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International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research

Vol. 11, Issue 01, pp.9370-9379, January, 2024

RESEARCH ARTICLE
BEYOND BARS: UNVEILING THE TRANSFORMATIVE LIFE STORIES OF FORMER INMATES
*Julius T. Ompad, Grace A. Empinado, Ana Marie Alaban, Patricio Degay, Daniel Pepito,
Desseyme B. Bisnar and Arche M. Guinitaran
University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: In the intricate tapestry of societal dynamics, the experiences of individuals within the criminal justice
Received 27th October, 2023 system constitute a profound and often overlooked facet. Among these individuals, former inmates
Received in revised form bear the weight of a unique journey navigating incarceration, grappling with the consequences of their
19th November, 2023 actions, and striving for redemption upon release. This research embarks on an explorative odyssey
Accepted 15th December, 2023 into the transformative life stories of former inmates, with a specific focus on their experiences within
Published online 24th January, 2024 the confines of Mandaue City Jail. Guided by psychological frameworks such as Deprivation Theory,
General Strain Theory, and Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, this study seeks to unravel the
Key Words: experiences , enduring impacts that characterize the lives of these individuals, and coping
Former Inmates, Mandaue City Jail mechanisms. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, including in-depth interviews and focus
Experiences of the Informant, impacts that group discussions, the study amplifies the voices of five informants, each offering a distinctive
characterize the lives of these individuals , perspective on their incarceration and subsequent reintegration into society.The findings of this
coping Mechanisms. research unearth compelling themes encapsulating the experiences, impacts, and coping mechanisms
of the informants within Mandaue City Jail. In the realm of experiences, the informants grappled with
the profound challenge of confronting the aftermath of their actions, navigating the intricate terrain of
confinement, and unraveling the intricate dynamics of respect within the confines of the correctional
system. These experiences collectively form a poignant narrative that speaks to the complex interplay
of personal agency and institutional constraints. Delving into the impacts that permeate the lives of
these individuals post-incarceration, two overarching themes emerge with striking significance. The
"Transformative Power of Faith" stands as a beacon of resilience for the informants, illustrating how a
steadfast belief in a higher power serves as a guiding force through the trials of reintegration.
Simultaneously, the theme "Seizing Opportunities for Positive Change" underscores the agency of the
informants to actively engage with their circumstances, demonstrating a commitment to
transformative growth and positive contributions to society. In the realm of coping mechanisms, the
informants' narratives unravel a delicate dance between humility and transformative wisdom gleaned
through life's lessons. "Embracing Humility" emerges as a powerful coping strategy, emphasizing the
significance of respect, self-discipline, and interpersonal relations as tools for navigating the
challenges of incarceration. Complementing this, the theme of "Transformative Wisdom Through
Life's Lesson" highlights how the informants leverage their past experiences as invaluable guides,
learning from mistakes, and emerging with newfound wisdom that transcends the boundaries of their
confinement. Collectively, these themes not only offer a nuanced understanding of the informants'
experiences but also provide a broader lens through which to comprehend the lasting impacts of
incarceration and the coping mechanisms that shape their journey toward reintegration. Each theme
encapsulates a chapter in the profound narrative of resilience, growth, and transformation, inviting a
deeper contemplation of the human spirit's capacity to navigate adversity and emerge with newfound
strength and wisdom.

INTRODUCTION Behind every prison door, there exists a spectrum of

experiences, challenges, and triumphs that remain concealed
In the corridors of correctional facilities, where the echoes of
from the public gaze.The decision to embark on this study
societal judgment often drown out the whispers of personal
arises from a critical gap in existing research—namely, the
redemption, lies a narrative seldom explored—the
lack of in-depth exploration into the post-incarceration
transformative odyssey of those who emerge "Beyond Bars."
experiences of former inmates. While the prison system is
*Corresponding author: Julius T. Ompad designed for rehabilitation, the intricacies of the transformative
University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue, Mandaue City, Cebu, journey and the challenges faced by individuals after serving
Philippines.
9371 Julius T. Ompad et al. Beyond bars: unveiling the transformative life stories of former inmates

their sentences remain largely unexplored. Understanding the satisfying certain needs, may suffer victimization at the hands
nuanced narratives of rehabilitated individuals is crucial for of other inmates who use illegitimate alternatives to obtain
several reasons.Firstly, this study seeks to contribute to the need satisfaction (Clemmer, 1940; Sykes, 1958; Sykes &
existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive Messinger, 1960). The relevance of the deprivation
understanding of the multifaceted experiences of former perspective may have diminished over time because many of
inmates. By delving into the challenges, successes, and coping the environmental deprivations described by scholars such as
mechanisms of these individuals, we aim to offer valuable Clemmer (1940) and Sykes (1958) were lessened as a result of
insights that can inform policy improvements, correctional the prisoner rights movement and the evolution of prisons from
programs, and support systems aimed at facilitating successful closed to more open systems (Irwin, 1980; Jacobs, 1977,
reintegration into society.Secondly, the personal connections 1980). On the other hand, the prisoner rights movement also
the researchers have with individuals from Mandaue City Jail highlighted that prison conditions can have an impact in an
add a unique dimension to this study. This insider perspective inmate’s life, and researchers still recognize the importance of
enables a more empathetic and authentic exploration of the environmental influences on inmates’ need satisfaction and
lived experiences of former inmates. By focusing on a specific adjustment. Scholars have discussed the psychological aspects
locale, Mandaue City Jail, we hope to uncover insights that are of adjustment, with a specific focus on prisoner needs (e.g.,
contextually relevant and can potentially be applied to enhance personal control) and the consequences of hindering need
rehabilitation efforts in similar settings. Moreover, the study satisfaction (e.g., violence; Goodstein, MacKenzie, &
aligns with broader societal goals of fostering inclusivity, Shotland, 1984; Toch, 1977; Wright, 1985, 1991). As a result,
reducing recidivism, and promoting the overall well-being of some researchers have continued to examine the relevance of
rehabilitated individuals. By unraveling the stories of environmental characteristics of prisons (e.g., crowding and
transformation, we aspire to challenge societal perceptions, prison architecture) for predicting victimization based on the
reduce stigma, and advocate for more holistic approaches to compatibility of these predictors with deprivation theory.
criminal justice that prioritize rehabilitation and
reintegration.Ultimately, "BEYOND BARS" aims to fill a General Strain Theory Explanations of prison violence and
critical void in the literature, providing a foundation for future other forms of misconduct have been dominated by three
research and fostering a deeper understanding of the post- competing models: (a) the deprivation model, (b) the
prison experiences of individuals who have undergone importation model, and (c) the coping model. We propose that
rehabilitation. Through this exploration, we aspire to these three seemingly competing models can be integrated
contribute to the ongoing discourse on criminal justice reform within Agnew’s general strain theory (GST). GST enriches the
and advocate for a more compassionate and effective approach deprivation model by revealing three distinctive categories of
to the rehabilitation of former inmates. strain. GST encompasses the importation model in
hypothesizing that criminal cultural values and affiliations will
This study was guided by three theories: Deprivation Theory, structure the response to the strains of imprisonment. And GST
General Strain Theory, and Albert Bandura’s 4 Principles of incorporates the coping model in its emphasis on how social
Social Learning Theory. This study was anchored on the support, social capital, and human capital can blunt the effects
Deprivation Theory which states or explains the behavior of of potentially criminogenic strains. Finally, GST is sufficiently
inmates inside the jail. It also states their ways on how they broad to include factors (e.g., emotions, self-control) in the
cope up to every situation inside the jail so that they can explanation of prison maladjustment not covered by the three
survive. Ethnographic research on inmate adaptation main models of prison inmate behaviour. In short, GST offers
conducted in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s revealed that a general integrated framework for reconceptualizing our
inmates formed a social system or subculture that served to understanding of prison violence and misconduct. On the other
reduce inmate conflict, provide goods and services denied by hand, from his research, Bandura had formulated four
the administration (e.g., drugs and protection), and insulate principles of Social Learning Theory namely; attention,
them from the harshness of the prison environment (e.g., retention, reproduction and motivation. First, attention says
Clemmer, 1940; Sykes, 1958; Sykes & Messinger, 1960). For that we cannot learn if we are not focused on the task. If we
instance, Sykes (1958) observed that imprisonment coincided see something as being novel or different in some way, we are
with specific environmental and psychological deprivations more likely to make it the focus of their attention. Social
(i.e., autonomy, freedom of movement, access to goods and contexts help to reinforce these perceptions. Secondly,
services, heterosexual relationships, and security), which retention is we learn by internalizing information in our
stimulated the inmate society or subculture as a system of memories. We recall that information later when we are
action that served to alleviate the rigors of incarceration. required to respond to a situation that is similar the situation
Inmate behaviours were explained by how these ‘‘pains of within which we first learned the information. Thirdly,
imprisonment’’ were felt and how inmates prioritized their reproduction is we reproduce previously learned information
needs. Specifically, Sykes observed that inmates took on argot (behaviour, skills, knowledge) when required. However,
roles that were influenced by how they prioritized their needs practice through mental and physical rehearsal often improves
and the degree to which particular environmental our responses. Lastly, motivation is about being motivated to
characteristics inhibited their satisfaction of each need. do anything. Often that motivation originates from our
‘‘Gorillas,’’ for example, were inmates who overcame observation of someone else being rewarded or punished for
deprivations at the expense of other inmates. ‘‘Wolves’’ met something they have done or said. This usually motivates us
their need for sexual relationships by aggressively taking later to do, or avoid doing, the same thing. To sum up
advantage of weaker inmates. ‘‘Punks,’’ in contrast, were everything being discussed in the theories given, it can be
inmates who frequently suffered victimization at the hands of applied since social modelling is a very powerful method of
more aggressive inmates (Sykes, 1958; Sykes & Messinger, education. If children see positive consequences from a
1960). Thus, deprivation theory holds that some inmates, when particular type of behaviour, they are more likely to repeat that
placed in a prison environment that restricts them from behaviour themselves.
9372 International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 11, Issue 01, pp. 9370-9379, January, 2024

Conversely, if negative consequences are the result, they are seem less immediately jarring or obviously pain‐inducing than
less likely to perform that behaviour. Novel and unique executions or torture, they do, in their way, nevertheless
contexts often capture students’ attention, and can stand out in impose suffering. Contrary to the deterrence hypothesis, which
the memory. Students are more motivated to pay attention if claims that longer or harsher terms of imprisonment reduce
they see others around them also paying attention. Another less crime by increasing the costs of offending, inmates may in fact
obvious application of this theory is to encourage students to react to prison pains by closing ranks against correctional
develop their individual self-efficacy through confidence officers and, more broadly, the social order as such, forming an
building and constructive feedback, a concept that is rooted in inmate culture that could result in an elevated commitment to
social learning theory. For instance, these programs could give crime. Greater pains of imprisonment could therefore yield
them a chance to enhance their skills or capabilities which will greater levels of recidivism.
improve the chances of the inmates to become a law abiding
citizen. The program must aim to chain those who want to Sykes was certainly not the first observer of prison life to note
change and recover their previous unlawful behaviour. that correctional institutions were capable of imposing –
According to the conducted research by Barbara E. Varner, D. indeed, in some cases, were intended to impose – extensive
Ed. and Irene C. Baird, D.Ed. of Penn State Harrisburg, social and material pains on their dwellers. In a journalistic
Middletown Pa. based on the journey of a successful ex- account of mid‐nineteenth‐century American life, the English
offender’s personal learning. It states that process for Jonathan, novelist Charles Dickens (1842/1883: 678–679) argued that
the process of change and growth in learning continues to the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania imposed “rigid, strict,
create new avenues of learning for himself and those around and hopeless solitary confinement” with effects that were
him. He discusses how he learned to teach others to teach, to “cruel and wrong.” Dickens observed how social isolation and
be teachable himself; he learned how to form relationships, to material deprivation combined to produce anguish and
have empathy for others and above all and learned to change despondency among inmates; the typical inmate is “a man
and changed to learn. buried alive; to be dug out in the slow round of years … dead
to everything but torturing anxieties and horrible despair.”
To understand more of deprivation, the topic of experiences of Similarly, Henry Mayhew (1862), an English journalist and
former inmate in a now classic ethnographic study of New social critic, pointed out the costs associated with solitary
Jersey State Prison, Gresham M. Sykes (1958/2007) argued confinement in an early tome on London prisons. Mayhew
that five fundamental deprivations characterized daily prison (1862: 127) believed that having one's life “hemmed in by four
life, known collectively as the “pains of imprisonment.” These white walls” resulted in “intense misery,” since inmates were
were the loss of liberty, desirable goods and services, deprived of the powers of autonomous decision‐making and
heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security. According subjected to intense isolation. While very different from the
to Sykes, the sum total of these deprivations explained why mutilation and decapitation imposed by early European penal
inmates found prison life undesirable. Their long‐term effects systems, these institutions showed that the practice of spatial
could be to produce hardened criminal offenders. Under the confinement over extended periods of time resulted in its own
so‐called deprivation model, material and symbolic frustrations set of frustrations and deprivations.
arising out of the prison environment could have criminogenic
effects by compelling inmates to form an oppositional prison Crucially, no objective standard exists by which one can define
culture. Prisons are a relatively recent innovation in human what constitutes cruel, unusual, or inhumane punishment.
history, as Foucault (1977/1995) observed, supplanting the Instead, societies have continuously redefined the legitimacy
previously prevalent forms of punishment that were chiefly of differing forms of punishment, typically through conflicts in
aimed at inflicting physical harm or death, or excluding legislatures, courtrooms, and the media. Lacking consensus on
convicts from society through transportation and banishment. the appropriate scale, scope, and mode of punishment, a broad
With the rise of modern societies, Foucault argued, punishing array of penal measures and concomitant pains have
the soul (that is, the mental life of convicts) took the place of historically been in evidence. While most advanced,
punishing the body. A gradual civilizing process industrialized societies have abandoned capital punishment,
(Elias 1939/2000) has caused a precipitous decline in violence the death penalty remains a legal sentence in a majority of US
of all kinds, including the DE legitimization of violent states. While the Nordic countries have aggressively expanded
confrontations in daily life and the decline in casualties linked the use of minimum security prisons – institutions with few
with warfare. Civilization, in Elias's sense, played a key causal restrictions on inmates' ability to move around freely – the
role in the rise of the penitentiary in place of the gallows or the United States has unfurled super‐maximum security prisons
guillotine. Indeed, the rise of humanitarian ideals and the with very significant limitations placed on personal movement
decline of public willingness to engage in “spectacles of and near‐total solitary confinement. While countries like
suffering,” to borrow a phrase from Spierenburg's (1984) work Brazil, Norway, Portugal, and Spain have shied away from life
on the role of public executions and corporal punishment as imprisonment, the United States and large parts of Europe
morality plays, may have helped shape foundational maintain life imprisonment sentences. And the scale of
documents like the US Constitution and the UN Universal incarceration is widely divergent in various regions of the
Declaration of Human Rights. The Eighth Amendment of the world, from around 700 inmates per 100,000 persons in the
US Constitution prohibits “cruel and unusual punishments.” United States to around 60 inmates per 100,000 persons in
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights bans “torture” and Sweden and Finland in 2012. Clearly then, and against the
“cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” These false universalization of the United Nations Declaration on
documents reveal a growing awareness of the importance of Human Rights, conceptions of inhumaneness are contingent
limiting the corporal pains of punishment in the post and highly variable. To understand further on the General
Enlightenment era. But while most modern states have traded Strain Theory, this theory is support by a study Strain theories
in the branding iron for the jail cell, Sykes's conceptual quintet state that certain strains or stressors increase the likelihood of
reminds social observers that although prison sentences may crime.
9373 Julius T. Ompad et al. Beyond bars: unveiling the transformative life stories of former inmates

These strains lead to negative emotions, such as frustration and Court officials point to the slow disposal of cases due to the
anger. These emotions create pressure for corrective action, lack of trial courts to handle the large volume of cases in
and crime is one possible response. Crime may be used to Mandaue City, which has three Regional Trial Court (RTC)
reduce or escape from strain, seek revenge against the source branches compared to 22 in Cebu City. Bigger detention
of strain or related targets, or alleviate negative emotions. For centers are needed but there’s no budget or inadequate funds.
example, individuals experiencing chronic unemployment may Another factor is the lack of legal representation for many
engage in theft or drug selling to obtain money, seek revenge inmates, who can’t afford to retain a private lawyer to follow
against the person who fired them, or take illicit drugs in an up their court cases. There is also a glaring lack of free legal
effort to feel better. The major versions of strain theory aid volunteers offering their services for accused persons who
describe 1) the particularstrains most likely to lead to crime, 2) are indigent. All inmates in the Mandaue City Jail are
why strains increase crime, and 3) the factors that lead a person detention prisoners that are still waiting for their cases to be
to or dissuade a person from responding to strains with crime. tried and finally resolved. None of them are convicted of the
All strain theories acknowledge that only a minority of strained crime or crimes they are accused of, a fact that the public often
individuals turn to crime. Emile Durkheim developed the first forgets in stereotyping them as “convicts” found guilty of
modern strain theory of crime and deviance, but Merton’s misdeeds. The Mandaue City Jail has been in the top 10 most
classic strain theory and its offshoots came to dominate congested jails nationwide for at least a decade. It was taken
criminology during the middle part of the 20th century. Classic off only last year after a new facility was added but the jail still
strain theory focuses on that type of strain involving the has an excess of over 1,000 inmates. As of March 2015, the
inability to achieve monetary success or the somewhat broader San Jose District Jail in Occidental Mindoro is the most
goal of middle-class status. Classic strain theory fell into overcrowded jail in the country with an excess of 1,825
decline during the 1970s and 1980s, partly because research inmates. BJMP officials were forced to build an additional
appeared to challenge it. There were several attempts to revise three-storey building within the compound of the Mandaue
strain theory, most arguing that crime may result from the City Jail to address the congestion. Even with the new facility,
inability to achieve a range of goals—not just monetary which can hold up to 40 prisoners, the situation is still tight.
success or middle-class status. Robert Agnew developed his “The number of inmates in the Mandaue City Jail just
general strain theory (GST) in 1992, and it has since become increases year after year,” said Jail Senior Inspector Brian Roy
the leading version of strain theory and one of the major Mercado. He served as a senior deputy jail warden until he was
theories of crime. GST focuses on a broad range of strains, transferred to Cebu City last April 1. Mandaue City’s jail used
including the inability to achieve a variety of goals, the loss of to be located in the police station near the City Hall in
valued possessions, and negative treatment by others. GST has Barangay Centro. In 1993, BJMP constructed the Mandaue
been applied to a range of topics, including the explanation of City Jail in Barangay Looc about two kilometers from the
gender, race/ethnicity, age, community, and societal center of the city.
differences in crime rates. It has also been applied to many
types of crime and deviance, including corporate crime, police The researchers carefully chose five informants who could
deviance, bullying, suicide, terrorism, and eating disorders. provide their individual experiences by answering the
Much evidence suggests that the strains identified by GST questions provided in the study. They also took responsibility,
increase the likelihood of crime, although the predictions of willingness, and showed interest in accomplishing the survey.
GST aboutthe types of people most likely to respond to these Total of five participants for this qualitative study, and the
strains with crime have received less support. interview was classified into two sets. The in-depth interview
was participated in by two informants, and the second set was
MATERIALS AND METHODS for the focus group discussion, which was participated in by
the remaining three informants. The participants of this study
The researchers utilized a subjective strategy for inquiry about were former inmates in Mandaue City Jail. For this research,
utilizing phenomenological look into the experiences of former the research interview guide for an in-depth interview and
inmates; follow up question will be made in a meeting guide focus group discussion was used for the individual interviews
question diving into the educational encounters of the former for them to answer during the actual interview date scheduled.
inmate. A qualitative research like this is the most suitable and The research used an interview guide containing open ended
appropriate, that is the qualitative phenomenological research. questions. The researchers also used a note for transcription to
This study was conducted in the City of Mandaue. The city has write the responses of the participants in addition to voice
a land area of 34.87 km2 (13.46 sq. mi.), which is one of the recorder that recorded their responses during the interview.
cities in Region 7 or the Central Visayas located right at the There was a transcript of the interview that was made as a part
heart of the province of Cebu. The City of Mandaue is one of of the appendices.
the two highly urbanized cities in the region, the other one
being the City of Cebu. The original facility had 36 detention Research Procedures
cells, enough space for the population at the time. Bureau of
Jail and Management and Penology built an annex after Data Collection: The information was assembled through
noticing an increase in the jail population. An infirmary was meeting on voice recording to the participants. The informant
added to house 30 inmates. Within a decade, the population was requested to answer the questions genuinely, totally and
shot up. In 2009, there were 669 inmates. Today the number were given letter and assent from expressing that the individual
has ballooned to 1,113. (Mayol, 2015). Mandaue city’s jail has was educated of examination.
the worst record. Congestion is more than ten-fold.The jail’s
male dormitory tops the list with 1,113 detainees. The facility Data Analysis: In this examination, the recordings made
was designed for 95 inmates. Some inmates just squat on the during the data collection were transcribed and analyzed. The
floor and lean their heads on the steel bars to catch some sleep. researchers identified major themes of the examination
responses according to themes and categories.
9374 International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 11, Issue 01, pp. 9370-9379, January, 2024

The response of each informant during the in-depth interview the participants’ narratives and words rather than potential
and focus group discussion was presented in the transcription. researcher biases.

Ethical Consideration. For this, the researchers ensured that RESULTS

during and after the conduct of the study, research informants
should not be subjected to harm in any ways. Also, respect for The date gathered were thoroughly reviewed and read many
the dignity of research informants was also prioritized. On the times in order to acquire the exact answers of the sub-
other hand, an informed consent form was signed by the problems. Significant statement was extracted from the
informants in order to know their rights before the conduct of informant’s transcripts pertaining to the research phenomena.
the study. The signed form included the voluntary participation Formulated meanings from significant statements are
to the interview and to answer the questions according to their developed into clusters. There were seventeen clustered themes
satisfaction. Also, after the collection of data, the researchers created from the formulated meanings. The data were divided
cinched an adequate level of confidentiality of the research into three parts: the experiences of informants, the impacts of
data. Anonymity of individuals participating in research was experiences and the coping of the informant’s situation while
also ensured. Hence, to justify that the researchers have inside the jail. In the experience of the informants, the
address the ethical consideration aspect of this study, the researchers formulated two emergent themes, these were:
following information was clearly stipulated in some section of Facing the consequences and Respect begets respect. In the
this, to with; voluntary participation of informants in the impacts of experiences, the researchers formulated another two
research is important , the use of offensive, discriminatory, or emergent themes, these were: Trust and Believe in Him and
other unacceptable language needs to be avoided in the Today is a chance to be good. Lastly, in the coping of
formulation of question/interview / focus group interview informant’s situation while inside the jail, the researchers
questions , privacy and anonymity or informants is of a developed three themes which are: Be Humble, Lesson learned
paramount importance, acknowledgement of works of others and Obedient is the key. These seven themes mentioned were
authors used in any part of the study, maintenance of the developed from the responses of the sub-questions of the
highest level of objectivity in discussions and analysis experiences of the former inmates in Mandaue City Jail.
throughout the research.
The experience of the informants
Trustworthiness: Trustworthiness was consisted of four
different components — credibility: the validity of the There were two emergent themes that recalled the experiences
findings; transferability: the applicability of the findings in of the informants during their stay in Mandaue City Jail.
other contexts; dependability: reliability of the findings at
another time; and confirmability: objectivity of the researcher Confronting the Aftermath - The researchers delved into the
while carrying out his/her research. The combination of these data collected concerning the experiences of the informants
four terms constitutes towards the trustworthiness criteria, thus during their time in prison. A predominant aspect of their
forming conventional pillars for qualitative methodology narratives revolved around grappling with the repercussions of
(Phillimore and Goodson, 2004). Credibility was the first their actions that ultimately landed them behind bars.
aspect, or criterion, that must be established. It is seen as the
most important aspect or measure in establishing According to Informant 1: Locked away in those walls, each
trustworthiness because credibility essentially asks the passing day was a stark reminder of the consequences I had to
researchers to clearly link the research study’s findings with face. The solitude forced me to confront my own actions, the
reality in order to demonstrate the truth of the research choices that led me here. It was a journey of self-reflection, a
findings. The researchers also established transferability by struggle to accept and learn from the aftermath of my
providing a robust and detailed account of his experiences decisions. In that confined space, I had no choice but to face
during data collection. The researchers made explicit the consequences head-on, a process that ultimately became
connections to the cultural and social contexts that surround the crucible for personal transformation.
data collection. This means talking about where the interviews
occurred the general setup of the environment and other Statement from Informant 2 and 3 having the same thoughts:
aspects of data collection that help provide a richer and fuller Prison became a mirror reflecting the price I paid for the
understanding of the research setting. Thus, constitutes to the choices I made. It was a tough, humbling experience, but
idea that the research study’s findings could be applicable to within those consequences, I found the strength to change.
other contexts, situations, times, and populations.
Dependability on the other hand was also important to Navigating Respect in Confinement - The data analysis shed
trustworthiness because it establishes the research study’s light on the paramount importance of respecting jail officers to
findings as consistent and repeatable. The researchers aimed to maintain a semblance of peace within the incarcerated
verify that their findings are consistent with the raw data they community. The researchers recognized the challenges in this
collected, making sure that if some other researchers were to regard, acknowledging the varied perspectives held by both
look over the data, they would arrive at similar findings, inmates and officers. While the principle of mutual respect
interpretations, and conclusions about the data. This is prevailed as an ideal, the researchers observed instances where
important to make sure that there was not anything missed in this delicate balance was disrupted. As the researchers
the research study, or that the researchers were not sloppy or navigated through the narratives, a nuanced revelation
misguided in their final report. Conformability was the last surfaced: not all officers perceived inmates uniformly. A
criterion of trustworthiness that the researchers have spectrum existed, ranging from officers who saw inmates as
established in this study. This criterion has to do with the level inherently 'bad' individuals to those adept at understanding the
of confidence that the research study’s findings are based on behavioral complexities.
9375 Julius T. Ompad et al. Beyond bars: unveiling the transformative life stories of former inmates

The dichotomy between good and bad officers became evident, The theme underscored the importance of treasuring the
painting a textured portrayal of the environment within the present, a pivotal juncture to redefine one's trajectory and
correctional facility. The following statements, drawn from the embrace a life characterized by goodness and virtue.The
rich tapestry of inmate experiences, encapsulate the dichotomy researcher noted a collective wisdom within the informants,
of respect within prison walls, where the theme unfolds acknowledging that mistakes, while shaping resilience, also
through the lens of diverse interactions with jail officers serve as catalysts for personal growth. The narratives resonated
with the idea that learning from errors fosters strength and
The jail guards treat us fine, they didn’t abuse us and they resilience, enabling individuals to appreciate the goodness life
gave us our rights as human being, they treat us has to offer. Informant 4's poignant statement further
fairly.IDII4:SS67 illuminated this perspective, showcasing the transformative
power embedded in the understanding that each day presents
Another statement is from focus group discussion informant an opportunity for positive change.
number 1 states that:
To change, now that I have the chance to be released I
They are all good; you just need to follow their rules so should continue to be a good person. IDII4:SS71
that you will not be punished.FGD1:SS7
Another statement is from informant 5:
A statement from informant 2 from focus group discussion
states some the negative side of the jail officer: To follow the rules just like doing my assign task. Each one
of us should do the assign task so that we will not be
But there are some bad officers who don’t know how to punished.IDII5:SS82
approach inmates because when they saw inmates they
automatically think that we are a bad person. FGD2:SS8 The coping of informants’ situation while inside the jail:
Digging out the responses of the coping of informant’s
The impacts of experiences in the lives of the informants situation while inside the jail. The researcher formulated three
emergent themes which are: Embracing Humility and
Transformative Power of Faith - In exploring the profound Transformative Wisdom Through Life's Lesson.
impacts of experiences on the lives of the informants, a
compelling theme emerged: 'Trust and Believe in Him.' The Embracing Humility: The researcher meticulously delved
researchers meticulously analyzed the data, unveiling a into the narratives, extracting a collective understanding that
narrative thread that underscored the transformative power of underscores the transformative power of humility. This theme
faith in navigating the complexities of life within and beyond radiates the essence of staying grounded, fostering mutual
prison walls." respect, and navigating life with a profound sense of self-
awareness.The researcher observed a collective encouragement
"As the informants shared their journeys, a consistent pattern within the narratives, urging individuals to be the best version
emerged - the pivotal role of faith, particularly a steadfast trust of themselves. The theme resonates with the idea that true
and belief in a higher power, in steering them towards the right greatness lies in humility, a virtue that not only connects
path amid the crucible of suffering and regrets. The researchers individuals but also paves the way for a more harmonious and
observed a remarkable resilience in the face of significant interconnected society. Just like informant 4 which stated that.
challenges, where the informants turned to prayer as an anchor, It is a big help for a person to lower his/her pride.IDII4:SS72
acknowledging their blessings even amidst adversity.
Just like what informant 5 said:
To attend the religious activities inside the jail, like hearing
the living word I learned how to trust the Lord which I fail It is already enough lesson for me to be in jail, I will never do
to feel when I was still outside, when I was in jail I started bad things again now that I am already released.IDII5:SS83
to pray and become closer to the Lord. IDII5:SS81
Transformative Wisdom Through Life's Lessons: The
Another is from informant 4 which stated that: researcher navigated through the data, revealing a collective
understanding that transcends the confines of incarceration.
In terms of religion, yes we do believe before but not that This theme encapsulates the invaluable wisdom gained by the
heartedly, maybe it is from the heart but not that full and informants through the crucible of their experiences within the
solid that you give him time. IDII4:SS70 jail, illustrating a transformative journey fueled by resilience
and self-discovery.The narratives underscore the informants'
Another is from focus group discussion which stated that: commitment to utilizing their past experiences as guiding
lights, illuminating the path to a better, more virtuous life upon
Here outside we ignore the Bible, while inside the jail reentering society. The researcher uncovered a collective belief
because of boredom we prayed and read the Bible and that each trial, no matter how arduous, contributes to the
learned about the word of the Lord. FGD1:SS27 intricate tapestry of their personal development, providing
profound insights that act as beacons for their future
Seizing Opportunities for Positive Change: As the endeavors. These are the statements of informant 4 that will
informants shared their experiences, a recurrent motif support the theme and these are the following:
emerged, highlighting a newfound sense of caution in every
action. The researchers discerned a shared commitment among Inside the jail there are rules that must be followed; jail
the informants to be exemplary citizens, steering clear of paths officers also have rules to help inmates to change so that
that could lead them back to incarceration.
9376 International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 11, Issue 01, pp. 9370-9379, January, 2024

someday when they are reintegrated into the community On the other hand, the prisoner rights movement also
they will be fully reformed. IDII4:SS74 highlighted that prison conditions can impact inmate life, and
researchers still recognize the importance of environmental
Another statement is from informant 5: influences on inmates’ need satisfaction and adjustment.
Scholars have discussed the psychological aspects of
The activities inside the jail that I have learned is to follow adjustment, with a specific focus on prisoner needs (e.g.,
and obey the rules inside, because if you violate the rules personal control) and the consequences of hindering need
you will receive a punishment. IDII5:SS85 satisfaction (e.g., violence; Goodstein, MacKenzie, &
Shotland, 1984; Toch, 1977; Wright, 1985, 1991). As a result,
DISCUSSION some researchers have continued to examine the relevance of
environmental characteristics of prisons (e.g., crowding and
This study utilized the qualitative method and employed the prison architecture) for predicting victimization based on the
phenomenological approach. The data gathered was compatibility of these predictors with deprivation theory.
thoroughly read and reviewed many times to obtain vital General Strain TheoryExplanations of prison violence and
informations for the description of the experiences of the other forms of misconduct have been dominated by three
informants. Accordingly, the research analyzed the data using competing models: (a) the deprivation model, (b) the
the Colaizzi’s method. The siginificant statement were importation model, and (c) the coping model. We propose that
extracted from the informant’s transcript that is relevant to the these three seemingly competing models can be integrated
research phenomena Formulated meanings were created from within Agnew’s general strain theory (GST). GST enriches the
the significant statements and put together into cluster. There deprivation model by revealing three distinctive categories of
were seventeen (17) cluster themes created from formulated strain. GST encompasses the importation model in
meanings. From the cluster themes, the researcher developed hypothesizing that criminal cultural values and affiliations will
seven (7) emergent themes. The emergent themes responded structure the response to the strains of imprisonment. And GST
and answers the sub problems specifically the experiences, incorporates the coping model in its emphasis on how social
impacts, and coping of the informant’s situation while inside support, social capital, and human capital can blunt the effects
the jail. The result of this study is supported by the anchor of potentially criminogenic strains. Finally, GST is sufficiently
theory which is Deprivation Theory it is an ethnographic broad to include factors (e.g., emotions, self-control) in the
research on inmate adaptation conducted in the 1940s, 1950s, explanation of prison maladjustment not covered by the three
and 1960s revealed that inmates formed a social system or main models of prison inmate behaviour. In short, GST offers
subculture that served to reduce inmate conflict, provide goods a general integrated framework for reconceptualising our
and services denied by the administration (e.g., drugs and understanding of prison violence and misconduct.
protection), and insulate them from the harshness of the prison
environment (e.g., Clemmer, 1940; Sykes, 1958; Sykes & On the other hand, from his research, Bandura had formulated
Messinger, 1960). For instance, Sykes (1958) observed that four principles ofSocial Learning Theory namely; attention,
imprisonment coincided with specific environmental and retention, reproduction and motivation. First, attention says
psychological deprivations (i.e., autonomy, freedom of that we cannot learn if we are not focused on the task. If we
movement, access to goods and services, heterosexual see something as being novel or different in some way, we are
relationships, and security), which stimulated the inmate more likely to make it the focus of their attention. Social
society or subculture as a system of action that served to contexts help to reinforce these perceptions. Secondly,
alleviate the rigors of incarceration. retention is we learn by internalizing information in our
memories. We recall that information later when we are
Inmate behaviours were explained by how these ‘‘pains of required to respond to a situation that is similar the situation
imprisonment’’ were felt and how inmates prioritized their within which we first learned the information. Thirdly,
needs. Specifically, Sykes observed that inmates took on argot reproduction is we reproduce previously learned information
roles that were influenced by how they prioritized their needs (behaviour, skills, knowledge) when required. However,
and the degree to which particular environmental practice through mental and physical rehearsal often improves
characteristics inhibited their satisfaction of each need. our responses. Lastly, motivation is about being motivated to
‘‘Gorillas,’’ for example, were inmates who overcame do anything. Often that motivation originates from our
deprivations at the expense of other inmates. ‘‘Wolves’’ met observation of someone else being rewarded or punished for
their need for sexual relationships by aggressively taking something they have done or said. This usually motivates us
advantage of weaker inmates. ‘‘Punks,’’ in contrast, were later to do, or avoid doing, the same thing. To sum up
inmates who frequently suffered victimization at the hands of everything being discussed in the theories given, it can be
more aggressive inmates (Sykes, 1958; Sykes & Messinger, applied since social modelling is a very powerful method of
1960). Thus, deprivation theory holds that some inmates, when education. If children see positive consequences from a
placed in a prison environment that restricts them from particular type of behaviour, they are more likely to repeat that
satisfying certain needs, may suffer victimization at the hands behaviour themselves. Conversely, if negative consequences
of other inmates who use illegitimate alternatives to obtain are the result, they are less likely to perform that behaviour.
need satisfaction (Clemmer, 1940; Sykes, 1958; Sykes & Novel and unique contexts often capture students’ attention,
Messinger, 1960). The relevance of the deprivation and can stand out in the memory. Students are more motivated
perspective may have diminished over time because many of to pay attention if they see others around them also paying
the environmental deprivations described by scholars such as attention. Another less obvious application of this theory is to
Clemmer (1940) and Sykes (1958) were lessened as a result of encourage students to develop their individual self-efficacy
the prisoner rights movement and the evolution of prisons from through confidence building and constructive feedback, a
closed to more open systems (Irwin, 1980; Jacobs, 1977, concept that is rooted in social learning theory.
1980).
9377 Julius T. Ompad et al. Beyond bars: unveiling the transformative life stories of former inmates

For instance these programs could give them a chance to emphasizing its significance in fostering unity within the
enhance their skills or capabilities which will improve the confined environment. Regardless of their backgrounds or the
chances of the inmates to become a law abiding citizen. The circumstances that led them to incarceration, each informant
program must aim to chain those who want to change and voiced a fundamental human right – the right to be treated with
recover their previous unlawful behaviour. According to the dignity and respect. The narratives served as a poignant
conducted research by Barbara E. Varner, D. Ed. and Irene C. reminder that respect is not just a courteous gesture; it is the
Baird, D.Ed. of Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown Pa. based bedrock upon which a harmonious and supportive community
on the journey of a successful ex-offender’s personal learning. is built. The Kantian theory, a philosophical perspective that
It states that process for Jonathan, the process of change and has withstood the test of time, aligns seamlessly with the
growth in learning continues to create new avenues of learning informants' plea for respect. Immanuel Kant's assertion that
for himself and those around him. He discusses how he learned human beings possess 'an intrinsic worth, i.e., dignity' that
to teach others to teach, to be teachable himself; he learned transcends monetary value resonates profoundly with the
how to form relationships, to have empathy for others and experiences shared by the informants. Kant, standing in a long
above all and learned to change and changed to learn. line of thinkers, believed in the exceptional nature of
humanity. According to this perspective, humans hold a unique
Experiences of the informants position, and their intrinsic worth demands recognition and
acknowledgment. Contrary to this elevated view of human
Confronting the Aftermath - Delving into the narratives of the dignity, the informants' experiences highlighted the stark
informants unveils a profound exploration of life's contrast in how some jail officers perceived and treated them.
consequences. Each informant bore the weight of their past The Kantian principle, if applied universally, could serve as a
actions, acknowledging the repercussions of their wrongful guiding force in reshaping the interactions within correctional
deeds. Their experiences within the confines of incarceration facilities. By recognizing the intrinsic worth of every
stood as a poignant testimony to the payments required for the individual, irrespective of their past, the correctional system
choices made. The informants candidly expressed their could take significant strides towards fostering an environment
disappointment and the emotional toll of facing consequences rooted in respect, understanding, and the belief in the potential
that were neither easy nor forgiving. Despite the daunting for positive transformation.
challenges, they exhibited resilience, emerging from the
shadows of their past into a realm of strength and personal Impacts of experiences in the lives of the informants
growth.
Transformative Power of Faith - The transformative power of
The words of E.A Bucchianeri resonate profoundly with the faith is a profound force that reverberates through the lives of
experiences of the informants, echoing the sentiment that those who believe. Trusting in the divine will of God brings
wisdom today safeguards against tears tomorrow. The forth blessings and orchestrates the alignment of everything in
narratives underscore the importance of thoughtful its destined place. Patience becomes a virtue as we navigate
consideration and foresight in actions, recognizing that every the intricate tapestry of life, knowing that every challenge has
decision carries inherent consequences. The informants' a solution and every question finds its answer in the divine
journey becomes a powerful illustration of the transformative plan. Anchored in the unwavering goodness of God,
potential found in adversity. The notion of being wise and a individuals are called to carry out their endeavors with a
good thinker before acting takes center stage in the informants' profound reverence for the Lord and a commitment to
reflections. The narrative aligns with the wisdom encapsulated goodness. As acclaimed journalist, producer, and author
in the quote, emphasizing the significance of making informed Germany Kent aptly puts it, 'Never give up hope. All things are
choices to avoid becoming a source of personal regret. The working for your good. One day, you’ll look back on
informants, having faced the consequences of their actions, everything you’ve been through and thank God for it.' This
advocate for a conscientious approach to decision-making, sentiment underscores the resilience embedded in the fabric of
urging individuals to think twice and, in doing so, chart a faith. Embracing the challenges with unwavering trust in God's
course toward a more positive and fulfilling future. In essence, plan, one transcends adversities and emerges on the other side
the discussion encapsulates the universal truth that life's with gratitude for the miraculous journey. Kent's words serve
journey is interwoven with choices and consequences. Through as a testament to the transformative nature of faith, where each
the lens of the informants' experiences, the discussion becomes trial becomes a stepping stone, and every tribulation unfolds as
a poignant reminder of the transformative power embedded in a testament to God's benevolence.
thoughtful decision-making, steering one away from the
shadows of regret and towards a future bathed in newfound Prayer becomes the conduit through which one communicates
wisdom. with the divine, and the fear of the Lord becomes the guiding
principle in every action. With God, as the source of strength
Navigating Respect in Confinement - As the researchers and guidance, individuals find solace in the midst of chaos and
meticulously examined the responses provided by the assurance in the face of uncertainty. The call to 'pray and wait'
informants, a disconcerting revelation emerged – some jail encapsulates the essence of this transformative journey, where
officers failed to treat inmates with the respect they deserved. faith transforms challenges into opportunities and patiently
The informants recounted instances where certain officers awaits the divine unfolding of a greater, purposeful plan. In
viewed them through a lens of judgment, branding them as this sacred journey of faith, everything is not only fine but
inherently bad individuals. This perspective shed light on a divinely orchestrated, leading to a profound sense of gratitude
critical issue within the correctional system – the importance for the miracles bestowed upon those who trust and believe.
of recognizing the inherent worth of every individual,
regardless of their past actions. The essence of respect became Seizing Opportunities for Positive Change - The overarching
a prevailing theme in the narratives, with the informants theme encourages a conscious departure from the shackles of
9378 International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 11, Issue 01, pp. 9370-9379, January, 2024

the past, recognizing it as a valuable lesson, and advocates a knowledge. These lessons, akin to treasures gleaned from the
resolute focus on the present moment. Amidst the complexities journey of life, offer profound insights that prepare individuals
of societal existence, the imperative to be a virtuous, reliable, for the next set of challenges that lie ahead. The notion that
and contributive member underscores the essence of 'lesson learned is a great idea for you to be ready and be wise'
meaningful living. The ongoing journey invites individuals to encapsulates the transformative power inherent in extracting
adapt to their societal milieu, embracing roles as active wisdom from one's experiences. It is through these lessons that
followers, attentive listeners, and continually evolving into individuals not only gain practical knowledge but also acquire
better versions of themselves. the foresight and discernment necessary for navigating the
complexities of life. Drawing inspiration from the words of
As articulated by Eckhart Tolle, a revered spiritual teacher and Julius Caesar, 'Experience is the best teacher,' reinforces the
author from Canada, 'Realize deeply that the present moment idea that experiences, both positive and challenging, are
is all you have. Make the NOW the primary focus of your life.' indispensable instructors in the school of life. They offer a
This profound insight emphasizes the transformative power firsthand understanding of what it means to face adversity, find
embedded in the present moment. The call to focus on the now solutions, and dispense advice rooted in lived encounters. The
becomes a guiding principle, steering individuals towards a caveat to approach experiences with caution underscores the
heightened awareness of the opportunities for positive change nuanced nature of learning – while experience is a teacher,
that exist in every unfolding moment. Tolle's wisdom serves as prudent reflection and discernment are essential to distill the
a beacon, urging individuals to anchor themselves in the true wisdom embedded within.
present, recognizing it as the epicenter of transformative
potential. In essence, the theme encourages a proactive stance CONCLUSION
in navigating life's journey, seizing every opportunity for
positive change. The unfolding days offer a canvas for In conclusion, this study delved into the multifaceted aspects
personal growth, societal integration, and the relentless pursuit of the experiences of former inmates in Mandaue City Jail,
of becoming a better, more enlightened individual. Embracing unraveling a tapestry woven with resilience, transformation,
the philosophy that the present moment is a gateway to and the indomitable human spirit. The thematic exploration
transformation, individuals are empowered to shape their navigated through the consequences of actions, the dynamics
destinies, instigate positive change, and contribute of respect within the correctional facility, the transformative
meaningfully to the tapestry of their existence. power of faith, embracing humility, seizing opportunities for
positive change, and the wisdom derived from life's lessons.
Coping of informant’s situation while inside the jail First and foremost, the findings underscored the profound
impact of consequences on the lives of the informants. The
Embracing Humility - In the intricate tapestry of life, discipline experiences within the correctional facility were construed as a
emerges as a guiding force, shaping how individuals navigate form of payment for past transgressions. Despite facing
the complexities of their circumstances. A profound disappointment and downheartedness, the former inmates
understanding of proper conduct becomes the bedrock upon exhibited remarkable strength, choosing resilience and
which one can build responses to various situations. This facet personal growth over despair. The study resonates with the
of personal development underscores the importance of self- profound wisdom encapsulated in the words of E.A.
awareness – an intimate knowledge of one's strengths, Bucchianeri, urging individuals to be wise today to forestall
weaknesses, and the nuances of one's character. Discipline, tears tomorrow. It accentuates the importance of thoughtful
coupled with the virtues of respect and humility, stands as decision-making, advocating for responsible citizenship and
formidable weaponry against the adversities that life unfolds. the avoidance of regretful actions. Furthermore, the discussion
The interplay between self-respect and external respect shed light on the nuances of interactions between inmates and
becomes a pivotal dynamic that dictates the tone of every jail officers, emphasizing the paramount importance of mutual
interaction. An insightful quote from an anonymous source respect. While some officers were perceived as not handling
resonates with this sentiment: 'Your relationship with yourself inmates well, the study evoked Immanuel Kant's philosophy,
sets the tone for every other relationship you have.' This stressing the intrinsic worth and dignity of every individual.
dictum encapsulates the profound influence that personal The Kantian perspective challenges the notion that humans are
comportment wields on the broader relational landscape. merely instruments serving specific purposes and underscores
Essentially, the discussion underscores the transformative the universal right to be treated with respect. This insight
power embedded in humility. By cultivating discipline, advocates for a paradigm shift in correctional facilities,
understanding oneself, and nurturing an ethos of respect, fostering an environment where respect is reciprocal,
individuals become architects of harmonious relationships. The irrespective of an individual's past.
call to 'compose oneself and be a person of value and virtue'
emerges as an anthem, encouraging individuals to be conduits The thematic exploration also unveiled the transformative
of positivity and fruitful interactions within the spheres of power of faith, with informants attesting to the solace,
family and friendship. In essence, embracing humility becomes guidance, and strength derived from their beliefs. Germany
a catalyst for personal growth and the creation of meaningful Kent's poignant quote serves as a beacon of hope, urging
connections with others. individuals never to give up and affirming that all experiences,
no matter how challenging, work for their ultimate good. The
Transformative Wisdom Through Life's Lesson - Within the findings align with the profound message that with faith, one
intricate fabric of life's tapestry, every circumstance and can overcome adversity, find gratitude in the midst of trials,
experience unveil invaluable lessons, serving as the crucible in and experience the transformative miracles that life has to
which transformative wisdom is forged. Each challenge, each offer.Additionally, the study highlighted the theme of seizing
triumph, becomes a chapter in the grand narrative of personal opportunities for positive change, encouraging former inmates
growth, contributing to an ever-expanding reservoir of to focus on the present and become valuable contributors to
9379 Julius T. Ompad et al. Beyond bars: unveiling the transformative life stories of former inmates

society. The words of Eckhart Tolle resonated, emphasizing Comparative Analyses Across Correctional Facilities:
the significance of embracing the present moment as the Another avenue for future research involves conducting
primary focus of life. This theme advocates for a mindset shift, comparative analyses across different correctional facilities to
urging individuals to leave behind the baggage of the past and identify variations in rehabilitation practices and their
actively engage in the opportunities for positive change that outcomes. By studying institutions with diverse approaches,
the present affords. Embracing humility emerged as a key researchers can pinpoint successful models and practices that
theme, emphasizing the transformative power of discipline, contribute to positive inmate transformation. This comparative
self-awareness, and respect. The study echoes the sentiment approach can provide valuable insights for policymakers,
that one's relationship with oneself sets the tone for all other correctional administrators, and practitioners seeking evidence-
relationships. The anonymous quote employed in the based strategies for fostering inmate rehabilitation and
discussion accentuates the ripple effect of personal values and reducing recidivism rates.
behavior, asserting that one's conduct reverberates through all
other relationships, thereby emphasizing the importance of CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT: The authors
humility and good manners. Finally, the discussion declare that they have no conflict of interest.
encapsulated the transformative wisdom derived from life's
lessons. The experiences within the correctional facility were FUNDING STATEMENT: The research was funded by
framed not merely as punitive measures but as profound University of Cebu Research Office.
opportunities for growth and learning. The words of Julius
Caesar resonated, underscoring the invaluable nature of REFERENCES
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IMPLICATION FOR FUTURE STUDIES -9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0005.xml

Exploring Long-Term Effects of Correctional Programs:

Future studies could delve into the long-term effects of various
correctional programs and interventions on individuals post-
release. This would involve tracking the reintegration
experiences of former inmates over an extended period,
assessing the sustained impact of rehabilitation efforts, and
identifying factors contributing to successful community
reintegration. Understanding the durability of positive changes
can inform the refinement of existing programs and the
development of new, effective initiatives.

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