1 Highway Engineering II
Chapter 6:
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
DESIGN
Instructor: Gemechis K,
gemechiskebede33@[Link]
Introduction
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Provision of adequate drainage is an important factor
in the location and geometric design of highways.
Drainage Facilities on any highway or street should
adequately provide for the flow of water away from
the surface and subsurface of the pavement to properly
designed channels and then discharge to the natural
waterways
Inadequate drainage will eventually result in:
Serious damage to highway structure
Reduce pavement strength
Swelling heave
Stripping of asphalt
Introduction
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There are two sources of water:
The first source, surface water, is that which occurs as
rain or snow.
Drainage for runoff water on the surface from this source is
referred to as surface drainage.
Thesecond source, ground water, is that which flows in
underground streams.
Drainage for seepage water and underground streams is
referred to as subsurface drainage.
Introduction
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Requirements of Highway Drainage System
The surface water should be drained off effectively without
percolate to the subgrade
The surface water from the adjoining land should not be
allowed to enter the roadway
The side drains should have sufficient capacities and slope
to discharge maximum surface water collected in the region.
Flow of surface water along the slopes or across the road
should not be allowed to erode the road
Highest level of ground water table should be at least 1 to
2 m below the subgrade level.
Surface Drainage
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incorporates all means by which surface water is
removed from the pavement and right of way of the
highway or street.
The major source of water for this type of intrusion is
surface runoff.
The surface drainage system include:
Transverse Slopes
Longitudinal Slopes
Longitudinal Channels
Curbs and Gutters
Cross-Drainage Structures
Sediment and Erosion Controls
Surface Drainage
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The design of surface drainage systems for a highway
may be divided into three major phases:
An estimate of the quantity of water that may be expected
to reach any element of the system;
The hydraulic design of each element of the system; and
The comparison of alternative systems, alternative materials,
and other variables in order to select the most economical
system that can be devised.
In the third phase, attention must be given to selecting
the system that has the lowest annual cost when all
variables are taken into consideration.
Surface Drainage
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Flood Estimation:
A variety of approaches have been used to estimate the
quantity of runoff for drainage design.
Rainfall intensity during the design storm is a function of
occurrence, duration, and intensity
Return period: refers to the estimated frequency of rare
events such as floods.
Refer ERA manual Drainage Design Ch-5
The available methods of flood estimation may be
categorized into three groups:
Analysis of stream flow data
Regionalized flood formula
Runoff modeling
Surface Drainage
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1. Analysis of stream flow data
Stream flow measurements
Measurements by floats
Slope area method
2. Regionalized flood formula
Surface Drainage
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3. Runoff modeling
A) Rational method:
It is most suitable for small In case where the drainage
catchments of sizes up to five area consists of different
square kilometers. ground characteristics with
different runoff coefficients,
a representative value Cw
is computed by determining
the weighted coefficients
as:
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Time of concentration is
affected by: size and
shape of the drainage
area,
the type of the surface cover,
the slope of the drainage
catchment,
the rainfall intensity, etc
Surface Drainage
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B) US Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method
It is adopted for catchment areas greater than 5km2
The method consists of two parts:
the first part determines the runoff, h, in inches and
the second part estimates the peak discharge using the value of h
Surface Drainage
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To determine h, S
must be computed
using the equation
S = (1000/CN) -10
The parameter CN the
hydrological soil cover
complex number
Surface Drainage
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Hydraulic Design of Surface Drainage Structures
to provide a suitable structure size that will economically
and efficiently dispose of the expected runoff without
detrimental erosion and sedimentation problem.
The most commonly used formula to give reliable
capacity estimate is Manning's formula, which assumes
uniform steady flow in the channel:
R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
Q Av A
n
where, Q = capacity (m3/sec); A = channel cross-sectional
area (m2); v = mean velocity (m/sec); n = Manning
roughness coefficient; R = hydraulic radius (A/P) in m; S =
slope (m/m); and P = wetted perimeter (m).
Surface Drainage
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Design of Cross Drainage
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Depending on the class of highways, the volume of
the stream flow to be crossed, the site conditions,
and economic factors, the flowing cross-drainage
structures may be considered:
Fords
Culverts, and
Bridges
Design of Cross Drainage…(cont.)
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Culverts are cross-drainage structures that convey water
from streams and side channels below the road.
Culverts are to be found in three general locations:
at the bottom of depressions where no natural watercourse
exists;
where natural streams intersect the roadway; and
at locations required for passing surface drainage carried
in side ditches beneath roads and driveways to adjacent
property.
Design of Cross Drainage
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Culvert Types and Materials.
Most frequently, Reinforced concrete and corrugated
metal.
Less frequently, timber, cast-iron pipe, vitrified-clay
pipe, and, occasionally, stone masonry
Refer ERA Drainage design manual Chapter 7 for
the design of culvert.
Subsurface Drainage
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Subsurface drainage systems are provided within
the pavement structure to drain water in one or
more of the following forms:
Water that has percolated through cracks and joints in
the pavement to the underlying strata
Water that has moved upward through the underlying
soil strata as a result of capillary action
Water that exits the natural ground below the water
table, usually referred to as ground water.
Subsurface Drainage
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Subsurface drainage systems are usually classified
into five general categories:
Longitudinaldrains
Transverse drains
Horizontal drains
Drainage blankets
Well systems
Subsurface Drainage
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Longitudinal drains
5/22/2014
Subsurface Drainage
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Transverse drains
5/22/2014
Subsurface Drainage
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Drainage
blankets
5/22/2014
Design of Subsurface Drainage
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The design procedure for subsurface drainage
involves the following:
Summarize the available data.
Determine the quantity of water for which the subsurface
drainage system is being designed.
Determine the drainage system required.
Determine the capacity and spacing of longitudinal and
transverse drains and select filter material, if necessary.
Evaluate the design with respect to economic feasibility and
long-term performance.
Reading Assignment for the detail procedures.
Thank You!
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QUESTIONS?
The End
Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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