Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 1 of 14
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and the levels of sources
of biodiversity
WELCOME CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS
I. INTRODUCTION:
This module introduces the Philippines as one of the 17 mega-biodiverse countries of the world,
containing two-thirds of the earth’s biodiversity and between 70% and 80% of the world’s plant and animal
species. The Philippines ranks fifth in the number of plant species and maintains 5% of the world’s flora.
Species endemism is very high, covering at least 25 genera of plants and 49% of terrestrial wildlife, while the
country ranks fourth in bird endemism.
II. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, students should be able to:
1. Identify Philippine biodiversity hotspot.
2. Determine the characteristics of organism prone to extinction.
3. Classify the endemic animals in the Philippines.
III. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES:
Before you proceed to the main lesson, read the summary video about the
Philippine biodiversity.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81l_2HQERz4
Read the summary of the video about the Philippine biodiversity.
Fig. 1- Philippine biodiversity
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81l_2HQERz4
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 2 of 14
DENR-BMB video made for the CMS COP12
This video is made for the presentation at the twelfth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS COP12) held from 23-28 October 2017.
The Philippines is one of the 17 mega-diversity countries that houses 70% of earth’s biological resources. More than 50%
are endemic, home of 16,000 endemic plants. Center of marine biodiversity worldwide, it’s coral reefs areas run to
estimated 26,000 sq. kilometers the second largest in Southeast Asia.
GREAT!!!
You may now proceed to the main lesson.
IV. LESSON PROPER
Based on the preliminary activities, what did you notice about
it?
_______________________________________________
CONGRATULATIONS!
You may now proceed to the lesson.
LET’S BEGIN
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is a broad term that is used to describe the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems in a
region. Biodiversity is lost when populations are greatly reduced in size, when a species becomes extinct, or
when ecosystems are destroyed or greatly modified. Biodiversity can be examined at the genetic, species,
and ecosystem levels.
Genetic diversity
The total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies, or group of species. In terms
of genetic engineering and our new understanding of DNA, this could mean the total base- pair sequences
in DNA; the total number of genes, active or not; or the total number of active genes.
Population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing
genetic information. A species is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding. A species is made up of
populations. Several things influence the genetic diversity of a population. Mutations are changes in the
genetic information of an organism. Mutations introduce new genetic information into a population by
modifying genes that are already present. Most of the mutations we observe are harmful, but the occasionally
a mutation results in a new valuable characteristic. Migration of individuals of a species from one population
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
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to another is also an important way to alter the genetic diversity of population. Most species consist of many
separate populations that are adapted to local environmental conditions. Sexual reproduction is another
process that influences genetic diversity. Although the process of sexual reproduction does not create new
genetic information, it tends to generate new genetic combinations when the genetic information from two
individuals mixes during fertilization, generating a unique individual.
Population size is a very important factor related to genetic diversity. The smaller the population, the less
genetic diversity it can contain and the fewer the variations in the genes for specific characteristics. Selective
breeding also can affect the genetic diversity of a species. Domesticated plants and animals have been
modified over many generations by our choosing certain desired characteristics.
Species Diversity
Measurement of the number of different species present in an area, which in turn has three qualities: Species'
richness-the total number of species; Species' evenness-the relative abundance of species; and Species'
dominance-the most abundant species.
Several factors are known to influence the species diversity of a particular location:
1. The geologic and evolutionary history of a region impacts its species diversity. As mentioned earlier,
tropical rainforests naturally have greater species diversity than Polar Regions. Perhaps this is due to
relatively recent climatic events.
2. Migration can introduce new species to an area where they were not present previously. While it is easy
to see how such introductions can increase species diversity, some invading species actually result in a
reduction in species diversity because the species originally present were unable to compete with the invader.
3. The size of the area being considered also affects species diversity. In general, the larger the area being
considered, the larger the species diversity.
4. Human activity has a great effect on the species diversity of a region.
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Measurement of the number of kinds of ecosystems present in an area. Many regions of the world appear to
be quite uniform in terms of the kinds of ecosystems present.
Philippines as High Species Diversity and High Endemicity
Endemic organisms are exclusively native to a place or a biota.
Endangered species present in such small numbers that is at risk of
extinction.
Fig. 2 Philippine Monkey-Eating Eagle
Source: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2011-08/21/content_13159086.htm
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
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Some Endangered Animals in the Philippines:
Found in the rainforests of Isabela, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao. It has similarities with Papua New Guinea's
Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguinea) and considered as one of the world's largest Eagle.
With an estimated population of 100 to 300, the Philippine eagle 1s in danger of extinction. It is one
of the 400 exotic bird species in the Philippines, which, if not protected, would disappear from the face of the
Earth. Unique Pygmy water buffalos (Bubalus mindorensis) endemic to Mindoro listed as one of the ten most
endangered species in the world. From 10,000 heads in the 1900's, population went down to 369 heads in
the late 1980s to as few as 20 heads roaming in the wild today.
Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) measures only about twelve centimeters in length. lts two big eyes
cannot move and do not have a tapetum the upper protective
tissue; can turn its head 180 degrees. Found in the islands
of Samar, Leyte, Bohol and Mindanao, the Philippine tarsier
got its name from its elongated tarsus bone. There are only
about 1,000 tarsiers inhabiting the wilds of Corella town in
Bohol province where the biggest concentration of these rare
animals was once reported.
Fig.3 - Philippine Tarsier
Source: https://www.zenrooms.com/blog/post/philippine-tarsier-
sanctuary/
Philippine Red Vented 110
Cockatoo Su TT.
Fig.5 Sulu Hornbill
Fig.4 Philippine red vented cockatoo
Source: https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/sulu.hornbill.html
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/522769469230971859/
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
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Some Endemic Animals in the Philippines:
Fig.6 - Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox Fig.7 -Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/387098530454854160/ Source: https://steemit.com/animal/@greatwarrior79/the-negros-bleeding-
heart-pigeon-gallicolumba-keayi
Fig.8 - Philippine-Flat Headed Frog Fig.9 - Hawksbill sea turtle
Source: https://www.art.com/products/p27981069586-sa-i8402633/robin- Source: https://www.britannica.com/animal/hawksbill-turtle
moore-a-philippine-flat-headed-frog-barbourula-busuangensis-a-
vulnerable-species-from-palawan.htm
Fig.11 - Tridacna gigas
Fig.10 Philippine tube-nosed bat
Tridacna gigas; one of the world’s largest shells.
Source: https://batgirlblogdotcom.wordpress.com/2016/02/25/the-
Source: https://www.canstockphoto.com/giant-clam-tridacna-gigas-
philippine-tube-nosed-fruit-bat/
51083466.html
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 6 of 14
Characteristics of Organism Prone to Extinction
Characteristics extinction occurs when all the individuals of a complete eliminated. Lists of major factors that
affect extinction as follows;
1. Species that have small populations of dispersed individuals are more prone to extinction because
successful breeding is more difficult for them than it is for species that have large populations of relatively
high density.
2. Organism in small, restricted areas, such as islands, are also prone to extinction because an environmental
change in their locale can eliminate the entire species at once. Organisms scattered over large areas are
much less likely to be negatively affected by one event.
3. Specialized organisms are more likely to become extinct than are generalized ones. Since specialized
organisms rely on a few key factors in the environment, anything that negatively affects these factors could
result in their extinction, whereas generalists can use alternate resources.
Some kinds of organisms, such as carnivores at higher trophic levels in food chains, typically have low
populations but also have low rates of reproduction compared to their prey species.
PHILIPPINES BIODIVERSITY
The world's largest pearl was discovered by a Filipino diver in a giant Tridacna (mollusk) under the Palawan
Sea in 1934. Known as the "Pearl of Lao-Tzu", the gem weighs 14 and measures.9 1/2 inches long and.5
1/2 inches. As May 1984, it was Valued at US$42 million. It is believed to be 600 years old.
World's Second Deepest Spot Underwater
The world's second deepest spot underwater is in the Philippines. This spot, known as the Philippine Deep
or the sea level. The Philippine Deep is in the floor of the Mindanao Trench, is about 10,497meters or 34;440
feet below Philippine Sea.
World's Largest and Tiniest Shells
Both Tridacna gigas, one of the world's largest shells, and Pisidum, the
world's tiniest shell, can, be found under Philippine waters. Tridacna gigas
grows as large as one meter in length and weighs 600 pounds while
Pisidum is less than 1 millimeter long.
Fig. 12 Pisidum
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisidium
Sanctuary' to Whale Sharks
Donsol, a fishing town in Sorsogon province, serves as a sanctuary to a group of 40 whale sharks (Rhincodon
typos), which are considered as the largest fish in the world, measuring between 18 to 35 feet in length and
weighing about 20 tons. Locally known as "butanding", whale "butanding", whale sharks visit the waters of
Donsol from November to May.
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 7 of 14
Philippine Cockatoo
The Philippines is home to some of the world's most exotic birds. One of the most endangered species is the
Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua haernaturopygia), which belongs to Psittacidae or the Kalangay or the cidae or
the fan of parrots. Some cockatoos can live up to 50 years.
Shortest Freshwater Fish
The world's shortest and lightest freshwater fish is that the dwarf pygmy goby (Pandaka Pygmaea), a
colorless and nearly transparent species found in the streams and lakes of Luzon. Males have an average
length of 8.7 mm. and weigh 4. 5 mg
Coral Species
Of the 500 known coral species in the world, 488 are found in the Philippines.
Rarest Shell
There are 12,000 or so seashells in the Philippines. The Conus Gloriamaris or "Glory of the Sea" is the rarest
and most expensive.
Marine Turtles
Of the eight species of marine turtles worldwide, five are reported to be found in the Philippines: the Green
Turtie Hawkbill, Leatherback, Olive Ridley, and Loggerhead.
Giant Clams
Of the eight known species of giant clams in the world, seven found in the Philippines.
Second Largest Bird in the Planet
, the country is host to some 5 percent of the world's species of flora and is ranked 5th in the world in terms
of number of plant species)
Mightiest River
The Cagayan River or Rio Grande de Cagayan is the Philippines mightiest watercourse the longest and
widest river in the country. Small streams originating from Balete Pass, Cordillera, Carabalio and Sierra
Madre Mountains meet other streams and rivers and flow to the Cagayan River.
Second Largest Lake
Lake Lanao is the second largest lake in the Philippines, probably the deepest in the country and is
considered one of the major tropical lakes in Southeast Asia. The lake is home to the endemic cryprinids, the
species found only in the lake and nowhere else in the world.
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 8 of 14
Palawan Bear Cat
Palawan bearcat is neither a bear nor a cat. Known in Southeast Asia as
binturong, the bearcat is a species of its own, with population in then
'forests of Palawan, Borneo, Burma and Vietnam it belongs to the family
of Viverridae (Civets). The Palawan bearcat has a long body and a pointed
face leading to the nose. Its head and body measure 61 to 96 centimeters
in combined length while its tail is almost as long. It weighs 9 to 14
kilograms and lives up to 20 years.
Fig.13 -Palawan bear cat
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/94857135889330480/
Calamian Deer
Calamian Islands, north of Palawan province, is home to a species of
deer that cannot be found elsewhere. Scientist referred to the hog deer
in the islands as Calamian deer in order to distinguish them from other
hog deer in the world. An ordinary Calamian deer measures 105 to 115
centimeter in length and 60 to 65 centimeters high at the shoulder and
weighs about 36 to 50 kilograms. It is said to have longer and darker
legs, compared with other hog deer.
Fig.14 -Palawan calamanian deer
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/94857135889330480/
World's Smallest Hoofed Mammal
The Philippine mouse deer, the world's smallest hoofed mammal, is
found only in the Balabac Islands, south of Palawan. Locally known as
Pilandok (Tragalus nigricans), this ruminant stands only about 40
centimeters at the shoulder level.
Fig. 15 - Pilandok
Source: http://mgahayopsapilipinas.weebly.com/pilandok.html
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 9 of 14
Flying Lemur
Flying Lemur, one of the most distinct creatures on earth lives in the
Philippines. It does not have wings but it can glide across 100 meters
of space in a single leap. Like the lemurs of Asia, it moves around at
night. Its head resembles that of a dog while its body has similarities
with the flying squirrel of Canada in Mindanao, people call it
"kagwang”. Around the world, it is known as colugo or the flying
lemur.
Fig.16 Philippine flying lemur (Kagwang)
Source: https://alchetron.com/Philippine-flying-lemur
Whale Shark
The largest fish in the world, the Whale Shark, regularly swims to the Philippine waters. It is locally known as
Butanding.
We had just finished the discussion The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity . Let’s move on to the next higher level of activity/ies
or exercise/s that demonstrate your potential skills/knowledge of what you have learned.
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
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V. ANALYSIS, APPLICATION AND EXPLORATION
Name: ___________________________________ Year/section: _______________
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Identify what is asked. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. _______________________also can affect the genetic diversity of a species
2. _______________________ is the rarest and most expensive shell.
3.________________________ the world's smallest hoofed mammal.
4. _______________________are considered as the largest fish in the world, measuring between 18 to 35
feet in length and weighing about 20 tons.
5. _______________________ the world's tiniest shell.
Choices:
Butanding Selective Glory of the Philippine mouse deer Pisidum
breeding sea ( Pilandok)
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Write A if the statement is a Characteristics of Organism Prone to Extinction and B if not.
______1. Organism in small, restricted areas, such as islands, are also prone to extinction because an
environmental change in their locale can eliminate the entire species at once.
______2. Of the eight known species of giant clams in the world, seven found in the Philippines.
______3. Since specialized organisms rely on a few key factors in the environment, anything that negatively
affects these factors could result in their extinction, whereas generalists can use alternate resources.
______4. The Cagayan River or Rio Grande de Cagayan is the Philippines mightiest watercourse the longest
and widest river in the country.
______5. Species that have small populations of dispersed individuals are more prone to extinction because
successful breeding is more difficult for them than it is for species that have large populations of relatively
high density.
Finally, let us summarize the lesson of what we had discussed today.
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 11 of 14
VI. GENERALIZATION
A. Direction: List down the factors that influence the species diversity of a particular location.
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
B. List down the three qualities of species diversity.
5. ________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________
KUDOS!
You have come to an end of Module 9.
OOPS! Don’t forget that you have still an assignment to do.
Here it is….
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 12 of 14
VII. ASSIGNMENT
Direction: Write E if it pertains to the endemic animals in the Philippines and X if not.
____________1. Sulu Hornbill
____________2. Wallaby
____________3. Palawan Bearcat
____________4. Hawksbill sea turtle
____________5. Negros bleeding heart pigeon
After your long journey of reading and accomplishing the module, let us
now challenge your mind by answering the evaluation part of this
module.
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 13 of 14
VIII. EVALUATION
Direction: Choose the letter of the word described in each sentence.
1. This is a broad term that is used to describe the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region.
A. Ecosystem
B. Biodiversity
C. Population
D. Species
2. Which of the following is NOT an influence in genetic diversity population?
A. Mutation
B. Migration
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Species diversity
3. This is known as the world’s largest pearl that was discovered by a Filipino diver.
A. Sea shell
B. Giant clams
C. Tridacna gigas
D. Pisidum
4. This is the second largest lake in the Philippines the deepest in the country and considered one of the
major tropical lakes in Southeast Asia.
A. Taal lake
B. Lanao lake
C. Naujan lake
D.Laguna lake
5. Known as the second largest bird on the planet next only to the American condor.
A. Monkey-eating Philippine eagle
B. Sulu Hornbill
C. Pandaka pygmea
D. Glory of the sea
6. It is the measurement of the number of different species present in an area.
A. Population diversity
B. Species diversity
C. Migration
D. Genetic diversity
Mathematics, Science and Technology
Module 9: The Philippine biodiversity, meaning of Biodiversity and
the levels of sources of biodiversity
Page 14 of 14
7. A _______________ is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding.
A. Population species
B. Mutation
C. Species
D. Population
8. One of the most distinct creatures on earth lives in the Philippines. It does not have wings but it can glide
across 100 meters of space in a single leap.
A. Calamnian deer
B. Bear cat
C. Philippine cockatoo
D. Fying lemur
9. This specie has a long body and a pointed face leading to the nose. Its head and body measure 61 to 96
centimeters in combined length while its tail is almost as long. It weighs 9 to 14 kilograms and lives up to 20
years.
A. Giant clams
B. Monkey-eating eagle
C. Calamanian deer
D. Palawan bear cat
10. The world’s shortest and lightest freshwater fish is known as ______________, a colorless and nearly
transparent species found in the streams and lakes of Luzon. Males have an average length of 8.7mm. and
weigh 4-5mg.
A. Tridacna
B. Shells
C. Dwarf pygmy goby
D. Corals
CONGRATULATIONS on reaching the end of this module!
You may now proceed to the next module.
Don’t forget to submit all the exercises, activities and portfolio
on ___________________.
KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK.
Well Done!!!
