June war:

The June War, also known as the Six-Day War, was a significant conflict that erupted between Israel and a coalition of Arab states, including Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, in June
1967. The war had its origins in the long-standing Arab-Israeli conflict and the mutual distrust and insecurity felt by both sides. Israelis feared the potential military power of a
unified Arab nation, while Arab states, particularly Egypt under Nasser, sought to counter Israeli influence and support Pale stinian liberation. The war began with a surprise
Israeli airstrike that neutralized the Egyptian Air Force, followed by swift ground offensives that led to the defeat of Arab forces. Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt,
the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The war lasted only six days but had profound consequences for the re gion.
The Arab states suffered significant military losses and territorial concessions, leading to economic challenges and a blow to their political prestige. Egypt, in particular, lost
access to the revenues from the Sinai oil fields and the Suez Canal, which remained closed until 1975. Jordan lost the West Bank, and Syria lost the Golan Heights. The war also
resulted in a new wave of Palestinian refugees and complicated Israel's demographic and political landscape. The Israeli military's decisive victory highlighted the disparity in
military capabilities between Israel and its Arab neighbors, leading to a sense of invincibility among the Israeli forces and a loss of credibility for the Arab regimes. The war's
aftermath also led to introspection and criticism within the Arab world regarding the effectiveness and integrity of their military and political leadership.

October war:
The October 1973 War, also known as the Yom Kippur War, was a significant conflict initiated by Egypt and Syria against Israe l. The war began on October 6, 1973, with a surprise
attack by Egyptian forces across the Suez Canal and a simultaneous Syrian offensive on the Golan Heights. The Egyptian army achieved a notable success by breaching the
Bar Lev line and crossing the canal with minimal casualties, a feat that became a symbol of military triumph for Egypt. Despite this initial success, the Egyptian forces did not
pursue a further offensive and instead consolidated their positions east of the canal. This pause allowed Israel to stabilize the Syrian front and launch a counterattack, led by
General Ariel Sharon, which crossed to the west bank of the Suez Canal and threatened the Egyptian Third Army and Cairo.
The war resulted in a significant number of casualties and substantial military losses for both sides. It also led to a direc t involvement of the superpowers, with the United
States airlifting supplies to Israel and the Soviet Union supporting Egypt and Syria. The conflict demonstrated the potential for superpower engagement in the Middle East and
raised concerns about the possibility of a direct confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The war had a profound impact on the global petroleum industry, as Arab members of OPEC used oil as a political weapon, reduc ing production and causing oil prices to soar.
This had a significant effect on the global economy.

Iranian revolution
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 was a major event that led to the fall of the Shah, Iran's monarch, and the creation of an Islamic Republic. It was sparked by widespread
discontent with the Shah's authoritarian rule, economic issues, and his close ties with the West, particularly the United States.
Key factors include:
- The Shah's attempts to modernize and Westernize Iran, which drove apart traditional sectors of society, including the religious establishment and bazaar merchants.
- Economic problems, including inflation and uneven distribution of wealth, which affected the middle class and led to public c riticism of the regime.
- The presence of foreign experts and military advisers, which was seen as a sign of the Shah's dependence on Western powers.
- Human rights abuses and the use of torture by the Shah's secret police, SAVAK, which drew international condemnation.
- The leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who opposed the Shah from exile and became the revolution's central figure, ad vocating for an Islamic state led by religious
scholars.

The revolution resulted in:

- The Shah's departure from Iran.
- The establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following a referendum.
- The replacement of secular laws with Islamic Sharia law.
- A shift in Iran's foreign policy, moving away from alignment with the West and adopting an anti-imperialist stance, which included criticism of Israel and the United States.
- The end of the long-standing alliance between Iran and the United States, leading to a realignment of US policy in the Persian Gulf.

First intifada:
The Palestinian intifada, or uprising, began in Gaza in December 1987, sparked by a road accident involving an Israeli milita ry vehicle. It quickly spread to the West Bank,
involving thousands of Palestinians in demonstrations against Israeli occupation. The intifada started as a spontaneous rebellion but soon became organized under the
Unified National Leadership (UNL), which issued instructions for protest activities.
The uprising's objectives were outlined in a fourteen-point program, demanding an end to Israeli settlements, land confiscation, and special taxes on Palestinians, as well as
recognition of an independent Palestinian state led by the PLO. The intifada employed tactics such as civil disobedience, general strikes, and boycotts of Israeli goods, aiming
to make the occupation costly for Israel. Violence was part of the uprising, initially consisting of mass demonstrations and stone throwing, but later including stabbings and
shootings. The intifada also targeted Palestinian collaborators with Israel.
As the uprising gained momentum, new organizations like Hamas, with an Islamic ideology, emerged as rivals to the UNL. Hamas opposed the two-state solution and framed
its resistance in religious terms.
The Israeli government responded with force, using collective punishment, demolishing homes, and imposing curfews. These measures led to increased participation in the
intifada but also caused significant casualties and arrests among Palestinians. By late 1990, the intensity of the uprising began to diminish due to Israeli countermeasures and
internal Palestinian divisions, although it continued sporadically until 1992.

Second intifada
The Second Intifada, a violent Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation, began in September 2000, following the failed Camp David II summit. It was triggered by Ariel
Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount and escalated with Palestinian protests and Israeli military responses. The conflict was marked by suicide bombings, military operations,
and significant casualties. The uprising led to the reoccupation of Palestinian territories, economic hardship, and a deepening of the Israeli-Palestinian divide. It also resulted in
the election of Ariel Sharon as Israel's Prime Minister and the eventual construction of the West Bank barrier.

Lebanese civil war

The Lebanese Civil War, lasting from 1975 to 1990. It was triggered by the Palestinian presence in Lebanon, demographic changes, and the country's sectarian political system.
The war began with clashes between Palestinian guerrillas and Maronite Christian militias, eventually drawing in other Lebane se factions, Syria, and Israel.
The conflict was characterized by shifting alliances, with the Syrian army intervening in 1976 to support the Christian milit ias against the Palestinians and leftist Lebanese
forces. The war led to the disintegration of the Lebanese Army and the central government.
The assassination of Kamal Jumblatt in 1977 and other acts of violence highlighted the deep divisions within Lebanese society. The war ended in 1990 with the Taif Agreement.

Gulf crisis
The Gulf Crisis of 1990–1991: Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait and the US-Led Response
Invasion and Annexation of Kuwait
On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, announcing its annexation as Iraq's nineteenth province six days later.
This aggressive move by Saddam Husayn's regime triggered a significant international crisis, culminating in a US-led war against Iraq in early 1991.
The immediate aftermath included substantial devastation in Iraq, a massive refugee crisis, and the emergence of the United States as a dominant superpower in the Middle East.

Iran Iraq war

The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) stemmed from deep-seated tensions between Iran and Iraq, exacerbated by the 1979 Iranian Revolution.
The new Iranian regime, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, sought to spread Islamic revolution, alarming Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein, who feared the destabilizing influence on his own Shi'a population
and Kurdish insurgents.
Invasion and Early Conflict
In 1980, Hussein invaded Iran, expecting a quick victory.
Instead, the conflict became the longest conventional war of the 20th century,
Iraq received substantial support from Gulf Arab states, the Soviet Union, and Western powers, including the United States, which viewed Iran's revolutionary regime as a major threat.
This brutal use of chemical weapons and ongoing military pressure contributed to Iran’s decision to seek a truce.
The war ended in a UN-brokered ceasefire on August 20, 1988, with neither side achieving its objectives.

İSraili invasion lebanon

In June 1982, Israel launched an invasion of Lebanon, leading to a controversial and prolonged conflict.
The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) aimed to eliminate the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and secure strategic advantages. The invasion led to the siege of Beirut and significant civilian casualties.
Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Defense Minister Ariel Sharon planned the invasion to dismantle the PLO’s military presence in Lebanon, expel Syrian troops, and support Bashir Gemayel,
leader of the Maronite faction, to stabilize Lebanon in Israel's favor. The operation, named "Peace for Galilee," began on June 6, 1982. Israeli forces quickly pushed beyond southern Lebanon and besieged
West Beirut, the PLO's stronghold.
However, shortly after Bashir Gemayel was elected president, he was assassinated. In response, Israeli forces entered West Beirut, violating the evacuation agreement, and allowed the Phalangist militia
to massacre civilians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps. The PLO relocated its headquarters to Tunis, weakening its operations. Israel began a gradual withdrawal from Lebanon in 1983

Taif Accord
In 1989, under Arab League auspices, Lebanese politicians met in Taif, Saudi Arabia, producing the Taif Accord:
Redistributing Political Power: It reduced presidential powers in favor of the Muslim prime minister and cabinet, and equalized parliamentary representation between Muslims and Christians.
Affirming Religious Identity: The accord reinforced the confessional nature of Lebanese politics.
Recognizing Syrian Influence: It acknowledged Lebanon’s special relationship with Syria and called for militia disarmament, with Syrian assistance in extending government authority.

White revolution
The White Revolution, initiated in 1963, aimed at modernizing Iran along Western lines while securing the monarchy's power.
Camp David Accords
Disagreements over Palestinian self-determination threatened negotiations, leading to a face-to-face meeting at Camp David mediated by President Jimmy Carter.
Thirteen days of intense discussions resulted in the Camp David Accords, signed by Anwar Sadat, Menahem Begin, and Jimmy Carter on September 17, 1978.
The Accords included conditions for an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and a "Framework for Peace in the Middle East," endorsing UN Resolution 242 as the basis for a comprehen sive settlement.
The framework proposed a staged plan for Palestinian autonomy over five years but lacked clarity and was subject to differing interpretations.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Early in 1945, Moscow put forward claims to Turkish territory in eastern Anatolia and demanded a greater share in governing and policing the Turkish Straits. Ismet Inönü was president. He rejected the
Soviet demands and asserted its sovereignty. The Truman Doctrine was an early formulation of the domino theory. It was based on the belief that unless the United States intervened, the Soviet Union
was likely to gain control of Greece and Turkey, and, once this occurred, the other states of the Middle East would quickly fall under Communist influence.

The Eisenhower Doctrine

It was a foreign policy initiative announced by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a speech to the U.S. Congress on January 5, 1957. It was formulated in response to the growing influence of
communism in the Middle East, particularly after the Suez Crisis of 1956.
The key points of the Eisenhower Doctrine were:
Support for Middle Eastern Countries: The United States pledged to provide economic and military assistance to any Middle Eastern country requesting aid to resist communist aggression.
Use of Force if Necessary: Eisenhower also stated that the U.S. would employ armed forces to assist any Middle Eastern nation that required help against communist aggression. This indicated a
willingness to intervene militarily to prevent the spread of communism in the region.
Authority for the President: The doctrine expanded the authority of the President to use military force without the need for Congressional approval in situations deemed necessary to protect the national
security interests of the United States.

Reaction to Baghdad Pact:

The Baghdad Pact was an attempt to extend the policy of containment to the Arab states through the use of British influence.
Participants in the Baghdad Pact were Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, and Britain, all of which signed an interlocking series of agreements during 1954 and 1955.
Nasser refused to allow Egypt to join the pact, claiming that it was an extension of imperialism aimed at keeping the Arabs i n the stifling embrace of the West.

The Suez Crisis of 1956

While efforts to reach a negotiated settlement of the crisis were under way, Britain, France, and Israel concluded a secret agreement for joint military action against Egypt.
Each country had its own reasons for approving the action, but they all shared a common desire to overthrow Nasser.
Their agreement was activated on October 29, 1956, with an Israeli strike into Sinai.
On October 31, the British air force began heavy bombing raids on military targets near Cairo and along the canal zone, and I sraeli ground forces raced to the east bank of the canal.
British and French paratroops dropped on Port Said on November 5, and on the following day the main Anglo -French force landed at the northern end of the canal and began to advance on Suez City.
The advance was halted when, at midnight on November 6, Britain and France agreed to a UN- sponsored cease-fire.
Under tremendous US pressure, Britain and France withdrew their forces in December, and the Israelis finally evacuated Sinai in March 1957.
A special UN emergency force was stationed in Gaza to act as a buffer between Egypt and Israel.
Consequences of Suez Crisis
Political Triumph for Nasser: Egypt's military defeat turned into a political victory for Nasser, solidifying his position as a hero in Egypt and the wider Arab world.
Soviet Prestige: The crisis boosted Soviet prestige among Arabs as they supported Egypt and replenished its arsenal