REVIEW MATERIALS IN PHIHIS
All Lessons in class will be covered in the Midterm Exam
Here are six key points that students studying Philippine History should remember about the
Malolos Constitution:
1. Prominent Writers: The Malolos Constitution was drafted primarily by Felipe Calderón y Roca,
with contributions from other notable figures like Apolinario Mabini and members of the
Malolos Congress. It was influenced by democratic principles from the French and Spanish
constitutions.
2. First Republican Constitution in Asia: Adopted in 1899, the Malolos Constitution established
the First Philippine Republic, marking the Philippines as the first republic in Asia to have a
democratic constitution.
3. Separation of Church and State: One of the landmark provisions of the Malolos Constitution
was the formal separation of church and state, promoting religious freedom and reducing the
political influence of the Roman Catholic Church in the government.
4. Democratic and Representative Government: The Constitution established a democratic
government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. It also guaranteed civil
liberties such as freedom of speech, the press, and assembly.
5. Impact on Political and Social Affairs: Politically, the Malolos Constitution paved the way for
self-governance and laid the groundwork for subsequent efforts toward Philippine
independence. Socially, it underscored the aspirations for equality, civic rights, and an
independent judiciary.
6. Foundational Influence on Later Constitutions: Although it was short-lived due to the
Philippine-American War, the Malolos Constitution influenced future Philippine constitutions
(e.g., the 1935, 1973, and 1987 Constitutions), particularly in areas of civil liberties,
republicanism, and democratic governance.
7. The Malolos constitution, which was ratified in 1899 was influenced by the Spanish
Constitution of 1812
Here are three notable observations made by Antonio Pigafetta during the first voyage around
the world, ranked by their significance:
1. Encounter with the Cebuano People and the Conversion to Christianity: Pigafetta
documented the encounter between Ferdinand Magellan and Rajah Humabon of Cebu, which
led to the mass conversion of the Cebuano people to Christianity. This event was significant
because it marked the beginning of Christianization in the Philippines, which had a lasting
cultural and religious impact on the archipelago.
2. The Death of Ferdinand Magellan in the Battle of Mactan: Pigafetta provided a detailed
account of Magellan's death at the hands of Lapulapu and his warriors on the island of Mactan.
This battle is considered one of the most important episodes in Philippine history, symbolizing
resistance against colonial powers.
3. Descriptions of Indigenous Cultures and Practices: Throughout his narrative, Pigafetta
provided vivid descriptions of the various indigenous groups they encountered, including their
customs, attire, weapons, and food. These observations are valuable for understanding pre-
colonial cultures in the Philippines and Southeast Asia.
Here are three notable accounts written by Juan de Plasencia in his work "Customs of the
Tagalog", ranked by their significance:
1. Social Hierarchy and the Datu System: Plasencia described the hierarchical structure of
Tagalog society, with the datu (chief) at the top, followed by the *maharlika* (nobles), the
*timawa* (freemen), and the alipin (servants or slaves). This system defined social and
economic relationships in the pre-colonial Philippines and influenced governance, wealth
distribution, and societal roles.
2. Religious Beliefs and Practices: Plasencia provided detailed accounts of the indigenous
religious beliefs, including their worship of anitos (spirits) and bathala (the supreme god). He
also described rituals and offerings performed by the *katalonan* (priest or priestess) to
communicate with spirits. These practices reflect the spiritual worldview of the Tagalog people
before Spanish colonization.
3. Marriage Customs and Family Structure: Plasencia noted the customs surrounding marriage,
including the payment of dowries (bride price) and the importance of arranged marriages to
strengthen family alliances. He also mentioned divorce and inheritance practices, highlighting
the role of family and kinship in Tagalog society.
4. The chief deity of the Tagalog according to Plasencia was BATHALA.
Compare the two dates of Philippine Independence
Areas June 12, 1898 July 4, 1946
Colonial Power Spain United States
Declaration Proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo in Officially granted by the United States
Kawit, Cavite, marking the end of as the Philippines transitioned to a
Spanish rule over the Philippines. fully sovereign state.
Flag Raising The Philippine flag was raised for the The Philippine flag was raised
first time, and the Marcha Nacional alongside the American flag,
Filipina (now the national anthem) symbolizing the transfer of full
was played. sovereignty from the U.S.
Outcome Led to the establishment of the First Marked the formal end of U.S. colonial
Philippine Republic, but rule and the birth of the Third
independence was short-lived due to Philippine Republic. The Philippines
the Philippine-American War (1899– became a fully sovereign nation.
1902).
Type of A revolutionary government was The Philippines became a fully
Government established under Emilio Aguinaldo. sovereign republic with Manuel Roxas
as the first president of the Third
Republic.
Compare the two political factions in the Tejeros Convention
Areas Magdiwang Magdalo
leaders Andres Bonifacio Emilio Aguinaldo
argument Focused on preserving the ideals of More focused on military victory and
the Katipunan, emphasizing organizational reforms, favoring
Bonifacio’s leadership and the Aguinaldo’s leadership to strengthen
importance of continuing the original the revolutionary government.
revolutionary vision.
Inclusive members Multi-sectoral Regional (Caviteno)
outcome The faction lost influence after The faction ultimately emerged
Bonifacio was ousted from power victorious when Emilio Aguinaldo
and executed, leading to the became the leader of the
consolidation of leadership under revolutionary government, and the
Aguinaldo. Magdalo took control of the
movement.
Also study:
1. Where was the first mass inn the Philippines, Butuan or Limasawa? Which is closer to
the fact?
2. The complaints of Filipino people against Leonard Wood.
3. Primary, Secondary Sources
4. Internal, External Criticism
5. Content, Context Analysis
6. Spoliarium
7. Padre Pedro Chirino’s book ([Link]
philippine-history-september-16-1635-father-pedro-chirino-died-in-manila) Click here
for the article.
8. The Death of Cleopatra
9. Theme of Amorsolo’s paintings
10. The Cavite Mutiny versions: Which is closer to the fact?
