drop
increases. Therefore, the terminal voltage of the generator falls down.
➢ Armature reaction drop: due to demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, flux is
weakened, EMF of generator reduces, and hence terminal voltage reduced.
Reduced terminal voltage due to above two factors in self-excited DC Shunt generator field
current reduces, hence flux reduces and hence induced EMF further reduces.
When we increase the load on a DC shunt generator, terminal voltage decreases due to
armature voltage drop and armature reaction effect. To maintain terminal voltage at its rated
voltage, we have to increase induced EMF (Ea).
∅𝑍𝑁 𝑃
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑥
60 𝐴
Now at rated speed Z, N, P and A is constant. So Ea is directly proportional to flux ϕ and
flux ϕ is proportional to field current ISH.
So, to maintain the terminal voltage at its rated and constant value, we have to increase the
current ISH at every load.

44 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:
Armature resistance Ra = Ohm
Speed of Motor and Generator N = RPM

Armature
Field Armature Terminal Induced EMF
Load Resistance
Sr. Current Current Voltage Ea = Vt + Va
Current Drop
No. (ISH) Ia = IL+ISH (Vt) Volt
(IL) Amp Va=IaRa
Amp Amp Volt
Volt

45 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

46 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
➢ Switch ON 220 V DC supply to DC shunt motor and start motor with help of starter.
➢ Adjust DC shunt motor speed at rated speed with help of field regulator.
➢ At no load adjust the terminal voltage of the DC shunt generator at rated voltage with help of
shunt field rheostat.
➢ Note the reading of terminal voltage Vt, load current IL, field current ISH at no load.
➢ Increase the Load current (IL) in steps.
➢ Increase the field current ISH till rated terminal voltage is reached.
➢ Note the reading of terminal voltage Vt, load current IL, field current ISH at each load.
➢ Calculate armature current (Ia), armature voltage drop (Va) and induced emf (Ea) for each
load.
➢ Switch OFF the load &then Switch OFF the supply.

Calculation for reading number ____:

➢ Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish
➢ Armature voltage Drop Va = Ia.Ra
➢ Induced EMF (Ea) = VL + Va

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
Draw the graph on same page:
❖ Terminal voltage (Vt) v/s Load current (IL)
❖ Induced EMF (Ea) v/s Load current (IL)

Conclusion:

47 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

➢ Define armature resistance drop.

➢ Define armature reaction drop.

➢ Why does load voltage decrease with increase in load?

➢ How constant voltage is maintained in a DC shunt generator at different load conditions?

48 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Identification of Student clearly Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able to
components, identifies all the identify some of the
identify identify only few
equipment, components, components,
components, components but not
machines used in machines equipment used in
equipment with equipment or vice
1 the experiment. equipment used in the experiment
error. versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment. correctly but not all.
Student is not able
Student is able to Student is able to
Circuit to interpret the Student is able to
interpret circuit interpret circuit
Interpretation circuit, but able to interpret circuit but
diagram, able to diagram, able to
and Connection make connection not able to make the
2 connect them connect but with
(Out of 5 Marks) but with some connections.
without any error. some errors.
errors.
Student is able to
conduct Student is able to Student misses some
Student knows
Experimental experiment / conduct the procedural steps and
procedure, but not
Procedure and operate experiment / is not able to
able to conduct the
3 conduction equipment as per operate equipment conduct the
experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure but misses some experiment / operate
operate equipment
correctly without procedural steps. equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able to Student makes
Measurement take precise
take measurement take measurements mistakes in
and measurement and
but is not able to but not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly
correctly interpret interpret the does not interpret the
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the
the results. results. result.
result.
Write up (figures, Write up (figures, Write up (figures,
Timely & Write up (figures,
specification etc.) specification etc.) specification etc.)
Quality Report specification etc.)
without any error with errors and with significant
writing (Out of with some error and
5 and submits in delayed errors and delayed
5 Marks) submits in time.
time. submission. submission.

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

49 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 05
Aim: Test the performance of a separately excited DC generator.
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the connection of separately excited DC Generator.
➢ Test the separately excited DC Generator and plot its internal and external characteristics
at different load conditions.
➢ Understand voltage drop due to armature resistance & armature reaction.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain separately excited DC generator by:
✔ Knowing the connection of separately excited DC generator
✔ Testing separately excited DC generator & plotting its internal and external
characteristics at different load conditions
✔ Understanding voltage drop due to armature resistance & armature reaction

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Distinguish types of DC generators.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Test the performance of separately excited DC generator

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate separately excited DC generator carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiments and taking readings.

Machine Specification:
D.C. Shunt motor D.C. Generator
HP: ____________ KW: ____________
Voltage: ____________ Voltage: ____________
Current: ____________ Current: ____________
Speed: ____________ Speed: ____________

50 | Page
51 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for DC Separately Excited Generator Characteristics

52 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for DC Separately Excited Generator Characteristics

D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Resources/Equipment Required:

Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter 0-5 A (DC) 1
Ammeter 0-2 A (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0- 300 V (DC) 1
Rheostat 300 Ohm, 1.7 A 2
Lamp Load 2 KW 1
Tachometer 0-5000 RPM 1

Theory:
The working behaviour of a DC generator under different load conditions is studied.
When a load test is performed on a separately excited DC generator, the terminal voltage of the
generator slightly falls down as the load on the generator increases at constant speed of prime
mover.
In a separately excited DC generator, the field winding is connected separately, so the
field current (IF) through the field winding is independent of load. The armature current passes
through load so load current (IL) and armature current (Ia) both are the same.
There are two reasons for the terminal voltage of the generator falling down as the load
separately excited DC generator increases.
➢ Armature Resistance drop (IaRa): As load current increases, armature current Ia also
increases because Ia = IL. Due to the armature resistance Ra, IaRa voltage drop increases.
Therefore, the terminal voltage of the generator falls down.
➢ Armature reaction drop: Due to demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, flux is
weakened, EMF of generator reduces, and hence terminal voltage reduced.

Safety precaution:
➢ Before starting connection, ensure that supply is off.
➢ Make all connections tight (There should not be any loose connection).
➢ Before starting the motor, keep the motor side rheostat at minimum and generator field
rheostat at maximum position.
➢ Start the motor safely by gradually moving the handle of the starter.
➢ Switch off the supply after completion of experiment.
Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
➢ Switch ON the supply and start the motor. Adjust the speed of the motor to the rated speed.
➢ Excite generator field from external DC source until the EMF on open circuit or no load is
the rated voltage. Note down the various readings in the observation table.
➢ Load the generator in steps by adjusting the lamp. Observe the various readings during each
step of load and record them. Maintain the speed of the set at its rated value.
➢ Decrease the load gradually to zero and switch OFF the supply.

53 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:
Armature resistance Ra = Ohm
Speed of Motor and Generator N = RPM

Armature
Terminal current = Field Armature Induced
Voltage Load Current Drop EMF
Sr.
VL current IF Va = Ia.Ra Ea=VL+Va
No
( Volts) Ia = IL (Amp) (Volts) (Volts)
( Amp)

54 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

55 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Calculation for reading number_____:

Armature voltage Drop Va = Ia.Ra
Induced EMF (Ea) = VL + Va

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
Plot the graph on same graph paper:
❖ External Characteristic; Terminal Voltage (VL) v/s Load current (IL)
❖ Internal Characteristic; Induced EMF (Ea) v/s Load current (IL)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. What is the difference between a separately excited DC generator and self-excited generator?

2. What is the Internal Characteristic of a separately excited DC generator?

56 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

3. What is External Characteristic of a separately excited DC generator?

4. Why does load voltage decrease with increase in load?

57 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER

RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )

Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Identification
of components, Student clearly Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able to
equipment, identifies all the identify some of the
identify identify only few
machines used components, components,
components, components but not
in the machines equipment used in
equipment with equipment or vice
1 experiment. equipment used in the experiment
error. versa.
(Out of 5 the experiment. correctly but not all.
Marks)
Circuit Student is not able
Student is able to Student is able to
Interpretation to interpret the Student is able to
interpret circuit interpret circuit
and circuit, but able to interpret circuit but
diagram, able to diagram, able to
Connection make connection not able to make the
2 connect them connect but with
(Out of 5 but with some connections.
without any error. some errors.
Marks) errors.
Student is able to
conduct Student is able to
Experimental Student knows Student misses some
experiment / conduct the
Procedure and procedure, but not procedural steps and
operate equipment experiment / operate
conduction able to conduct the is not able to conduct
3 as per the equipment but
(Out of 5 experiment / the experiment /
procedure misses some
Marks) operate equipment operate equipment
correctly without procedural steps.
any error.
Student is able to
Measurement Student is able to Student is able to Student makes
take precise
and take measurement take measurements mistakes in
measurement and
Interpretation but is not able to but not able to measurement and
4 correctly
(Out of 5 correctly interpret interpret the does not interpret the
interprets the
Marks) the results. results. result.
result.
Write up (figures, Write up (figures, Write up (figures,
Timely & Write up (figures,
specification etc.) specification etc.) specification etc.)
Quality Report specification etc.)
without any error with errors and with significant errors
writing (Out with some error and
5 and submits in delayed and delayed
of 5 Marks) submits in time.
time. submission. submission.

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

58 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 06

Aim: Test the performance of DC Series Generator.

Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment one should able to know to
➢ Excite the series generator.
➢ Observe the change in terminal voltage when load is connected to the generator.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC Generator by:
✔ Exciting the series generator
✔ Observing the change in terminal voltage when load is connected to the generator

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Distinguish types of DC generators.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Test the performance of D.C. Series Generator.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate DC Series Generator carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiments and taking readings.

Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter 0-5 A (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0-300 V (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0-30 V (DC) 1
Rheostat 300 Ohm, 1.7 A 1
Lamp Load 2 KW 1
Tachometer 0-5000 RPM 1

59 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Test the performance of DC Series generator

60 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Test the performance of DC Series generator

61 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specification:
D.C. Shunt motor D.C. Series Generator
HP: _________ KW: _________
Voltage: _________ Volt Voltage: _________ Volt
Current: _________ Amp Current: _________Amp
Speed: _________ RPM Speed: _________ RPM

Theory:
The D.C. series generator is a self-excited generator. Armature, field winding & load
all are connected in series as shown in the circuit diagram. Due to series connection, the
armature current, field current and load current are the same. When the generator is run at
its rated speed on no load, no current passes through the field and hence small e.m.f is
induced due to the residual flux. When the load is given to the generator, the current passes
through the field. If the series field is properly connected so as to aid the residual flux, the
terminal voltage increases with load current. This increase in the terminal voltage continues
up to a certain value of the load current. Any further increase in the load current reduces the
terminal voltage due to the armature reaction at a large value of the load current. The
external characteristic of D.C. generator expresses the relationship between the terminal
voltage and the load current at a constant speed .The external characteristic clearly indicates
the terminal voltage (Vt) maintained by the generator at a particular load (IL). The internal
characteristic expresses the relationship between the e.m.f. (Ea) actually induced in the
armature & armature current (Ia).
It is obvious from the shape of the external characteristics that the series generator is a
variable voltage generator. The series generators are not used in applications where constant
Voltage is required because of their rising external characteristic but these generators
are generally used as boosters of the D.C. distribution systems.

Procedure:
❖ Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
❖ Switch ON the supply and adjust the speed of the motor to the rated speed. Initially the
generator will have small voltage due to residual magnetism at no load. Note down the
readings.
❖ Gradually increase the load on the generator by maintaining constant speed. Take
readings and note down in the observation table.
❖ Reduce the load gradually to zero and switch OFF the supply.
❖ Measure the armature resistance by multimeter and Calculate armature drop and induced
e.m.f. for each reading

62 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:
Armature resistance Ra = Ohm
Speed of Motor and Generator N = RPM

Voltage across Armature

Sr. Terminal Induced e.mf.
Load current series field Drop
Voltage IL (Amp) Ea= Vt + Vse + Va
No. Vse Va= Ia.Ra
Vt (Volt) (Volt)
(Volt) (Volt)

Calculation:
Armature resistance, Ra Armature

Drop = Va = Ia* Ra Induced e.m.f.

(Ea) = Vt + Vse + Va

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
❖ Terminal voltage (Vt) V/s Load current (IL) (External Characteristics)
❖ Induced e.m.f. (Ea) V/s Load current (IL) (Internal Characteristics)

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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

64 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. What are the types of self-excited DC Generator?

2. What is the internal characteristic of a DC series generator?

3. What is External characteristic of a DC series generator?

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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

4. In a DC series generator why load voltage increases with increase in load?

5. What is the application of the DC series Generator?

66 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Identification of Student clearly Student is able to
Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the identify some of the
to identify identify only few
equipment, components, components,
components, components but
machines used in machines equipment used in
equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in the experiment
error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment. correctly but not all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student knows Student misses
conduct Student is able to
procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment / conduct the
not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate experiment /
conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per operate equipment
experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure but misses some
operate operate
correctly without procedural steps.
equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to Student is able Student makes
Student is able to
Measurement take precise to take mistakes in
take measurement
and measurement and measurements measurement
but is not able to
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to and does not
correctly interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the interpret the
the results.
result. results. result.
Write up
Write up
Write up (figures, (figures,
Timely & Write up (figures, (figures,
specification etc.) specification
Quality Report specification etc.) specification
without any error etc.) with
writing (Out of with some error and etc.) with errors
5 and submits in significant errors
5 Marks) submits in time. and delayed
time. and delayed
submission.
submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

67 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 07
Aim: Test the performance of DC Compound Generator.

Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the connection of compound Generator.
➢ Know the difference between cumulative compound generator & differential compound
generator.
➢ Know the application of compound generators according their characteristics

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC compound generator by:
✔ Connection of compound generator
✔ Differentiating between cumulative compound generator & differential
compound generator
✔ Knowing the application of compound generators according their characteristics
Expected Course Outcomes (COs)
➢ Distinguish types of DC generators.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Test the performance of DC Compound Generator

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate DC Compound generator carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiments and taking readings.

Machine Specification:
D.C. Shunt motor D.C. Compound Generator
HP: ____________ KW: ____________
Voltage: ____________ Voltage: ____________
Current: ____________ Current: ____________
Speed: ____________ Speed: ____________

68 | Page
69 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for Cumulative Compound Generator Characteristics

70 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for Cumulative Compound Generator Characteristics

71 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for Differential Compound Generator Characteristics

72 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit diagram for Differential Compound Generator Characteristics

D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter 0-5 A (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0- 300 V (DC) 1
Rheostat 300 Ohm, 1.7 A 2
Lamp Load 2 KW 1
Tachometer 0-5000 RPM 1

Theory:
Compound generator is provided with two field windings, shunt and series. The shunt
winding consists of a large number of turns of thin wire. It has a high resistance and is
connected in parallel with the armature terminals. The series field winding consists of a few
turns of thick wire. It has a low resistance and is connected in series with the armature.
Depending upon the connection of the field winding, compound generators are classified
as:
➢ Long shunt type
➢ Short shunt type
In a short shunt type compound generator, the shunt winding is connected directly across
the armature alone. The current through the series winding is the load current (IL) which is equal
to armature current (Ia) minus shunt field current (Ish).

In a long shunt compound generator, the series field is directly connected in series with
the armature and carries the armature current. The shunt field winding is connected across the
series combination of armature and series field.

The net flux set up in a compound generator is a combination of flux set up by shunt
field winding on no load & the flux set up by series field winding during load.

If the flux due to series field winding (Фs) aids the flux due to shunt field winding (Фsh),
connection is said to be a cumulative connection. If the flux due to series field winding (Фs)
opposes the flux due to shunt field winding (Фsh) ,it is said to be a differential connection.

Based on the combination of the connections and the direction of current through the
field windings, compound generators are further classified as:-

❖ Long shunt cumulative compound generator

❖ Long shunt differential compound generator
❖ Short shunt cumulative compound generator
❖ Short shunt differential compound generator

73 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

In D.C. compound generator, the series field winding is generally arranged to assist the
shunt field winding. The manner in which the terminal voltage varies with the load current
depends upon the relative strengths of the two windings as well as on the initial no-load voltage.

By suitably selecting the number of turns on the series winding, the terminal voltage can
be made practically constant when the load varies from no-load to full load, the generator is said
to be a Flat (Level) compound generator.

By using relatively strong series field winding, it is possible to off-set the voltage drop in
the armature and the series field winding. The terminal voltage then rises with an increase in the
load current and the generator is said to be over compound.
If a series field is not strong, the terminal voltage decreases with the load current and the
generator is said to be under compound.
If in a compound generator, the series turns are arranged so as to oppose the shunt coil
polarity, then terminal volt falls very rapidly as load current increases and it is called a
differential compound generator.
Application:
The level compound generators are generally used in DC distribution networks, where
constant volt is required at the consumer end. The over compound generators are normally used
to off-set the voltage drop in the feeders. Differentially compound generator is used as welding
generator for welding applications.

Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram of the cumulative compound generator.
➢ Switch ON the supply and start the motor. Adjust the speed of the motor to the rated speed.
➢ Adjust the shunt field current until open circuit or no load EMF comes to its rated voltage.
➢ Note down the various readings in the observation table.
➢ Load the generator in steps by adjusting the lamp. Observe the various readings during each
step of load and record them. Maintain the speed of the set at its rated value.
➢ Decrease the load gradually to zero and switch OFF the supply.
➢ Change the connection of series field winding to make it as differentially compound
generator.
➢ Switch ON the supply and start the motor. Adjust the speed of the motor to the rated speed.
➢ Adjust the shunt field current until open circuit or no load EMF comes to its rated voltage.
➢ Note down the various readings in the observation table.
➢ Load the generator in steps by adjusting the lamp. Observe the various readings during each
step of load and record them. Maintain the speed of the set at its rated value.

74 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

➢ Decrease the load gradually to zero and switch OFF the supply.
➢ Measure the armature resistance by multimeter or voltmeter-ammeter method.

Observation Table:
1. Cumulative compound DC generator
Armature resistance Ra = Ohm
Speed of Motor and Generator N = RPM

Load current Terminal Voltage

Sr. IL VL
No ( Amp) ( Volts)

2. Differential compound DC generator

Speed of Motor and Generator N = RPM

Load current Terminal Voltage

Sr. IL VL
No ( Amp) ( Volts)

75 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
Plot the graph on same graph paper:
❖ Cumulative compound generator; Terminal Voltage (VL) v/s Load current (IL)
❖ Differentially compound generator; Terminal Voltage (VL) v/s Load current (IL)

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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

77 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. What are the types of DC compound generators?

2. What is the difference between a long shunt and short shunt compound generator?

3. What is the difference between cumulative compound and differentially compound

generator?

4. Where the cumulative compound DC generator is used?

78 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

5. Where the differentially compound DC generator is used?

79 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Identification of Student clearly Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able to
components, identifies all the identify some of the
identify identify only few
equipment, components, components,
components, components but
machines used in machines equipment used in
equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in the experiment
error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment. correctly but not all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to Student is able to
Circuit able to interpret
interpret circuit interpret circuit interpret circuit
Interpretation the circuit, but
diagram, able to diagram, able to but not able to
and Connection able to make
2 connect them connect but with make the
(Out of 5 Marks) connection but
without any error. some errors. connections.
with some errors.
Student is able to
Student knows Student misses
conduct Student is able to
procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment / conduct the
not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate experiment /
conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per operate equipment
experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure but misses some
operate operate
correctly without procedural steps.
equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to Student is able to
Student is able to Student makes
Measurement take precise take
take measurement mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
but is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly interpret does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
the results. the result.
result. results.
Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & Write up (figures, (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification etc.) specification with significant
without any error
writing (Out of with some error and etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in
5 Marks) submits in time. and delayed delayed
time.
submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

80 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 08
Aim: Connect three point and four point starters for DC motor.

Specific Objectives:
After studying this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the necessity of the starter.
➢ Know the function of Hold on coil & Overload release coil.
➢ Know the difference between 3-point starter & 4-point starter.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC motor by:
✔ Knowing the necessity of starter
✔ Knowing the function of Hold on coil & Overload release coil
✔ Differentiate between 3-point starter & 4-point starter
Expected Course Outcomes (COs)
➢ Distinguish types of DC motors.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Connect three point and four point starters for DC motor

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate DC motor carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiments.
Resources/Equipment Required:
➢ Three-point starter
➢ Four –point starter

81 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 01 Three Point Starter

82 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 01 Three Point Starter

83 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Theory:
Necessity of the starter:
Consider the DC Motor, whose armature winding has a resistance Ra and develops a
back EMF Eb. The current of the armature winding Ia is given by the equation:
𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏
𝐼𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎

At the time of starting, when motor is yet to pick up its speed, the back EMF is zero and
therefore equation become
𝑉
𝐼𝑎𝑠 =
𝑅𝑎

Where, Ias is the armature current at the time of starting. Thus, the absence of back EMF
causes the armature current at the time of starting to shoot up about 20 times the normal
armature current. Sudden drawing of this large current from the supply system is highly
unwanted. Therefore, to limit the high starting current, an additional resistance Rst should be
added in the armature circuit. This is known as starter. Hence, starter is used tolimit the starting
current.
𝑉
𝐼𝑎𝑠 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑡

During the acceleration of the motor, this starting resistance has to be cut down step by
step and finally all the resistances have to be moved for efficient normal operation. Under
normal running condition, the value of the back EMF Eb is generally around 95 percent of the
supply voltage V. Therefore the net potential difference in the armature circuit, (V – Eb) is only
around 5 percent of the supply voltage and this causes the rated armature current to flow in the
armature circuit during normal running condition.

Three Point Starter:

Fig.1 shows the connection diagram of a three-point starter used for shunt and compound
motors. Apart from the essential requirement of starting resistances the starters are invariably
fitted with other protective devices such as no-voltage protection and overload protection.
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are resistances; the sum of them should give the required
value of Rst to limit the starting current. The five resistances give rise to six contact studs
marked 1 to 6. B is a brass arc, which in one way behaves as a guiding rail for the handle H and
also acts as a connecting link between stud 1 and the NVR (the no-voltage release) coil. The
other end of the NVR coil is connected to terminal F of the starter terminal board. Contact 6 is
connected to terminal A. Connection to the handle contact comes from terminal L through
Overload release coil. The movement of the handle is against the force offered by spring S.

84 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 02 Four Point Starter

85 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 02 Four Point Starter

86 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

As the starter has 3 terminals in its board L, F, and A, it is called a three-point starter.
Terminal L stands for Lines which are connected to supply positive lines. Shunt field circuit
connection is made from terminal F and from terminal A connection is to be made to the
armature circuit of the motor as shown in the fig.1.

Working:
To start with, the main switch is first closed. As soon as the arm makes contact with
stud-1, the field circuit is directly connected across the line and at the same time full starting
resistance Rst is placed in series with armature as the arm moves; resistance is step-by-step cut-
out. The arm moves over the studs against a strong spring, which tends to restore it to off
position. There is a soft iron piece attached to the arm, and it is attracted and held by an
electromagnet energized by a field circuit. It is called a “Hold on Coil” or No Voltage release
coil.

Hold On Coil or No voltage release coil:

The normal function of hold on coil is to hold the arm in running position, i.e. when the
motor is in full normal operation. The starter handle is retained in the ON position by means of
magnetic attraction. An iron piece fitted in the handle is made to be attracted by an
electromagnet fitted with the No Voltage release (NVR) coil. The exciting current through the
NVR coil in this three-point starter is the same as the field current of the motor. Hence as long as
the supply voltage is in healthy condition, the normal field current of the motor passing through
the NVR coil will produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the handle in the ON
position against its spring force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a
prescribed value, the electromagnet may not have enough force, and the handle will come back
to OFF position due to its spring force automatically. Thus a no-voltage or under voltage
protection is given to the motor by this coil.

Overload release coil:

To protect the motor during overload condition, the starter is fitted with another
electromagnet wound with the OLR (Overload release) coil. As shown in the fig.1, the entire
line current is made to flow through this OLR Coil. Below this electromagnet there is an iron
piece and the gap between the iron piece and the electromagnet is adjustable. This gap is so set
that the magnetic force of attraction developed by the electromagnet will not be able to lift the
iron piece upward as long as the exciting line current is below a certain value, say about 1.25
times the rated current. Due to any overload in the motor, if the line current increases above the
said value, the excess magnetic force lifts the iron piece. As the iron piece makes an upward
movement, a contactor C fitted along with it causes the two terminals of the NVR coil to get
short-circuited. Hence the electromagnet fitted with the NVR coil loses its magnetic force and
releases the starter handle from the ON position towards OFF position, thus protecting the motor
against overload.

87 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Draw Backs:

If the motor speed increases by inserting the resistance in series with field winding, the
field current decreases. So current flowing from the hold on coil is decreased because of the
decrease in field current. Now the hold on coil is not properly magnetized, so that it is unable to
hold the arm and motor stop running. This difficulty is overcome by using a four-point starter.

Four Point Starter:

In four point starter “Hold on Coil '' is taken out of shunt field circuit. It is connected
directly across the line through a protecting resistance when the arm touches stud-1 as shown in
fig.2. The line current is divided into three parts. One part passes through starting resistance Rst,
series field and motor armature. The second part passes through a shunt field resistance Rsh. The
third part passes through the Hold on Coil and current protecting resistance R. With this
arrangement any change of current in the shunt field circuit does not affect the current passing
through the hold on coil because the two circuits are independent of each other. Hold on Coil
will always be sufficient to prevent the spring from restoring the starting arm to OFF position.

Safety precaution:
➢ Before starting connection, ensure that supply is off.
➢ Make all connections tight (There should not be any loose connection).
➢ Start the motor safely by gradually moving the handle of the starter.
➢ Switch off the supply after completion of experiment.
Procedure:
➢ Connect DC shunt motor with three-point starter as shown in circuit diagram.
➢ Switch ON the supply and start the motor.
➢ Adjust the speed of the motor to the rated speed.
➢ Observe motor current and speed.
➢ Now increase the speed by reducing field current until the handle of the starter goes back and
motor stops.
➢ Switch off the supply mains.
➢ Connect DC shunt motor with Four-point starter as shown in circuit diagram.
➢ Switch ON the supply and start the motor.
➢ Adjust the speed of the motor to the rated speed.
➢ Observe motor current and speed.
➢ Now increase the speed by reducing field current and observe that the handle of the
starterdoes notgo back and the motor will not stop.
➢ Switch off the motor and main switch.

Conclusion:

88 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. Why is the starting current of the DC motor so high?

2. How is the starting current of the DC motor reduced by starter?

3. List the main parts of the DC motor starter.

4. What is the function of a No volt coil in a starter?

5. What is the function of overload coil in starter?

89 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

6. What is the disadvantage of a three point starter?

90 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able to Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used in components, components but
machines used in machines
the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to
Circuit able to interpret Student is able to
interpret circuit interpret circuit
Interpretation the circuit, but interpret circuit but
diagram, able to diagram, able to
and Connection able to make not able to make
2 connect them connect but with
(Out of 5 Marks) connection but the connections.
without any error. some errors.
with some errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to
conduct Student knows Student misses
conduct the
Experimental experiment / procedure, but not some procedural
experiment /
Procedure and operate able to conduct steps and is not
operate
3 conduction equipment as per the experiment / able to conduct the
equipment but
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure operate experiment /
misses some
correctly without equipment operate equipment
procedural steps.
any error.
Student is able to Student is able to
Student is able to Student makes
Measurement take precise take
take measurement mistakes in
and measurement and measurements but
but is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly not able to
correctly interpret does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
the results. the result.
result. results.
Write up (figures, Write up (figures, Write up (figures, Write up (figures,
Timely &
specification etc.) specification etc.) specification etc.) specification etc.)
Quality Report
without any error with some error with errors and with significant
writing (Out of
5 and submits in and submits in delayed errors and delayed
5 Marks)
time. time. submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

91 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 09
Aim: Reverse the direction of the DC shunt motor.

Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Start the DC Shunt motor.
➢ Reverse the speed of the motor by changing the direction of flux.
➢ Reverse the speed of the motor by changing the direction of armature current.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC motor by:
✔ Starting the DC Shunt motor
✔ Reversing the speed of motor by changing the direction of flux
✔ Reversing the speed of motor by changing the direction of armature current

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Distinguish types of DC motors.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Reverse the direction of DC shunt motor

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Run the DC motor in the required direction carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiments.

Machine Specification:
D.C. Shunt motor
HP: ____________
Voltage: ____________Volt
Current: ____________ Amp
Speed: ____________ RMP

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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 01 Figure: 02
+Ve to A1,F1 and –Ve to A2,F2 +Ve to A1,F2 and –Ve to A2,F1

93 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 03 Figure: 04
+Ve to A2,F1 and –Ve to A1,F2 +Ve to A2,F2 and –Ve to A1,F1

94 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

𝑇 = 𝐾 ∗ ∅ ∗ 𝐼𝑎

The flux (ϕ) in the motor is developed by field current (If). The direction of flux can be
reversed by changing the direction of field current.
If we change the direction of field current (If), flux ϕ will change and hence the torque
will be negative.
−𝑇 = 𝐾 ∗ −∅ ∗ 𝐼𝑎

If we change the direction of armature current (Ia), the torque will be negative.

−𝑇 = 𝐾 ∗ ∅ ∗ −𝐼𝑎

If we change the direction of field current (If) and armature current (Ia) both, the torque
will be positive.
𝑇 = 𝐾 ∗ −∅ ∗ −𝐼𝑎

It can be concluded that torque can be reversed by changing the direction of field current
(If) or armature current (Ia). If we change the polarity of field current (If) and armature current
(Ia) both, the torque will be positive and the motor will run in the same direction.
When we increase the load on a DC shunt generator, terminal voltage decreases due to
armature voltage drop and armature reaction effect. To maintain terminal voltage at its rated
voltage, we have to increase induced EMF (Ea).
Now at rated speed Z, N, P and A is constant. So Ea is directly proportional to flux ϕ and
flux ϕ is proportional to field current ISH.
So, to maintain the terminal voltage at its rated and constant value, we have to increase the
current ISH at every load.
Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram1 +ve to A1 & F1 and –ve to A2 & F2.
➢ Observe the direction of the motor and note down in the observation table.
➢ Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram2 +ve to A1 & F2 and –ve to A2 & F1.
➢ Observe the direction of the motor and note down in the observation table.
➢ Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram3 +ve to A2 & F1 and –ve to A1 & F2.
➢ Observe the direction of the motor and note down in the observation table.
➢ Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram4 +ve to A2 & F2 and –ve to A1 & F1.
➢ Observe the direction of the motor and note down in the observation table.
➢ Switch OFF the load &then Switch OFF the supply.

95 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:

Sr. Armature winding Field winding Direction of motor

No. connection connection (Clockwise / Anticlockwise)

+Ve to A1 +Ve to F1
1
-Ve to A2 -Ve to F2

+Ve to A1 -Ve to F1
2
-Ve to A2 +Ve to F2

-Ve to A1 +Ve to F1
3 +Ve to A2 -Ve to F2

-Ve to A1 -Ve to F1
4 +Ve to A2 +Ve to F2

Interpretation of Results:

Conclusion:

96 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. How can we change the rotation of the DC shunt motor?

2. Why does DC shunt motor direction reverses when we change the connection of
armature winding?

3. Why does DC shunt motor direction reverses when we change the connection of field
winding?

4. What happens if we change the connection of both the armature winding and field
winding of the DC shunt motor?

97 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

98 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able to Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used in components, components but
machines used in machines
the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to Student is able to
Circuit able to interpret
interpret circuit interpret circuit interpret circuit
Interpretation the circuit, but
diagram, able to diagram, able to but not able to
and Connection able to make
2 connect them connect but with make the
(Out of 5 Marks) connection but
without any error. some errors. connections.
with some errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student misses
conduct Student knows
conduct the some procedural
Experimental experiment / procedure, but not
experiment / steps and is not
Procedure and operate able to conduct
operate able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per the experiment /
equipment but the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure operate
misses some operate
correctly without equipment
procedural steps. equipment
any error.
Student is able to Student is able to
Student is able to Student makes
Measurement take precise take
take measurement mistakes in
and measurement and measurements but
but is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly not able to
correctly interpret does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
the results. the result.
result. results.
Write up (figures,
Write up (figures, Write up (figures, Write up (figures,
Timely & specification etc.)
specification etc.) specification etc.) specification etc.)
Quality Report with significant
without any error with some error with errors and
writing (Out of errors and
5 and submits in and submits in delayed
5 Marks) delayed
time. time. submission.
submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

99 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 10
Aim: Control the speed of DC shunt motor by armature and field control
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the governing parameters for speed control.
➢ Know the merit & demerit of speed control methods.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC motor by:
✔ Knowing the governing parameters for speed control
✔ Knowing the merit & demerit of speed control methods

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Distinguish types of DC motors.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Control the speed of the DC shunt motor by armature and field control.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate and control the speed of the DC motor carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiments and taking readings.

Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter 0-3 A (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0-300 V (DC) 1
Rheostat 300 Ohm, 1.7 A 1
Rheostat 50 Ohm, 5 A 1
Tachometer 0-5000 RPM 1

100 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagrams For Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor by

Armature control method

Circuit Diagrams For Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor by field control method

101 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagrams For Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor by

Armature control method

Circuit Diagrams For Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor by field control method

102 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specification:

D.C. Shunt motor

KW: ____________

Voltage: ____________ Volt

Current: ____________Amp
Speed: ____________ RPM

Theory:
The speed of DC motor is governed by the equation:
𝐸𝑏
𝑁∝
∅
Where, 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
On the right hand side of the equation, there are three operating parameters, namely, V a,
the voltage applied to the armature circuit; IaRa, the voltage drop in the armature circuit and Φ
the useful flux per pole. Accordingly, the different methods of controlling the speed of DC
motors are broadly classified as:
➢ Field control or Flux control method by changing Φ
➢ Armature resistance control by changing IaRa drop
➢ Armature voltage control by changing Va
Field Control Method:
The magnetic flux set up by the main poles is related to the exciting current. As per
above equation, the speed of the DC motor is inversely proportional to the flux and this inverse
relation gives variation of speed with respect to the field current.
Field control method can be easily adopted to shunt motors by adding a variable
resistance called regulating resistance, Rr, in series with the shunt field winding as shown in
circuit diagram. With rated voltage applied across the armature and field circuit, initially when
Rr= 0, the field current If will be maximum, a value slightly higher than normal field current. By
increasing the value of Rr, the net resistance of the field circuit is increased. This causes the field
current to decrease and speed to increase from a value slightly lower than the normal level to a
speed higher than the rated speed.
Thus the range of speed variation in this field control method is from normal value to
about two times more. Higher value is restricted by mechanical considerations.

103 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Merit:
✔ The regulating resistance has to carry only a small current and hence is easily available.
✔ The regulating resistance can be made up of a slide wire type of resistor and hence
continuous variation of speed is possible.
✔ The power wasted in the regulating resistance is very small and hence this method is more
economical.
✔ Demerit:
✔ The speed cannot be decreased below the normal speed level. Higher speed results in poor
commutation.

Armature Control Method:

In this method, the speed of the DC motor can be changed by adding a variable
resistance in the armature circuit. Addition of extra resistance in the armature circuit reduces the
back EMF of the motor which in turn reduces the speed, as the speed is directly proportional to
the back EMF. The resistance connected in the armature circuit should be capable of carrying
the large armature current for a continuous period. If Eb1 is the back EMF under normal
operation without any extra resistance and Eb2 is the back EMF with extra resistance in the
armature circuit, the network equations representing them are given by the following equations.

𝐸𝑏1 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )𝐸𝑏2 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )

Then under constant flux condition, the ratio of speed in the above two occasions is
given by the following equation,

𝑁2 𝐸𝑏2
=
𝑁1 𝐸𝑏1

Thus in armature resistance control, the range of speed variation is from normal speed
down to even zero speed.

Merit:
✔ The range of speed variation from normal speed down to even zero speed.
✔ Demerit:
✔ It is relatively more costly.
✔ The speed varies gradually with variation of load due to changes in the voltage drop across
the rheostat.
✔ The power losses in resistors are large at low speeds resulting in low efficiency of the motor.
✔ The speed cannot be increased.

104 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:

Field control method, Va= (Constant)

Sr Field current Speed

No (Amp) (RPM)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Armature control method, IF = (Constant)

Armature
Sr Speed
Voltage
No (RPM)
(Volt)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

105 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Procedure:
➢ Connect the machine as shown in the circuit diagram, for field control method.
➢ Keep armature voltage constant and vary the field current by varying the position of rheostat
which is connected in series with the field.
➢ Measure the field current and speed at each position of rheostat.
➢ Now connect the circuit for the armature control method.
➢ Keep field current constant and vary the voltage across the armature by varying the position
of rheostat which is connected in series with the armature.
➢ Measure the voltage across the armature and speed at each position of rheostat.

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
Plot the graph on separate graph papers:
❖ Speed (N) Vs Field current (If)
❖ Speed (N) Vs Armature Voltage (Va)

106 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

107 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. How can we change the speed of the DC shunt motor?

2. What happens to the speed of a motor if we decrease armature voltage?

3. What happens to the speed of the motor if we decrease field current?

4. What is the difference between armature control and field control?

108 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able to Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used in components, components but
machines used in machines
the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to Student is able to
Circuit able to interpret
interpret circuit interpret circuit interpret circuit
Interpretation the circuit, but
diagram, able to diagram, able to but not able to
and Connection able to make
2 connect them connect but with make the
(Out of 5 Marks) connection but
without any error. some errors. connections.
with some errors.
Student is able to
Student knows Student misses
conduct Student is able to
procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment / conduct the
not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate experiment /
conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per operate equipment
experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure but misses some
operate operate
correctly without procedural steps.
equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to Student is able to
Student is able to Student makes
Measurement take precise take
take measurement mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
but is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly interpret does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
the results. the result.
result. results.
Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures, Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.) specification etc.)
Quality Report specification with significant
without any error with some error
writing (Out of etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in and submits in
5 Marks) and delayed delayed
time. time.
submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature

109 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 11
Aim: Perform direct load test on single phase transformer.

Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the efficiency of the transformer at different loads.
➢ Know the regulation of the transformer at different loads.
➢ Know the direct testing procedure of the transformer.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain single-phase transformer by:
✔ Knowing the efficiency of transformer at different load
✔ Knowing the regulation of transformer at different load
✔ Knowing the direct testing procedure of transformer

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Undertake performance test of single-phase transformer.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Perform direct load test on single-phase transformer.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate single-phase transformers carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing experiments and taking readings.

Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter 0-10 A (AC) 1
Ammeter 0-20 A (AC) 1
Voltmeter 0-300 V (AC) 1
Voltmeter 0-150 V (AC) 1
Wattmeter 0-1500 watt (20A, 150V) 1
Variac 20 Amp 1
Lamp Load 4 KW 1
110 | Page
111 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Load Test of Single Phase Transformer

112 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Load Test Of Single Phase Transformer

D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specification:
1 Phase Transformer
KVA: ________ Voltage ratio : ________
LV Voltage: ________________ HV Voltage: ________________
LV Current: ________________ HV Current: ________________
Frequency: ________ Hz Type: ________

Safety precaution:
➢ Before starting connection, ensure that supply is off.
➢ Make all connections tight (There should not be any loose connection).
➢ Do not increase the load above the transformer rating.
➢ Switch off the supply after completion of experiment.

Theory:
Efficiency of an apparatus is defined as the ability of a device to convert energy from one
form to another. In other words it is the ratio of the useful power output to the input power.
While converting energy, some losses take place in the device. Losses are more in case of
rotating machines due to friction and windage. The transformer is a static device so its efficiency
is in the range of 96% to 99%.
In transformers, there are mainly two types of losses: Constant loss (Iron loss) and
Variable loss (Copper loss).
Constant losses are constant for a given frequency and voltage. Variable loss depends on
the square of the load current. Because of the voltage drop across the primary and secondary
impedances; it is observed that the secondary terminal voltage drops from it’s no load value (E2)
to load value (V2) as load current increases.
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation is defined as the change in magnitude of the secondary terminal
voltage from No load to any specified load as percentage of that specified load terminal voltage.
𝐸2 − 𝑉2
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉2

Where,
E2 = Secondary voltage at No load
V2 = Secondary voltage at any specified power factor and load condition
The secondary voltage does not depend only on the magnitude of the load current but
also on the nature of the power factor of load. If V2 is determined for full load & specified power
factor condition the regulation is called full load regulation. In case of lagging power factor V2 -
E2, We get positive voltage regulation, while for leading p.f. E2 -V2, we get negative Voltage
regulation. The voltage drop should be as small as possible so that the regulation is less & the
performance of a transformer is better.
To find efficiency at any load, we are required to evaluate output and input. Efficiency &
regulation of a transformer operating on any load & load power factor can be determined by
using a direct loading method known as load test. This method gives accurate results but cannot
be applied to large transformers because it is difficult to get suitable load & large power losses
113 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

during the test. This test is carried out by connecting the transformer as shown in the circuit
diagram.

Procedure:
➢ Connect the transformer to the supply system through single phase Variac as shown in the
circuit diagram.
➢ Connect lamp banks on the secondary side of the transformer.
➢ Switch ON the supply.
➢ Initially keep all lamps off.
➢ Adjust the secondary voltage at its rated value. This is the reading of E2.
➢ Switch on the lamps and adjust the load.
➢ Take the reading of secondary terminal voltage V2 and ammeter & wattmeter connected on
both sides of the transformer.
➢ Vary load current in steps. For each step, observe the reading of the ammeter, voltmeter, &
wattmeter connected on both sides of the transformer.
➢ At each load condition, primary voltage must be kept constant at its rated value with the help
of the Variac.

Observation Table:

Primary Side Secondary Side % Regulation

Sr. V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 % Efficiency = = [(E2-V2)/V2]
*100
No. Volts Amp. Watts Volts Amp. Watts (W2/W1)*100

114 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Calculation for reading number ____:

W1 = Input power to primary
W2 = Output power delivered to load
𝑊2
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝑊1

𝐸2 − 𝑉2
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉2

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
Plot the graph on same graph paper:
❖ Efficiency (η) Vs Load Current (I2)
❖ % Voltage Regulation Vs Load Current (I2)

115 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

116 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. Define efficiency of the transformer.

2. Define voltage regulation of the transformer.

3. Why the efficiency of the transformer is so high?

4. What is the limitation of the direct load test of a transformer?

References/ Suggestions:
117 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

www.vlab.co.in
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105155/
https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-engineering-articles/transformer/
https://lectures.gtu.ac.in/

118 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, to identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used components, components but
machines used in machines
in the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student knows Student misses
conduct
conduct the procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment /
experiment / not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate
operate conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per
equipment but experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure
misses some operate operate
correctly without
procedural steps. equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able
take Student makes
Measurement take precise to take
measurement but mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
interpret the the result.
result. results.
results.
Write up Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification specification with significant
without any error
writing (Out of etc.) with some etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in
5 Marks) error and submits and delayed delayed
time.
in time. submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature
119 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 12
Aim: Perform OC and SC test of Single Phase Transformer.
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the importance of an equivalent circuit and find its parameters.
➢ Know the indirect testing method of the transformer.
➢ Determine efficiency & regulation of transformer at:
❖ Full load, 0.8 lagging power factor
❖ Half load, unity power factor
❖ 1/4th load, 0.8 leading power factor

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain single-phase transformer by:
✔ Knowing the importance of equivalent circuit and find its parameters
✔ Knowing the indirect testing method of transformer
✔ Determining the losses, efficiency & regulation of transformer at different load
conditions

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Undertake performance test of single-phase transformer.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Perform OC and SC test of Single Phase Transformer.
Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)
➢ Operate the single-phase transformer carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing the experiment and taking readings.
Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter 0-5 A (AC) 1
Ammeter 0-15 A (AC) 1
Voltmeter 0-150 V (AC) 1
Voltmeter 0-30 V (AC) 1
Wattmeter 0-1500 watt (5A, 300V) 1
Wattmeter 0-1500 watt (20A, 75V) 1
Variac 20 Amp 1

120 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Open Circuit Test

121 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Open Circuit Test

122 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specifications:
1 Phase Transformer
KVA: ________ Voltage ratio : ________
LV Voltage: ________________ HV Voltage: ________________
LV Current: ________________ HV Current: ________________
Frequency: ________ Hz Type: ________

Safety precaution:
➢ Before starting connection, ensure that supply is off.
➢ Make all connections tight (There should not be any loose connection).
➢ During the short circuit test, keep the variac position at zero first and then gradually
increase the voltage up to rated voltage.
➢ Switch off the supply after completion of experiment.

Theory:
The Performance of a transformer, namely voltage regulation and efficiency can be
determined by conducting indirect test known as:
❖ Open Circuit Test &
❖ Short Circuit Test.
In this testing method of the transformer, losses are predicted at different load and power
factors without actually loading the transformer in order to evaluate the efficiency and
regulation. This indirect test can be carried out with minimum power consumption.
Equivalent Circuit:
An actual Transformer has two electric circuits linked by a magnetic circuit. For
estimating the performance of the transformer, a transformer is often represented by its
equivalent circuit to simplify the calculations. In the equivalent circuit, the effects of the core
(involving magnetic losses and magnetizing current) and the windings (involving resistance,
leakage reactance and induced EMF) are represented by equivalent basic circuit elements and
the transformer representation is reduced to a simple network.

Open Circuit Test:

This test, shortly called as OC test or as Core loss test has two aims:
1. To find Rm and Xm – the shunt branch elements of the equivalent circuit
2. To determine the iron loss at rated voltage.

In this test one winding is connected to supply at rated voltage, while the other winding
is kept open circuited. For the convenience and availability of supply this test is usually
performed on the LV side, while the HV side is kept open circuited as shown in the circuit
diagram.

123 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Since no current flows in HV winding, the current in LV winding will be merely that
necessary to magnetize the core at normal voltage. Moreover this magnetizing current is a very
small fraction of the full load current (3 to 5 % of full load current) and may be neglected as far
as the copper loss is concerned. Hence this test gives core loss (Iron Loss). This loss is constant
for all loads. So iron losses are also known as constant losses.
As the OC test aims at finding RO and Xm, the value of the shunt branch elements in the
equivalent circuit, the current through the series branch consisting of R01 and X01 is kept zero by
keeping the load terminals open circuited. Further, as the values of RO and Xm depend on the
applied voltage, rated voltage is applied to one winding while the other winding is open
circuited. The total current drawn from the supply under this test I0 is the current drawn by the
two-shunt branch elements RO and Xm. The active power drawn from the supply W0 is the
power consumed by the resistance R0 that represents the iron loss of the transformer.

Short Circuit Test:

This test, shortly called as SC test has two aims:
1. To find Rt, Zt and hence Xt, i.e; to find total resistance, impedance and hence
reactance of the transformer referred to a particular side
2. To find the full-load copper loss

For convenience of supply arrangement and current to be handled this test is usually
performed on the HV side, while L.V. side is short circuited as shown in circuit diagram. Since
the transformer resistance and leakage reactance are very small, the voltage (Vsc) required to
circulate the full load current under Short Circuit is approximately 5 to 8 % of the rated voltage.
As Vscis very low so flux linking with core is very small and therefore iron losses are so small
that it can be neglected. Hence wattmeter reading represents full load copper losses of the
transformer.
During the short circuit test, the load terminal is short-circuited by a thick wire. Hence,
under this condition the total impedance of the transformer ZO2 gets connected in parallel with
the shunt branch elements Ro and Xm. The Value of R02 is fixed based on the construction of the
Transformer. The value of X02 depends on supply frequency. Under normal operation with rated
frequency, it is a constant value. Relatively the values of R02, X02 and hence Z02 are low. The
values of shunt branch elements Ro and Xm are voltage dependent. Therefore, when a voltage
Vsc is applied to the equivalent circuit, more current flows through the low impedance path Z02.
Further, to limit the current taken by this low impedance path below the rated HV side current,
only a low voltage needs to be applied to the circuit. Hence, neglecting the shunt branch, the
entire current Isc drawn from the supply is assumed to pass only through the low impedance Z02.
The total active-power drawn from the supply is considered as the power loss accruing in the
total resistance of the Transformer R02. This power loss is nothing but the total copper loss of the
Transformer.

124 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Short Circuit Test

125 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Short Circuit Test

126 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Procedure:
➢ Connect the transformer to the supply system through single phase Variac by
including appropriate meters as shown in circuit diagram 1 for Open circuit test.
➢ Keep the secondary (HV side) open circuited and adjust input voltage to a rated value
through Variac. Note down the reading of the meters connected on the primary (LV side) of
the transformer.
➢ Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram 2 for Short circuit test. Adjust the input
voltage (Vsc) through Variac such that rated full load current flows in the Secondary (HV
side) of the transformer. Note down the reading of the meters connected on the HV side of
the transformer.
Equivalent circuit parameters
Open circuit Test:

Let V0, I0, W0 be the readings of this test.

𝑊0
∴ 𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅0 =
𝑉0 ∗ 𝐼0

Core loss Component (Active component) of no load current, Iw =I0 * Cos Φ0

Magnetising current (Reactive component) of no load current, Iμ=I0 * Sin Φ0

𝑉0 𝑉0
∴ 𝑅𝑂 = &𝑋𝑚 =
𝐼𝑊 𝐼𝜇

If the value of R 0 &Xmreferred to the HV side are required, the following conversion may be
carried out.
𝑉𝐻𝑉 2 𝑉𝐻𝑉 2
𝑅𝑂𝐻 = 𝑅𝑂𝐿 ∗ ( ) & 𝑋𝑂𝐻 = 𝑋𝑂𝐿 ∗ ( )
𝑉𝐿𝑉 𝑉𝐿𝑉

Short Circuit Test:

Let Vsc,Isc&Wscbe the readings of this test.
𝐼𝑆𝐶 2 ∗ 𝑅𝑂2 = 𝑊𝑆𝐶

𝑊𝑆𝐶
∴ 𝑅𝑂2 =
𝐼𝑆𝐶 2

𝑉𝑆𝐶
𝑍𝑂2 =
𝐼𝑆𝐶

∴ 𝑋𝑂2 = √𝑍𝑂2 2 − 𝑅𝑂2 2

Where, RO2 , X02& Z02 is the resistance , reactance & impedance referred to the HV side. If the
above values referred to LV side are required, the following conversion may be carried out

127 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

𝑉𝐿𝑉 2
𝑅𝑂1 = 𝑅𝑂2 ∗ ( )
𝑉𝐻𝑉

𝑉𝐿𝑉 2
𝑋𝑂1 = 𝑋𝑂2 ∗ ( )
𝑉𝐻𝑉

Efficiency & Regulation at different load condition

𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
(𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅) + 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑋 2 𝑊𝐶𝑢−𝐹𝐿

Where X = fraction of the full load

(𝐼2 𝑅𝑂2 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ ± 𝐼2 𝑋𝑂2 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅)
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉2

+ ve lagging power factor &

- ve leading power factor

Observation Table:

Open circuit test

V0 (Volt) I0 (Amp) W0 (Watt)

Short circuit test

Vsc (Volt) Isc (Amp) Wsc (Watt)

128 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Calculation:
(Considering HV 230 Volt, LV 115 Volt and 1 KVA)
Open circuit test:
𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅0 = 𝑊0 /(𝑉0 ∗ 𝐼0 ) = (__________)/(115 ∗ __________) = _______

Iw = I0 * Cos Φ0 = ______ * _ = _________

Iμ = I0 * Sin Φ0 = ______ * _ = _________

𝑉0 115
∴ 𝑅𝑂𝐿 = = = __________𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝑤 ________

𝑉0 115
∴ 𝑋𝑂𝐿 = = = _________𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝜇 ________

If the value of R 0 & Xm referred to HV side are required, the following conversion may be
carried out.

𝑉𝐻𝑉 2 230 2
𝑅𝑂𝐻 = 𝑅𝑂𝐿 ∗ ( ) = ____________ ∗ ( ) = ___________ 𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝑉𝐿𝑉 115

𝑉𝐻𝑉 2 230 2
𝑋𝑂𝐻 = 𝑋𝑂𝐿 ∗ ( ) = ___________ ∗ ( ) = ___________ 𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝑉𝐿𝑉 115

Short Circuit Test:

𝐼𝑆𝐶 2 ∗ 𝑅𝑂2 = 𝑊𝑆𝐶

𝑊𝑆𝐶 _______________
𝑅𝑂2 = 2 = = ___________ 𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝑆𝐶 ______________2

𝑉𝑆𝐶 __________
𝑍𝑂2 = = = ___________ 𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝑆𝐶 _________

𝑋𝑂2 = √𝑍𝑂2 2 − 𝑅𝑂2 2 = √_2 − 2 = ____ 𝑂ℎ𝑚

Considering Transformation ratio 230/115 V calculate % efficiency & % Voltage Regulation

at following conditions:

1. At full load & 0.8 lagging power factor,

(X=1, CosΦ = 0.8, SinΦ = 0.6, I2 = 8.7 A)
Iron loss, Wi = ____________ Watt
Copper loss WC = X2Wcu-fl = (1)2 * ______________ = ______________ Watt

129 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅

% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
(𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅) + 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑊𝑐

1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1000 ∗ 0.8
∴ % 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100 = __________%
(1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1000 ∗ 0.8) + ____________ + ____________

(𝐼2 𝑅𝑂2 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ ± 𝐼2 𝑋𝑂2 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅)

% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉2

(8.7 ∗ __ ∗ 0.8 + 8.7 ∗ _ ∗ 0.6)

∴ % 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100 = __________%
115
2. At half load & Unity power factor,

(X=0.5, CosΦ = 1, SinΦ = 0, I2 = 8.7/2 = 4.34 A)

Iron loss, Wi = ____________ Watt

Copper loss WC = X2Wcu-fl= (0.5)2 * _ = ____ Watt

𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅

% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
(𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅) + 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑊𝑐

0.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1
∴ % 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100 = __________%
(0.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1) + ____________ + ____________

(𝐼2 𝑅𝑂2 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ ± 𝐼2 𝑋𝑂2 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅)

% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉2

((4.34 ∗ ∗ 1) + (4.34 ∗ ∗ 0))

∴ % 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100 = __________%
115

th
3. At 1/4 of full load & 0.8 leading power factor,

(X=0.25, CosΦ = 0.8, SinΦ = 0.6, I2 = 8.7/4 = 2.17 A)

Iron loss, Wi = ____________ Watt

Copper loss WC = X2Wcu-fl= (0.25)2 * _ = ____ Watt

𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅

% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
(𝑋 ∗ 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ 1000 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅) + 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑊𝑐

0.25 ∗ 1 ∗ 1000 ∗ 0.8

∴ % 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100 = __________%
(0.25 ∗ 1 ∗ 1000 ∗ 0.8) + ____________ + ____________

130 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

(𝐼2 𝑅𝑂2 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ ± 𝐼2 𝑋𝑂2 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅)

% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉2

(2.17 ∗ ∗ 0.8 − 2.17 ∗ ∗ 0.6)

∴ % 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100 = __________%
115

Results:
Load Power Factor % Efficiency % Regulation

Full Load 0.8 Lagging Pf

Half Load Unity Pf

¼ th Load 0.8 Leading Pf

Interpretation of Results:

Conclusion:

131 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. Why is the HV winding kept open in the OC test?

2. Why is LV winding short-circuited in SC test?

3. What are the advantages of OC, SC test of transformer?

4. What are the disadvantages of OC, SC test of transformer?

References/ Suggestions:
www.vlab.co.in
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105155/
https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-engineering-articles/transformer/
https://lectures.gtu.ac.in/

132 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, to identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used components, components but
machines used in machines
in the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student knows Student misses
conduct
conduct the procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment /
experiment / not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate
operate conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per
equipment but experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure
misses some operate operate
correctly without
procedural steps. equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able
take Student makes
Measurement take precise to take
measurement but mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
interpret the the result.
result. results.
results.
Write up Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification specification with significant
without any error
writing (Out of etc.) with some etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in
5 Marks) error and submits and delayed delayed
time.
in time. submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature
133 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 13
Aim: Perform Polarity Test on Single Phase Transformer

Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the importance of polarity in AC Circuit.
➢ Check the polarity of transformer windings.
➢ Understand the concept of additive polarity & subtractive polarity.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain single-phase transformer by:
✔ Knowing the importance of polarity in AC Circuit
✔ Checking the polarity of transformer windings
✔ Understanding the concept of additive polarity & subtractive polarity

Expected Course Outcome (COs)

➢ Undertake performance test of single-phase transformer.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Perform Polarity Test on Single Phase Transformer.
Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)
➢ Operate the single-phase transformer carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing the experiment and taking readings.
Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit

Single phase Variac 10 A (AC) 1

Voltmeter 0-300 V (AC) 2
Voltmeter 0-600 V (AC) 1

134 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Polarity Test Of Transformer

135 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Polarity Test Of Transformer

136 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Safety precaution:
➢ Before starting connection, ensure that supply is off.
➢ Make all connections tight (There should not be any loose connection).
➢ Switch off the supply after completion of experiment.

Theory
As such Polarity is used in DC circuits. In AC circuits polarity has less meaning in
general. However, in case of transformer, polarity has a definite meaning particularly under the
following situations:
➢ When two single phase transformers are to be connected in parallel to share the total load
on the system.
➢ For connecting three single phase transformers to form a single three phase
transformer unit.
In case of a transformer, each terminal of primary (as well as of secondary) winding is
alternately positive & negative with respect to each other. It is important to know the relative
polarities of the primary & secondary terminals at any instant of time for making the correct
connections under the situations mentioned above.
For determining the polarities of primary & secondary windings of a transformer, the
terminals are distinguished by suffixing numbers in such a way that the same sequences of
numbers represent the same direction of the induced EMF; both in primary and the secondary
winding at any instant. Accordingly the HV terminals are marked as A1, A2 and LV terminals as
a1, a2. These markings indicate that instantaneous voltage is directed from A1 to A2. In the HV
winding, it is directed from a1 to a2. In the LV windings i.e. when A1 is positive with respect to
A2, a1 will be positive with respect to a2 at that instant.
For additive Polarity: V3 = V1 + V2
For subtractive Polarity: V3 = V1 - V2
For polarity test, connect the transformer windings as shown in circuit diagram. First of
all mark the terminal A1 of the primary winding of the transformer under test as positive. The
purpose of this test is to determine out of a1 &a2, which one is at a positive potential at the time
when A1 is at positive potential. For this, connect terminals A2 &a2, so that these are at the same
potential at all instants of time. Now, there are two possibilities about the polarities of A1 &a1 as
discussed below:
➢ A1 and a1 are of similar polarity. The readings of voltmeter V3 should be (V1- V2) volt. In
this case, the polarity is termed as subtractive polarity.
➢ A1 and a1 are of the opposite polarity, the reading of voltmeter V3 should be (V1 + V2)
volt. In this case, the polarity is termed as additive polarity.
➢ If the reading of voltmeter V3 is less than applied voltage V1, the terminal a1 should be
marked positive, whereas if the reading of voltmeter V3 is more than applied voltage V1,
the terminal a1 should be marked as negative.

137 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Procedure:
➢ Connect the connection of the transformer as shown in circuit diagram.
➢ Apply suitable voltage to the HV winding through Variac.
➢ Note down the voltage V1, voltage V2 on the secondary side and the voltage V3.
➢ Similarly take two or three sets of readings and tabulate them.
➢ Make your comment by observing the reading of voltmeter V3.

Observation Table:

Voltage of
voltmeter
Primary Secondary connected
Sr voltage voltage between primary Comment on
No V1 (Volt) V2 (Volt) and secondary Polarity
winding
V3 (Volt)

Interpretation of Results:

Conclusion:

138 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. Why can't the transformer work on DC supply?

2. A transformer is connected to load, by mistake if we give rated DC voltage to primary

winding, what will happen to both windings?

3. Why is polarity important for parallel operation of transformers?

References/ Suggestions:
www.vlab.co.in
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105155/
https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-engineering-articles/transformer/
https://lectures.gtu.ac.in/

139 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, to identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used components, components but
machines used in machines
in the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student knows Student misses
conduct
conduct the procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment /
experiment / not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate
operate conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per
equipment but experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure
misses some operate operate
correctly without
procedural steps. equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able
take Student makes
Measurement take precise to take
measurement but mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
interpret the the result.
result. results.
results.
Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures, Write up
Timely & (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.) (figures,
Quality Report specification with significant
without any error specification
writing (Out of etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in etc.) and
5 Marks) and delayed delayed
time. submits in time.
submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature
140 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 14
Aim: Perform parallel operation on two single phase transformers.
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the necessity of parallel operation
➢ Know the necessary conditions for parallel operation
➢ Understand circulating current
➢ Know the load sharing of transformers

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
➢ Maintain single-phase transformer by:
✔ Knowing the necessity of parallel operation
✔ Knowing the necessary conditions for parallel operation
✔ Understanding circulating current
✔ Knowing the load sharing of transformers

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Undertake performance test of single-phase transformer.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

⮚ Operate Two Single Phase Transformers in parallel.
⮚

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate single-phase transformers carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing the experiment and taking readings.

Resources/Equipment Required:
Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit

Ammeter 0-10 A (AC) 1

Ammeter 0-20 A (AC) 1

Voltmeter 0-150 V (AC) 1
Rheostat 5 Ohm, 20 A 1
Lamp load 4 KW 1

141 | Page
142 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Parallel Operation Of Transformers

143 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram For Parallel Operation Of Transformers

D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specification
1 Phase Transformer
KVA: ________ Voltage ratio : ________
LV Voltage: ________________ HV Voltage: ________________
LV Current: ________________ HV Current: ________________
Frequency: ________ Hz Type: ________

Safety precaution:
➢ Before starting connection, ensure that supply is off.
➢ Make all connections tight (There should not be any loose connection).
➢ Do not load any transformer above its rating.
➢ Switch off the supply after completion of experiment.

Theory:
Necessity of parallel operation:
If the amount of power to be transformed is more than that which can be handled by one
transformer, it becomes necessary to employ two or more units in parallel.
For the operation of the transformer in parallel, primary windings are connected to the
same supply bus bars and secondary windings are connected to the load bus bars. It is essential
that terminals of similar polarities be joined to the same bus bars. If it is not done, the two EMFs
induced in the secondary will act together in the local secondary circuit; resulting in a dead short
circuit, even on no load condition. There are certain definite conditions which must be satisfied
in order to avoid local circulation current and to ensure that the transformer shares the common
load in proportion to their KVA rating.
Conditions for satisfactory operation of transformer in parallel are:
1. Primary winding of the transformer should be suitable for supply system voltage and
frequency.
2. The transformer should be properly connected with regard to polarity.
3. The transformer should have the same transformation ratio or turn ratio and voltage ratings
are the same.
4. The percentage impedance should be equal in magnitude and have the same X/R ratio. The
equivalent impedance should be inversely proportional to the individual KVA rating in order
to share the load according to the KVA rating of each transformer.
5. From the above conditions, conditions 1 and 2 are absolutely essential. If condition 3 is not
satisfied, it results in some circulating current that will flow even at no load. When the load
is given to the secondary of the transformer, circulating current will tend to produce unequal
loading conditions, so full KVA output of the transformer cannot be taken from a parallel
connected group. If condition 4 is not satisfied, there will be no circulating current, but the
division of load between the transformers will no longer be proportional to their KVA
ratings. Hence the capacity of the transformer cannot be utilized to a full extent.

144 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:

Sr. Load shared by Load shared by

Total Current
no
Transformer-1 Transformer-2 I (Amp)
I1 (Amp) I2 (Amp)
1

145 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Polarity test:
In this test out of four terminals of two transformers; any two terminals are shorted by
thick wire and voltmeter is connected between the remaining two terminals. If voltmeter gives
positive deflection it indicates that both the terminals have opposite polarity, if voltmeter
gives zero deflection it indicates that both the terminals have same polarity.

Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
➢ Keep the switch “S” open and Variac to zero position.
➢ Switch ON the supply and adjust the rated voltage of the primary side by Variac.
➢ Now, observe the reading of the voltmeter connected across the switch “S”. If it indicates
twice the secondary side voltage, interchange one of the transformer connections. If
voltmeter indicates zero (Correct Polarity) close the switch “S”.
➢ Increase the load gradually and at a suitable interval of the load, note down the reading of
ammeters connected in the circuit.
➢ Switch OFF the load and then switch off the supply.

Interpretation of Results:

Graph:
Plot graphs on one paper as below:
❖ Transformer 1 current (I1) Vs Total current (I)
❖ Transformer 2 current (I2) Vs Total current (I)

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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

147 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. Why is parallel operation needed?

2. Which conditions are to be fulfilled for parallel operation of transformers?

3. If two transformers having unequal impedances are connected in parallel, what will be the
load sharing of each transformer?

4. Two transformers have equal impedance but unequal X/R ratios are connected in parallel,
what will be the load sharing of each transformer?

148 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

References/ Suggestions:
www.vlab.co.in
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105155/
https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-engineering-articles/transformer/
https://lectures.gtu.ac.in/

149 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, to identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used components, components but
machines used in machines
in the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student knows Student misses
conduct
conduct the procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment /
experiment / not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate
operate conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per
equipment but experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure
misses some operate operate
correctly without
procedural steps. equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able
take Student makes
Measurement take precise to take
measurement but mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
interpret the the result.
result. results.
results.
Write up Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification specification with significant
without any error
writing (Out of etc.) with some etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in
5 Marks) error and submits and delayed delayed
time.
in time. submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature
150 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 15
Aim: Perform Sumpner’s test on single phase transformer.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain single-phase transformer by:
✔ Knowing the efficiency of transformer at different load
✔ Knowing the regulation of transformer at different load
✔ Knowing the Sumpner’s test procedure of transformer

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Undertake performance test of single-phase transformer.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Perform Sumpner’s test on a single-phase transformer.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate single-phase transformers carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing the experiment and taking readings.

151 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Resources/Equipment Required:

Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

/ Components/Trainer kit
Ammeter (I1) 05 A (M.I) 01

Ammeter (I2) 20 A (M.I) 01

Voltmeter (V1& V3) 0-300 V (M.I) 02

Voltmeter (V2) 0-150 V (M.I) 01

Wattmeter (W1) 300V/5 A, 0-150 W 01

Wattmeter (w2) 150V/20 A, 0-300 W 01

Auto transformer 20 A 01

Single pole switch (S3) SPST Knife switch 01

152 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram for Sumpner’ s Test of Transformer

153 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram for Sumpner’ s Test of Transformer

154 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Safety precaution:
➢ Before starting connection, ensure that supply is off.
➢ Make all connections tight (There should not be any loose connection).
➢ Do not increase the current above transformer rating.
➢ Switch off the supply after completion of experiment.

Theory:

The open-circuit test and short circuit test are performed to determine the equivalent
circuit parameter. With the help of these tests, we cannot find the temperature rise in
a transformer. Because the open-circuit test is examined only core loss and short-circuit test is
examined only copper loss. However, the transformer is not subjected simultaneously to both
losses.

The solution to this problem is the Sumpner’s test. The Sumpner’s test is performed to
determine the transformer efficiency, voltage regulation, and heating effect of the transformer
under loading conditions. The Sumpner’s test is also known as the back-to-back test as this
test consists of two identical transformers connected back-to-back.
In Sumpner’s test, actual loading conditions are simulated without connecting actual
load. For a small transformer, it is convenient to connect full-load. But it is difficult to connect
full-load in the case of large transformers. Therefore, this test helps to find the important
parameters of the transformer. Sumpner’s test gives the more accurate results compared to open-
circuit and short-circuit tests.
As shown in Figure the primaries of two transformers (T1 and T2) are connected in parallel
across the supply at rated voltage of primary. Their secondary windings are connected in phase
opposition or back to back fashion. When primaries of two transformers are energized by
switching on switch S1, the EMFs induced in secondary windings come in phase opposition.
Since the two transformers are identical, there is no circulating current in the local circuit formed
by secondary windings even if primaries are energized. To ensure that the secondary windings
are connected in phase opposition, a voltmeter (V3) and a switch is connected in parallel as
shown. V3 should be of the double range of that of secondary voltage. This is because; if the
polarities are not connected in phase opposition the voltmeter may receive twice the voltage of
secondary i.e. secondary voltage of first transformer plus secondary voltage of second

155 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

transformer. If voltmeter indicates zero it ensure that secondary windings are connected in phase
opposition, then switch V3 is closed.
To circulate the necessary current one auto transformer (T3) is used in the secondary
circuit as shown. Voltage is injected by switching on S2. By varying the voltage with the help of
T3 full load current is circulated in the secondary windings. The current corresponding to this
circulating current also flows in the closed circuit formed in the primary windings; however it
does not appear in the ammeter A1 and wattmeter W1, connected in the primary side. So the
current taken from the supply side is only the total no load current of two transformers. The
wattmeter reading (W1) connected in the primary side indicates total no load loss or iron loss of
two transformers. The wattmeter connected in the secondary side (W2) indicates total copper loss
or load loss of two transformers caused by the circulating current. Since both losses are known,
efficiency of the transformer can be easily determined.
Determination of voltage regulation:

The injected voltage (V2) supplied to the secondary side circulates the full load current in
the secondary's of both transformers. The current corresponding to this circulating current also
flows in the primaries (in the local circuit formed). Thus this injected voltage (V2) supplies the
voltage drops (IZ drop) of both transformers. Hence voltage drop of one transformer will be V2 /
2. The Heat run test should be continued till the temperature of winding remains constant and is
shown within permissible limits.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Sumpner’s Test

Advantage
The advantages of the Sumpner’s test of a transformer are listed below.
✓ The big capacity of a transformer can be tested without connecting actual load.
✓ The power required to perform this test is very little. It is equal to the loss of both
transformers.
✓ With the help of the Sumpner’s test, we can find the copper loss, iron loss, temperature rise,
equivalent circuit parameters, and efficiency of the transformer.
Disadvantage
The only disadvantage of the Sumpner’s test is that two identical transformers are required to
perform this test.

Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
➢ Keep all three switches open.
➢ Switch on the supply to both primary windings and note down the readings of current drawn,
supply voltage and wattmeter W1 reading. (The voltmeter across the switch S3 should read 0
due to complete equality of secondary voltages and phase opposition of both secondary).
➢ Close the switch S3.
➢ Inject the voltage in the secondary by means of auxiliary transformer C up to full load
secondary current I2.
➢ Note down the readings of W1, W2 etc.
➢ Calculate the efficiency and voltage regulation of both transformers.
156 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:

Supply No load Total iron loss Injected Injected Total Cu

Sr.
Voltage V1 Current I1 W1 Voltage V2 Current I2 Loss W2
No.
(volt) (Amp) (watt) (volt) (Amp) (watt)

Calculation:
(Considering HV 230 Volt and LV 115 Volt)

Iron Loss WIron= W1/2 = (_ / 2) = _____ Watt

Copper loss WCu = W2/2 = (_____________ / 2) = _________________ Watt

(𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ∗ 𝐼2 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅)
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = { } ∗ 100
(𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ∗ 𝐼2 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅) + 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 + 𝑊𝑐𝑢

(_ ∗ ∗ )

% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = { } ∗ 100
(___________ ∗ ___________ ∗ ___________) + ___________ + ___________

(___________)
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = { } ∗ 100
(___________) + ___________ + ___________

(___________)
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = { } ∗ 100
(___________)

% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = _________________%

Voltage Drop of one transformer = V2/2 = (_ / 2) = _____ Volt

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ) ∗ 100
𝐸2
____________________
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ) ∗ 100
115

% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = _______________ ∗ 100

% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = _________________%

Interpretation of Results:

157 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Conclusion:

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. Why the Sumpner test is called a back to back test?

2. Write the advantages of the Sumpner test.

158 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

3. Write the disadvantages of the Sumpner test.

4. How to check the series phase opposition connection of the secondary while primary
windings are in parallel?

References/ Suggestions:

159 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, to identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used components, components but
machines used in machines
in the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student knows Student misses
conduct
conduct the procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment /
experiment / not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate
operate conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per
equipment but experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure
misses some operate operate
correctly without
procedural steps. equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able
take Student makes
Measurement take precise to take
measurement but mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
interpret the the result.
result. results.
results.
Write up Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification specification with significant
without any error
writing (Out of etc.) with some etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in
5 Marks) error and submits and delayed delayed
time.
in time. submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature
160 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 16
Aim: Perform Swinburne Test of DC Machine.
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Carry out Swinburne's test on a DC machine.
➢ Determine the efficiency of the DC machine as a generator.
➢ Determine the efficiency of the DC machine as a motor.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

➢ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
➢ Problem analysis
➢ Design/ development of solutions
➢ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
➢ Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment
Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
➢ Maintain DC motor by:
✔ Carrying out Swinburne's test on a DC machine
✔ Determining the efficiency of the DC machine as a generator
✔ Determining the efficiency of the DC machine as a motor

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Distinguish types of DC motors.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Perform Swinburne Test of DC Machine

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Operate DC motors carefully with safety and necessary precaution.
➢ Work as a group member while performing the experiment and taking readings.

Resources/Equipment Required:

Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit

Ammeter 0-5 A (DC) 1

Ammeter 0-2 A (DC) 1
Voltmeter 0-300 V (DC) 1
Rheostat 300 Ohm, 1.7 A 2
Tachometer 0-5000 RPM 1

161 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram for Swinburn Test

162 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Circuit Diagram for Swinburn Test

163 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Machine Specification:

D.C. Shunt motor

KW: ____________
DC supply Voltage: ____________
Supply Current: ____________ field current : ____________
Speed: ____________

Theory:
Swinburne's test is an indirect test of a DC machine to determine its efficiency as a
generator and as a motor at any load. It consumes very little power.
In this method the DC machine is run at rated speed on no load for an half an hour so that
it will attain normal steady temperature. No load losses (stray losses) are determined.
This test is an economical test. But stray losses occurring at load conditions are not
available. The behaviour of the machine at full load condition with respect to commutation and
temperature rise is not indicated, (remain unknown). In this test, results obtained are not
matching with those obtained at actual load conditions.

Procedure:
➢ Connect the circuits as per circuit diagram.
➢ After checking, switch 'ON' the supply and start the motor with the help of the starter.
➢ Adjust the speed of the motor at rated value by means of field regulator or rheostat.
➢ Allow the motor to run for half an hour.
➢ Take the readings of ammeters and voltmeters in the circuit and tabulate them in the
observation table.
➢ Measure the resistance of the armature by voltmeter ammeter method if it is not known.

164 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Observation Table:
Ra = _______________ Ω
Speed = __________ RPM

Sr. Motor input current I0 Motor input voltage V Field current ISH
No. (Amp) (Volt) (Amp)

Calculation:
Input power at No Load, W0 = V * I0 = _____________ * _____________
= ______________ Watts
Field copper loss = V * ISH = ____________* _______________
= ________________ Watt

Armature current at No load = I0 - ISH

= ________________ – ________________
= ______________ Amp
Armature copper loss = Ia02 * Ra
= ______________2 * _____________
= ________________ Watt
Constant Loss = Input at No load – No load armature copper loss
= ________________ – _______________ = ________________ Watt

Find out efficiency of the machine as Generator at following conditions:

1. Full load
I = IFL = _______________ Amp,
Ia = I + Ish= _______________ + ______________
= _________________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = _______________ 2 * _________________
= _________________ Watt
Total loss = constant loss + variable loss
Generator Output = V * I = _______________ * _______________
= _________________ Watt
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D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Efficiency = (Output/ input) * 100

= [Output/ (Output + losses)] * 100
= [(_____________/(______________ + ____________) ]* 100
= _________ %
2. 3/4th load
I = IFL *(3/4) = _______________*(3/4) Amp = ______________ Amp,
Ia = I + Ish= _______________+ ________________
= ______________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = _______________ 2 * ______________
= ________________ Watt
Total loss = constant loss + variable loss
Generator Output = V * I = _______________ * ______________
= _______________ Watt

Efficiency = (Output/ Input) * 100

= [Output/ (Output + losses)] * 100

= [(________ / (_ + ________)] * 100

= _______________ %
3. Half load
I = IFL *(1/2) = ______________*(1/2) Amp = _______________ Amp,
Ia = I + Ish= ______________+ _______________
= _________________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = ________________ 2 * _________________
= _________________ Watt
Total loss = constant loss + variable loss
Generator Output = V * I = ________________ * ________________
= _________________ Watt
Efficiency = (Output/ Input) * 100
= [Output/( Output + Losses) ] * 100
= [(_______________/ (_______________+ _______________)] * 100
= ________________ %
4. 1/4th load
I = IFL *(1/4) = ________________*(1/4) Amp = ______________ Amp,

166 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Ia = I + Ish= __+ _

= ___________________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = ______________ 2 * ________________
= _________________ Watt
Total loss = constant loss + variable loss
Generator Output = V * I = ________________* ____________
= ________________Watt
Efficiency = (Output/ Input) * 100
= [Output/ (Output + Losses)] * 100
= [(________________/(________________+ _________________) ] * 100
= _________________ %

Find out efficiency of the machine as Motor at following conditions:

1. Full load
I = IFL = ____________ Amp,
Ia = I – Ish= ____________ – _______________
= _______________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = ______________ 2 * ________________
= _________________ Watt
Total loss = constant loss + variable loss
Motor input = V * I = ________________* ________________
= ________________Watt
Efficiency = (Output/ input) * 100
= [(input – total loss)/ input] * 100
= [(________________– __________________)/________________]* 100
= _________________ %
2. 3/4th load
I = IFL *(3/4) = ________________*(3/4) Amp = ________________ Amp,
Ia = I – Ish= ________________ – _______________
= ___________________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = __________________ 2 * ____________________
= _________________ Watt
Total loss = constant loss + variable loss

167 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Motor input = V * I = *

= ________________Watt
Efficiency = (Output/ input) * 100
= [(input – total loss)/ input] * 100
= [(________________– __________________)/________________]* 100
= _________________ %

3. Half load
I = IFL *(1/2) = ________________*(1/2) Amp = ________________ Amp,
Ia = I – Ish= ________________ – _______________
= ___________________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = __________________ 2 * ____________________
= _____________________ Watt

Total loss = constant loss + variable loss

Motor input = V * I = *

= ____________Watt
Efficiency = (Output/ input) * 100
= [(input – total loss)/ input] * 100
= [(________________– __________________)/________________] * 100
= _________________ %
4. 1/4th load
I = IFL *(1/4) = ________________*(1/4) Amp = ________________ Amp,
Ia = I – Ish= ________________ – _______________
= ___________________ Amp
Variable loss = Ia2 * Ra = __________________ 2 * ____________________
= _____________________ Watt
Total loss = constant loss + variable loss
Motor input = V * I = ________________* ________________ = ________________Watt
Efficiency = (Output/ input) * 100
= [(input – total loss)/ input] * 100
= [(________________– __________________)/________________] * 100
= _________________ %

168 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Results:
% Efficiency % Efficiency
Load (Machine as Generator) (Machine as Motor)

Full Load

3/4 th Load

Half Load

1/4th Load

Interpretation of Results:

Conclusion:

169 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. In the Swinburne test, why are readings taken after 30 minutes of running the machine?

2. What is the advantage of the Swinburne test?

3. What is the disadvantage of the Swinburne test?

170 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, to identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used components, components but
machines used in machines
in the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student knows Student misses
conduct
conduct the procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment /
experiment / not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate
operate conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per
equipment but experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure
misses some operate operate
correctly without
procedural steps. equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able
take Student makes
Measurement take precise to take
measurement but mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
interpret the the result.
result. results.
results.
Write up Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification specification with significant
without any error
writing (Out of etc.) with some etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in
5 Marks) error and submits and delayed delayed
time.
in time. submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature
171 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 17
Aim: Study construction of BLDC motor and its parts.
Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment, we should be able to:
➢ Know the construction of BLDC motor.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain DC machine by:
✔ Knowing the construction of BLDC motor

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

➢ Distinguish types of DC motors.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

➢ Study construction of BLDC motor and its parts

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Practice environmentally friendly methods and processes.

Theory:
In conventional Brushed DC Motors, the commutator and brushes are used to transmit
the power to the rotor and generate uniform torque in the armature. A Brushless DC Motor is
similar to a conventional Brushed DC Motor but as the name suggests, a BLDC motor doesn’t
use brushes for commutation but rather they use electronic commutation. As the BLDC motor
uses electronic commutation, it eliminates the mechanical commutator and brushes.

Construction of BLDC Motor

The main design difference between a brushed and brushless motor is the replacement of
the mechanical commutator with an electric switch circuit. Keeping that in mind, a BLDC Motor
is a type of synchronous motor in the sense that the magnetic field generated by the stator and
the rotor revolve at the same frequency.

BLDC Motor consists of two main parts: a stator and a rotor.

172 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 01 Stator

Figure: 02 Rotor (Magnets placed on outer periphery)

173 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 01 Stator

Figure: 02 Rotor (Magnets placed on outer periphery)

174 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Stator
The structure of the stator of a BLDC Motor is similar to that of an induction motor. It is
made up of stacked steel laminations with axially cut slots for winding. The windings in BLDC
are slightly different from that of the traditional induction motor.

Generally, most BLDC motors consist of three stator windings that are connected in star
or ‘Y’ fashion (without a neutral point). Additionally, based on the coil interconnections, the
stator windings are further divided into Trapezoidal and Sinusoidal Motors.

In a trapezoidal motor, both the drive current and the back EMF are in the shape of a
trapezoid (sinusoidal shape in case of sinusoidal motors). Usually, 48 V (or less) rated motors
are used in automotive and robotics (hybrid cars and robotic arms).
Rotor
The rotor part of the BLDC Motor is made up of permanent magnets (usually, rare earth
alloy magnets like Neodymium (Nd), Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) and alloy of Neodymium,
Ferrite and Boron (NdFeB)).

Based on the application, the number of poles can vary between two and eight with North
(N) and South (S) poles placed alternately. The figure of the rotor shows three different
arrangements of the poles. In the first case, the magnets are placed on the outer periphery of the
rotor.

The second configuration is called magnetic-embedded rotor, where rectangular

permanent magnets are embedded into the core of the rotor. In the third case, the magnets are
inserted into the iron core of the rotor.

Position Sensors (Hall Sensors)

Since there are no brushes in a BLDC Motor, the commutation is controlled
electronically. In order to rotate the motor, the windings of the stator must be energized in a
sequence and the position of the rotor (i.e. the North and South poles of the rotor) must be
known to precisely energize a particular set of stator windings.

A Position Sensor, which is usually a Hall Sensor (that works on the principle of Hall
Effect), is generally used to detect the position of the rotor and transform it into an electrical
signal. Most BLDC Motors use three Hall Sensors that are embedded into the stator to sense the
rotor’s position.

The output of the Hall Sensor will be either HIGH or LOW depending on whether the
North or South Pole of the rotor passes near it. By combining the results from the three sensors,
the exact sequence of energizing can be determined.

175 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 04 Rotor (Magnets are inserted in core)

Figure: 03 Rotor (Magnet embedded)

176 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Figure: 04 Rotor (Magnets are inserted in core)

Figure: 03 Rotor (Magnet embedded)

177 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Advantages of BLDC Motors:

Since BLDC Motors are electronically commutated, there are several advantages over
traditional Brushed DC Motors. Some of them are:

✓ No wear and tear (due to absence of brushes)

✓ High efficiency
✓ Better speed vs torque characteristics
✓ Long life
✓ Less noise or noiseless operation
✓ Significantly higher RPM

Applications of BLDC Motors:

Some of the areas of applications of BLDC Motors are mentioned below:

✓ Single speed applications

✓ Adjustable speed applications
✓ Position control
✓ Low noise applications
✓ High speed applications

PRACTICAL RELATED QUIZ:

1. What is the major difference between the conventional DC motor and BLDC motor?

2. How is the stator of the BLDC motor made?

3. How is the rotor of the BLDC motor made?

178 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

4. What is the function of the Hall Sensor in a BLDC motor?

5. What are the advantages of a BLDC motor?

6. What are the applications of BLDC motors?

179 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)

Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Student is able to
Identification of Student clearly
identify some of Student is able Student is able to
components, identifies all the
the components, to identify identify only few
equipment, components,
equipment used components, components but
machines used in machines
in the experiment equipment with not equipment or
1 the experiment. equipment used in
correctly but not error. vice versa.
(Out of 5 Marks) the experiment.
all.
Student is not
Student is able to Student is able to able to interpret Student is able to
Circuit
interpret circuit interpret circuit the circuit, but interpret circuit
Interpretation
diagram, able to diagram, able to able to make but not able to
and Connection
2 connect them connect but with connection but make the
(Out of 5 Marks)
without any error. some errors. with some connections.
errors.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student knows Student misses
conduct
conduct the procedure, but some procedural
Experimental experiment /
experiment / not able to steps and is not
Procedure and operate
operate conduct the able to conduct
3 conduction equipment as per
equipment but experiment / the experiment /
(Out of 5 Marks) the procedure
misses some operate operate
correctly without
procedural steps. equipment equipment
any error.
Student is able to
Student is able to Student is able
take Student makes
Measurement take precise to take
measurement but mistakes in
and measurement and measurements
is not able to measurement and
4 Interpretation correctly but not able to
correctly does not interpret
(Out of 5 Marks) interprets the interpret the
interpret the the result.
result. results.
results.
Write up Write up Write up (figures,
Write up (figures,
Timely & (figures, (figures, specification etc.)
specification etc.)
Quality Report specification specification with significant
without any error
writing (Out of etc.) with some etc.) with errors errors and
5 and submits in
5 Marks) error and submits and delayed delayed
time.
in time. submission. submission.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Total
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 Marks)

Faculty Signature
180 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Date: ……………….

EXPERIMENT: 18
Aim: Industrial visit of DC Machine/ Single phase transformer manufacturing/
Repairing unit and Prepare Industrial visit Report on it.
Specific Objective:
After visiting an industry:
➢ Students gain combined knowledge of theory and practice.
➢ Students will be more concerned about getting a job after undertaking an industrial visit.
➢ Through industrial visit students get awareness about new technologies.

Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

Tick  on Program Outcomes (PO) Related to this Industrial Visit.
□ Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
□ Problem analysis
□ Design/ development of solutions
□ Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
□ Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment

Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

➢ Maintain various types of DC generator safely.
➢ Maintain various types of DC motor safely.
➢ Maintain various types of single phase transformer safely.

Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

Tick on Course Outcomes (CO) Related to this Industrial Visit.
□ Distinguish types of DC Generators.
□ Distinguish types of DC motors.
□ Interpret construction and operational features of different types of single-phase
transformers.
□ Undertake performance test of single-phase transformer.

Practical Outcome (PrO)

After visiting an industry:
➢ Students gain combined knowledge of theory and practice.
➢ Students will be more concerned about getting a job after undertaking an industrial visit.
➢ Through industrial visit students get awareness about new technologies.

Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

➢ Handle/Monitor tools/components/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precautions.
➢ Follow safety practices while using AC/DC supply and Electrical equipments.
➢ Work as a member in group.

181 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

Safety and necessary precautions followed by students during an industrial visit are:
➢ Wear appropriate clothing that covers the body properly.
➢ Wear protective gear such as safety goggles, headgear, gloves, and safety shoes.
➢ Follow all safety and security regulations of the premises.
➢ Keep away from hazardous materials, electrical equipment, and moving machinery.
➢ Follow instructions given by the tour guide, supervisor or instructor.
➢ Do not touch any equipment or machinery without permission.
➢ Respect the environment and other people.
➢ Do not take any photographs or videos without permission.
➢ Do not eat or drink in the industrial area.

Report on Industrial Visit:-

➢ Date of Industrial Visit:

➢ Name of Industry:

➢ Address / Location of Industry:

➢ Name of Industry Person:

➢ Faculty Accompanied:

➢ Industry Profile :

182 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Industrial Visit Related Questions:

1. Explain the purpose of an industrial visit.

2. List out safety measures were observed at the industrial site

3. List out the Specifications of Various DC Motors /single phase transformer

manufactured/repair in this industry.

4. List out the various methods of testing of DC Motors/single phase transformer in this
Industry

183 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Assessment Rubrics:
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (09)
Subject Code: 4330901 Subject Name: DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER
RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT(Term– )
Sr. Excellent Very Good Good Fair
Criteria
No. 5 4 3 0-2
Identification of Student clearly Student is able to Student is able
components, Student is able to
identifies all the identify some of the to identify only
equipment, identify
components, components, few
machines used in machines equipment equipment used in components,
components but
the experiment. equipment with
used in the the experiment not equipment
1 (Out of 5 Marks) error.
experiment. correctly but not all. or vice versa.
Student is not able Student is able
Circuit Student is able to Student is able to
to interpret the to interpret
Interpretation interpret circuit interpret circuit
circuit, but able to circuit but not
and Connection diagram, able to diagram, able to
make connection able to make
2 (Out of 5 Marks) connect them without connect but with
but with some the
any error. some errors.
errors. connections.
Student misses
Student is able to Student is able to some
Experimental Student knows
conduct experiment / conduct the procedural
Procedure and operate equipment as procedure, but not
experiment / steps and is not
conduction able to conduct
3 per the procedure operate equipment able to conduct
(Out of 5 Marks) correctly without any the experiment /
but misses some the experiment
operate equipment
error. procedural steps. / operate
equipment
Student is able to Student makes
Student is able to Student is able to
Measurement and take mistakes in
take precise take measurement
Interpretation measurements but measurement
measurement and but is not able to
4 (Out of 5 Marks) not able to and does not
correctly interprets correctly interpret
interpret the interpret the
the result. the results.
results. result.
Manual writing
Timely & Quality Manual writing
Manual writing Manual writing with significant
Report writing without any error and with errors and
with some error and errors and
(Out of 5 Marks) delayed
5 submits in time. submits in time. delayed
submission.
submission.

C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 Total Marks

(5 Marks) (5Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 marks)

Faculty Signature

184 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

Assessment Record for Progressive Assessment of Practical Work

Student Name:
Student Enrolment Number:
Course Name: D. C. Machines and Transformer

Course Code: 4330901

Term:
Criterion- Criterion- Criterion- Criterion- Criterion- Total
Exp Faculty
CO 1 2 3 4 5 Marks
No. Sign
(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (25 marks)
1

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Total Mark ( out of)
Total Mark ( out of 50 )

185 | Page
D. C. Machines and Transformer (4330901)

D. C. Machines and Transformer

4330901

Lab manual prepared by

Shri Ravi J Dattani
Lecturer in Electrical Engg
Government Polytechnic, Jamnagar

Shri A B Darji
Lecturer in Electrical Engg
Dr. J. N. Mehta Government Polytechnic, Amreli

Shri Harshal B Sharma

Lecturer in Electrical Engg
Government Polytechnic, Valsad

Branch Coordinator
Shri T A Patel
Lecturer in Electrical Engg
R C Technical Institute,Ahmedabad

Committee Chairman
Shri R. D. Raghani
(HOD-EC)
Principal (I/C)
Government Polytechnic, Gandhinagar

186 | Page

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