Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants

Subject No.5

HANDLING EMERGENCIES and BREAKDOWNS

1. Emergency Situations

1.1 Emergency Procedures

2. Road Crash

3. First Aid

3.1 First Aid for Traffic Road Crash Victims

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

HANDLING EMERGENCIES and BREAKDOWNS

1. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
 Tire Blowout
 Don’t brake.
 Look to your target or escape area.
 Steer toward your target.
 Slow down gradually.
 Pull to the side of the road.
 Turn on hazard lights.

 Loss of Break
 Aim to the target or escape area.
 Control steering.
 Rapidly pump the brakes.
 Downshift. Do not switch off the engine.
 Use parking brake, keep the release lever open.
 Use soft crash area if necessary.

A brake failure can be a complete loss of brakes or only power brake failure.

 Engine Overheat
 Monitor your vehicle’s temperature, radiator hoses and coolant level.
 Stop the vehicle but do not switch off the engine.
 Let the engine idle.
 Turn the ignition off and open the hood.
 Add coolant if there is no leak.

 Engine Fire
 Steer out of traffic, away from buildings, people, and other cars.
 Have all occupants leave the car immediately and move away.
 Do not open the hood.
 Turn off the ignition then get out quickly.

 Skid and Traction Loss

 Look – Where you want to go
 Steer – Where you want to go
 Off pedals – Release the brake or accelerator to maintain rolling traction.
 Never give up - Maintain constant attention to steering until the vehicle is back under control.
Use trail braking if needed.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

 Poor Visibility
 Drive with lights on low beam
 Slow Down
 Signal Turns
 Reduce Distractions
 Use Clean Wipers
 Stop at a safe place

 SCHOOL BUS SAFETY

Getting on the Bus
 Be at the loading zone 5 minutes before the arrival of the bus. Never run to or from the bus.
 Wait at a designated stop in a safe place, back from the side of the road.
 Never stand in the danger zone that surrounds the school service. The danger zone is anywhere
close enough to touch the school service.
 If the student needs to cross the street to get on the service, always wait until it has come to a
complete stop.
 Hold the handrail when getting on. Do not push or shove.

Riding the Bus

 Seated properly.
 Bags and belongings are under the seat or lap.
 Keeps the aisle clear.
 Advise that head, hands and arms of the student are inside the vehicle.
 Not throwing objects inside or outside of the vehicle.
 Behave and quiet
 The service is bully-free vehicle
 Participate in all bus evacuation procedures.
 Advised not to eat or drink inside the vehicle
 To follow the bus driver’s instructions

Getting Off the Bus

 Remain in the seat until the bus comes to a complete stop.

 When leaving the bus, hold the handrail and take two large steps away from the bus. To cross
the street in front of the bus, walk ahead at least ten giant steps (three meters). Cross only
when the driver gives a signal. Proceed across the street, looking both ways for on-coming
traffic. Cross the street in single file.
THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

 If everyone is getting off the bus, the people at the front leave first. Do not push.
 If the student drop something near the bus, do not pick it up. Tell an adult.
 WALK, Don’t run.

 Emergency Procedures

Stay calm and check for injuries.

Keep safety first and find out your location if anyone is injured, call PNP hotline (117) or Red Cross
hotline (143) immediately.

Be prepared before it happens. Always bring your emergency kit in your car.

 First aid kit

 Flashlight
 Early Warning Device

Photograph and document the accident

 The Incident

 Involved Parties

 Witnesses

 Police Officers

Make sure all passengers are uninjured. Move them out of the vehicle to a safe place away from
oncoming traffic.

If injuries have occurred like cuts, abrasions etc., administer.

Oil light on. The engine has low oil pressure. Check the oil level and add oil if you have some with you.
Otherwise, have the vehicle towed to a repair shop. Driving a vehicle with low oil pressure can cause
catastrophic engine damage.

Brake light on. Check the operation of the brake pedal. If it feels spongy or goes to the floor, stop
driving and have the vehicle towed to a service facility. If the pedal feels firm and the brakes stop the
vehicle, check the brake fluid level in the reservoir. If it's low, add more brake fluid. If the light stays on
after you've added fluid but the pedal is still firm, have the vehicle serviced as soon as possible.

Airbag/SRS light on. The airbags have shut down and will not work if you get into an accident. Get the
vehicle serviced soon.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

Traction control/stability control light on. There's a problem with the system. You can still drive the
vehicle, but exercise extra caution on slippery roads and in turns. Have the system serviced soon.

"Check engine" light on. If the engine's running smoothly and the transmission is shifting properly, you
can continue to drive the vehicle until you can get it checked by a mechanic. If it's flashing, pull over at
the nearest safe spot. Have the vehicle towed to a repair shop immediately.

Charging system light on. There's a major failure with the charging system. Drive immediately to the
nearest repair shop.

2. ROAD CRASH

It is an accident involving one or more motor vehicle occurring on a road open to public circulation
that usually result in death, physical injuries, and damage to property.

 Factors of Road Crash

 Human Factor (Road Users)
 Machine / Motor Vehicle Factor
 Engineering / Infrastructure Factor
 Environmental / Other Factor

 ROAD USERS AFFECTED BY ROAD CRASH

 Drivers
 Passengers
 Motorcyclist
 Pedestrians
 Cyclist
 Bystanders and Hawkers

 WHAT TO DO IF YOU GET INVOLVED IN ROAD CRASH

 STOP. Never drive away from the scene of an accident, even a minor one.
 Protect the Scene and Assess Safety. Use flares or cones, if you have them and turn on your
hazard lights so that you can be more visible and move the vehicles involved out of the traffic
lanes, if they are not disabled.
 Make an Accurate Record. When a police or ambulance arrive, make sure you tell exactly what
happened and if there are any injured driver or passengers.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

3. FIRST AID

 WHAT IS FIRST AID?

 First and immediate treatment that is given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness before
any medical help arrives.

 FIRST AID TIPS

1. Attend to anyone who is not yet walking and talking.
2. If any of the vehicles is on fire, remove all occupants and make sure everyone is well clear.
3. Do not remove the injured unless they are in burning car or other immediate danger.
Unnecessary moving often makes injuries worse.

4. Check for breathing and apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if needed.

5. Contact a doctor or ambulance for serious and physical injuries.

6. Do not attempt to give first aid unless you have been trained in it.

 STEPS IN EXAMINING VICTIMS OF ROAD CRASH

 Check if the victim is breathing and has a pulse.
 Look for signs of bleeding or hemorrhage.
 Examine carefully the injuries particularly fractures.
 Apply appropriate first aid measures.
 Call for medical help.

 MOVING PERSONS WITH INJURIES

 Neck and back injuries may cause severe damage to spinal cord leading to paralysis. Carefully
examine the victim first.
 · Call a doctor or ambulance
 Keep the injured warm
 Do not move patient until after you have determined the nature of injuries
 If the person is to be taken to safety, move the body lengthwise.
 Do not lift the person holding his heels and head only.
 If the victim is to be transported, improvise a stretcher and carry it in reclining or semi-reclining
position.

 STEPS IN ADMINISTERING FIRST AID

1. Motor Vehicle Road Crashes
 Avoid moving the injured as much as possible.
 Pack clothing or bandages around the spine or broken bones to prevent movement.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

 Stop any bleeding by applying direct pressure to the injury with bandages or clothing. Elevate
the area bleeding to chest height if possible.
 If the victim is conscious, ask the person to apply pressure to help calm any shock.
2. Amputation
 Stop the bleeding.
 Elevate the injured area.
 Wrap or cover the injured area with a sterile dressing or clean cloth until medical treatment is
received.
 Apply pressure if the injured area is bleeding. This will slow the bleeding until the person
receives medical care.

3. Bleeding
 Wear gloves
 Stop the flow of blood
 Cover the wound
 Apply pressure

For minor wounds, let the wound bleed to flush out bacteria and dirt, wash with soap and water
brush away dirt using clean gauze or cloth. Use alcohol on skin around the wound

4. Burns
 Extinguish flames.
 Take off burned clothing, do not touch adhered portions.
 Cover burned area with dry dressing.
 Apply ice pack covered with towel.
 For minor burns, immediately immerse in cool water
 Seek medical help.

5. Electrical-Burns
 Turn off source of electric current.
 If first step is impossible, remove victim using wooden pole, chair or another non-metal object.
 If the victim stops breathing, apply CPR.
 Seek medical help.

6. Eye Injuries
 Specks in the Eye

• Do not rub eye.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

• Lift lid and gently remove speck with clean cloth or immerse face in a basin of clean water and
block a few times.

• If speck remains, see medical help.

 Blow to the Eyes

• Apply cold pack for 15 minutes.

• Seek medical help immediately to prevent eye damage.

 Cut in the Eye and Lid

• Bandage the eye.

• Do not touch eye. Seek medical help

7. Fainting
 Lay the victim down with feet elevated.
 Do not give the person anything to drink until he/she regains consciousness.
 Loosen the clothes
 Wipe the face with a damp towel but do not pour water on him/her.

8. Fracture
 Gently straighten fractured limbs, but do not touch dislocations of the joints.
 In an open fracture, or when bones stick out of the skin simply cover with sterile dressing and do
not try to push back the bone.
 Splinting should not be tight. This could hinder circulation.
 Seek medical help

9. Heart Cramps
 Drink a half-full glass of salt water solution every 15 minutes of an hour.
 Massage does not help; instead gently stretch the body part.
 Include more vegetable and fruit diet to fill up possible sodium and potassium deficiency that
leads to heart cramps.

10. Heat Stroke

 Move victim to a cool area.
 Remove victim’s clothes to allow air to circulate around his body and wrap him in wet towel.
 Place ice pack in neck, armpits and groin area.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

 Drink water taken a little at a time provided the person is conscious.

 Seek medical help.

11. Shock
 Let the victim lie down with the legs at an elevated position. This makes the blood in the legs
and the torso return to the heart more rapidly.
 Free his passageway of any obstruction.
 Cover him with a blanket if he feels cold.
 Seek medical help

 FIRST AID FOR TRAFFIC ROAD CRASH VICTIMS

If you encounter an injured traffic road crash victim, the following should be done:
 Organize bystanders to warn approaching traffic at least 200 meters before the road crash.
 Do not shift accident victims unless they are in danger by staying where they are.
 Check breathing
 Stay calm and keep the patient calm.
 Stop the bleeding.
 Wash small cuts with mild soap and water to remove dirt and germs.
 Use ice on sprains to reduce swelling but do not massage.
 Do not give anything to eat or drink, it may cause vomiting and choking to injured person.
 Help get the patient to a hospital, seek medical help.
 Phone the patient’s family, if possible so that someone can go to the hospital to look after
everything or take the patient home.

 PROTECT YOURSELF IN A ROAD CRASH

Three (3) things to avoid accident

 To stop quickly, step on the brake. If the car begins to skid, release the brake. Step on the brake
again, using a pumping action. Pump the brake until the car stops.
 If you do not have time to stop turn. Run off the road if you have to and if there is a room.
Running off the road is usually better than hitting another car. Try not to brake as you turn.
 Sometime you can speed up to avoid an accident. This may work if a car is going to hit you on
the side or rear.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student Driver’s Permit Applicants
Subject No.5

 If you are going to be hit on the rear

Be ready to brake so that you will not be pushed into another car.

 If you are going to be hit from the side

Brace yourself with the steering wheel. Perhaps you can keep yourself from being thrown
against the side of the car.

 If you are going to be hit from the front

Use your arms and hands to protect your face if you are wearing a shoulder strap.

If you are using a shoulder strap, throw yourself across the seat so that you don’t hit the
steering column or the windshield.

THIS LEARNING MATERIAL IS SOLELY INTENDED FOR THE USE OF IRISE DRIVING SCHOOL STUDENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.