CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
- It is the art which deals with the identity and location of the criminal offender and the gathering
and providing evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
- It is the systematic method of inquiry that is more a science than an art. The logic of scientific
method must however, be supplemented by the investigator’s initiative and resourcefulness. The
sequence of the investigation should be regarded by scientific operating framework that requires
improvising on the part of the investigation.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - Is an ART or SCIENCE?
RART- based on intuition, felicity of inspiration or by chance
SCIENCE- Based on adequate professional preparation and abundance of certain qualities.
INTERVIEW
- a non-accusatory, structured interview during which specific behavior-provoking questions are
asked with the purpose of eliciting interpretable behavior that is typical of innocence or guilt.
INTERROGATION
- a conversation between the interrogator and suspect, during which the suspect is accused of
involvement in a particular incident or group of incidents.
WITNESS
- an individual who can provide direct or indirect evidence to the case. This individual may or may
not be providing truthful information and may or may not be the victim.
INTERVIEWER
- an individual skilled in the interview and interrogation process and in the interpretation of verbal
and physical behavior.
SUSPECT
- any individual within the scope of the case who has not yet been cleared by the investigation. A
suspect under this definition can be either truthful or untruthful
THREE-FOLD AIMS of INVESTIGATION
A. To Identify the suspect
B. To located the suspect: and
C. To provide evidence of his guilt
SIX CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION
WHAT?
WHO?
WHERE?
WHEN?
WHY?
HOW?
THREE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION 3 I’s
INFORMATION- It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from
persons or document which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of a crime or criminal
activities
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION
Regular Source- Records, files from government or non- government agencies and news items
Cultivated Sources- Information furnished by informants or informers
Grape Vine Sources – These are information coming from the underworld characters
INTERVIEW, INTEROGATION OR FIELD INQUIRY- it is the process of questioning witnesses or
interrogating suspect to obtain further information
GOLDER RULE IN CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW
“Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the interviewer has not gone to the crime scene”
INTERVIEW OF WITNESS
QUALITIES OF A GOOD INTERVIEWER
1. Rapport
2. Forceful personality
3. Knowledge of human behavior
4. Conversational tone of voice
5. Common interests
6. Acting qualities
7. humility
COGNITIVE INTERVIEW- it is a form or technique in conducting of interview upon willing and cooperative witness,
where they are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without intervention, interruption and
interference from the interviewer
INTERVIEW FORMAT (IRONIC)
1. IDENTITY- An investigator should identify him/herself first byname, rank and agency.
2. RAPPORT- the investigator mush establish good inter- personal relationship with the witness
3. OPENNING STATEMENT- the investigator must explain why the witness is being contacted
4. NARRATION- Allowing the witness to present in a narrative form without injecting question. This will allow the
continuity and clearness, range of interview is broadened and it helps the interviewee recall and relate event in
their proper order
5. INQUIRY- after the witness has told story, the investigator can make clarifying inquiries
a. Dominate the interview. Be careful not to allow the interviewee to be the one asking question
b. Do not rumble. Have a reason for every question asked
c. Follow the order of time and bring out the facts in that order this Technique is calleds “CHRONOLOGICAL
QUESTIONING” and considered the easiest as people tend to think in terms of what happened first, second then so
on. The interview should go step by step in learning all the details concerning the planning and commission of
crime and what happened after it was committed.
D. Exhaust each topic before moving on to the next
E. determine the basis for each material statement. It might be hearsay
f. Keep your question simple and understandable
g. The danger of leading and misleading question should be borne in mind. A question which suggest to the witness
the answer which the interviewer desires is a LEADING QUESTION.
Question which assume material facts that have not been proven are MISLEADING QUESTION
h. wait for the answer to one question before asking a second question
i. Ask important question in the same tome of voice as unimportant ones
j. As a rule, avoid tricking or bluffing questions
k. Where it is necessary to inquire into the past history of the interviewee involving something unpleasant, It is
wise to use introduction remarks deploring the need for the question and saying that it is one of the unpleasant
but necessary duty of the officer
6. CONCLUSION- the interview should be concluded when the witness has nothing pertinent to offer
a. before closing the interview the law enforcer should make a mental check of the purpose of the
interview and should analyze what he has learned, then decide whether he has attained his objectives.
He should be guided in this respect by the W’s and 1 h
b. The interviewee should always leave the door open for re- interview
INTEROGATION
- it is a skillful questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or of a person
who is reluctant to make a full disclosure of information in his possession which is pertinent to
the investigation.
- It is a vigorous and confrontational questioning of a suspect about his participation in a crime
FACTUAL APPROACH
- It requires an extensive investigation into the circumstances surrounding the incident and the
activities of the suspect.
EMOTIONAL APPROACH
- the interrogator confronts the subject not on the circumstances or details surrounding his
involvement in the issue, but rather on the reasons that the subject did what he did.
SYMPATHETIC APPROACH
- The suspect might need the feel of sympathy or friendship. Gesture of friendship might win his
cooperation
KINDNESS
- The suspect might cooperate when the investigator shows them kindness
EXTENUATION
- The investigator make the suspect believe that the offense was never his fault but only of his
indiscretion
SHIFTING THE BLAME
- The interrogator makes clear his belief that the subject is obviously not the sort of person who
usually gets mixed up in a crime like this. The interrogator could tell from the start that he was
not dealing with felloe who is a criminal by nature and choice. The trouble with the suspect lies
in his little weakness, he likes liquor, perhaps or he is excessive fond with girls or he has had a
bad run of luck in gambling
MUTT and JEFF
- Two agents are employed, Mutt as a relentless investigator who is not going to waste anytime
because he knows the subject is guilty and on the other hand Jeff is the kind hearted man who
seek to help the suspect.
THREE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION 3 I’s
INSTRUMENTATION- it is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police science in criminal
investigation and detection
EXAMPLE OF INTRUMENTATION IN INVESTIGATION
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
QUESTION DOCUMENT
