VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE LIGHT – REFLECTION AND

… Orbit of Education
NOTES
PRATEEK AGRAWAL SIR REFRACTION
1.

NAME: ______________________________________________________________ SCHOOL: _______________________________________

1. Define Light?
Ans. Light is a form of energy that produces a sensation of sight.
2.Define: Diffraction of light?
Ans. If an opaque object on the path of the light becomes very small, light has a tendency to bend it around it &
not walk in the straight line. It is known as Diffraction.
3.**Reflection & Refraction is based on which property of light?
Ans. The light travels in a straight line; also known as rectilinear propagation of light.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT
4.Define: Reflection of Light?
Ans. The bouncing back of light rays after striking the reflecting surface in same medium is called as Reflection.
5. Give the two laws of reflection?
Ans. (a) the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(b) The incident ray, reflected ray & the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
6.Give differences between Real & Virtual Images in case of Mirror?
Ans.
Real Images Virtual Images
They are formed in the front of the mirror They are formed at the back of the mirror
They can be obtained on screen. They can’t be obtained on the screen.
They can be formed in case of concave, convex & Plane
They can be formed in case of concave mirror mirror
They always form Inverted Image They always form erect Image

7.Give the properties of the image formed by the plane mirror?

Ans. (a) The image formed by the plane mirror is always virtual.
(b) The image formed by the plane mirror is laterally inverted.
(c) The size of the object is always equal to the size of the image.
(d) The image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.

SPHERICAL MIRROR
8. Define Spherical Mirror? Give its type?
Ans. The mirror whose reflecting surface is spherical or curved is called Spherical Mirror.
It is of 2 types:
(a) Concave Mirror (Whose reflecting surface is curved inwards) ;Converging Mirror
(b) Convex Mirror (Whose reflecting surface is curved outwards) ;Diverging Mirror

9. Define the terms with respect to mirror:

(a) Centre of Curvature (C): It is the centre of the hollow sphere of glass of which the spherical mirror forms a part.
(b) Pole (P): It is the centre of the mirror & not the centre of the sphere.
(c) Radius of Curvature(R) : It is the radius of the hollow sphere of glass of which the spherical mirror is a part.
(d) Principal Axis: It is the straight line passing through the centre of the curvature & pole produced on the both
sides.
(e) Aperture: It is the diameter of the reflecting surface of the mirror. They should be smaller than its radius of
curvature.

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(f) Principal Focus (F): It is the point on the principal axis of the mirror at which the rays of light incident on the
mirror in a direction parallel to the principal axis actually meet after reflection from the mirror (Concave Mirror)
and appear to meet (Convex Mirror)
(g)Focal length (f):It is the distance of the principal focus F of the mirror from the pole P of the mirror.

10. What is the relation between f & R? (2 x f = R)

11. Why the paper start burning when placed in the front of the concave mirror?
Ans. The concave mirror has property of converging the light rays so it converges the multiple rays of the sunlight
at a single bright spot on the paper which is considered to be the focus of the mirror & so the temperature at that
point rises over the ignition temperature of the paper & its start burning.

12.Why the light retraces its path when it falls on centre of curvature?
Ans. As in this case, the angle of incidence is zero and so, angle of reflection is also zero.

13.On which does the focal length of spherical mirror depends?

Ans. Radius of curvature R of the spherical mirror.

REPRESENTATION OF IMAGES FORMED BY THE SPHERICAL MIRROR USING RAY

DIAGRAMS
The intersection of at least two reflected rays gives the position of the image of the object. Any two of the
following rays can be considered for locating the image. (Page 164, Fig 10.3, 10.4, 10.5)
(a)A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the principal focus in case of a concave
mirror or appear to diverge from the principal focus in case of a convex mirror.
(b) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray which is directed towards the principal
focus of a convex mirror, after reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
(c) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or directed in the direction of the centre of
curvature of a convex mirror, after reflection, is reflected back along the same path.
(d)A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards a point P (pole of the mirror), on the concave mirror or a
convex mirror is reflected obliquely. The incident and reflected rays follow the laws of reflection at the point of
incidence (point P), making equal angles with the principal axis.
** DO LEARN THE RAY DIAGRAM IN NCERT (Diagram given under RULES Heading)

IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE MIRROR: Page 166, Fig 10.7(All 6 diagrams), Table 10.1 (Page 164)

USES OF CONCAVE MIRROR:

(a) Used in torches ,search lights & vehicle headlights : To get the parallel beam of light. (Object Placed at
Focus)
(b) Used in Shaving Mirrors: To see a larger image of the face. (Object Placed between Focus and Pole)
(c) Used by dentist: To see a larger image of the teeth. (Object Placed between Focus and Pole
(d) Used in solar Furnace: to concentrate sunlight to produces heat in solar furnace. (Object Placed at Infinity)

IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR: Page 167, Fig 10.8(All 2 diagrams), Table 10.2 (Page 167)

USES OF CONVEX MIRROR:

(a) Used in rear view mirror of the car: as they give erect & diminished image & also, they have wider field of
view.
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 VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
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(b) Used in Street Lights: as they have diverging property & spread the light is much more area.
(c) Used as security mirrors in large shopping malls & parking areas: as they have wider field of view.

SIGN CONVENTION FOR REFELECTION BY SPHERICAL MIRROR

(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror
from the left-hand side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while those measured
to the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-axis) are taken as negative.

In Short :
u = -ve (Always)
v = -ve (Real) ; +ve (Virtual)
h’ = -ve (Real) ; +ve (Virtual)
h = +ve (Always)
f = +ve (Convex) ; -ve (Concave)

MIRROR FORMULA & MAGNIFICATION

1/v + 1/u = 1/f
u = distance of the object from the pole of the mirror.
v = distance of the image from the pole of the mirror.
f = focal length
h’ = height of the image
h= height of the object

Magnification: It gives the relative extent to which the image of an object is magnified with respect to the object
size. It is also expressed as the ration of the height of the image to the height of the object. It is represented by
‘m’.
m= h’/h = -v /u
m<1, the size of image is SMALL
m=1, the size of image is of the same size of the object.
m>1, the size of image is ENLARGED

m = -ve for real images as the image is formed below the principal axis (Inverted Images)
m = +ve for Virtual images as the image is formed above the principal axis (Erect Images)

Angle of Deviation in mirror= 2 x angle of incidence

REFRACTION OF THE LIGHT

The phenomena of change in the path of light in going from one medium to another are called refraction of light.
It is the phenomena of bending of the light from its original path on entering another medium.

13. What property of light changes during refraction?

Ans. The frequency of wave remains unchanged during refraction whereas the amplitude, wavelength & speed of
light change on entering the second medium.

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 VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
… Orbit of Education
NOTES
PRATEEK AGRAWAL SIR REFRACTION

14. What is the cause of refraction of the light?

Ans. It is due to the change in the speed of light as it enters from one transparent medium to another.

**Conditions for No Refraction of Light:

(a) When the light ray is incident normally to the interface separating the two media.
(b) When a ray of light passes from one medium to other having same refractive index.

Laws of Refraction of Light:

(a) The incident ray, the refracted ray & the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
(b) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for the light of a given
colour & for the given pair of media. This is called SNELL’S LAW

Sin i / Sin r = Constant (Refractive Index of Second Medium w.r.t first)

REFRACTION THROUGH A RECTANGULAR GLASS SLAB

(Fig 10.10, page 173)(Very Important)
Rarer to Denser: Towards Normal
Denser to Rarer: Away from Normal

15.What is Lateral Displacement?

Ans. In the figure 10.10, O’L is the lateral displacement which is known as displacement of the incident ray with
respect to the emergent ray caused due to the change of speed of the light in different medium.

16. Give Reason: (a) A coin in glass tumbler filled with water appears to be raised.
(b) A pencil appears to bend when immersed in glass having water.
(c) The depth of tank appears to be less when filled with water.
(d) The words appear to be raised when seen from a glass slab.
(e) An object kept in water inside the jar appears to be bigger than its actual size.
Ans. Because of the refraction of the light that is caused due to the change in the speed of the light when it
travels form one medium to another.
REFRACTIVE INDEX
The absolute refractive index of the medium is defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of
light in the medium. It is a ratio of two velocities so it has no units.

**It depends only on nature of material of the medium & the colour or wavelength of light.

Higher is the R.I, higher is the density of the object & lower will be the speed of light.

The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is given by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1
& the speed of the light in medium 2.
n21 = Speed of light in medium 1 / Speed of light in medium 2

The refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 is given by:

n12 = Speed of light in medium 2 / Speed of light in medium 1

n = Speed of light in Vacuum Or Air / Speed of light in medium

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 VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
… Orbit of Education
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PRATEEK AGRAWAL SIR REFRACTION
n =c/v
n = Real Depth / Apparent Depth

Real Depth: The actual depth of the material without any refraction of the light. It is taken from top of the surface
to the bottom.
Apparent Depth: The depth of the material when refraction of the light of light takes place. It is taken from top of
the surface to the apparent position.

** MORE IS THE REFRACTIVE INDEX; SLOWER WILL BE THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

17. Define: Optical Density.

Ans. The ability of a medium to refract is expressed in terms as Optical Density.

18.(a)**Is the Mass Density and Optical Density same. Give Example?
Ans. No (They are Different), For Ex. The mass density Of Kerosene is lesser than Water but the Optical density is
greater than the Water.
(b) **Can absolute Refractive Index of a medium be less than Unity?
Ans.No, as speed of light is Maximum in air
(c) Water has refractive index 1.33 and alcohol has refractive index 1.36. Which of the two mediums is optically
denser?
Ans. More is the refractive Index, More is the Optically Density.

19. Monochromatic light of wavelength 586 nm is incident from air or water surface. What are the wavelength,
frequency & speed of:
(a) Reflected light (b) Refracted Light
Ans. (a) Frequency = Speed of light/Wavelength = 3 x 108 / 589 x 10-9 = 5.09 x 1014 Hz
(b) Frequency = 5. 09 x 1014 Hz
R.I = c/v
4/3 = 3 x 108/v
v= 2.25 x 108m/s

20. The refractive index of air w.r.t glass is 2/3 & R.I of water w.r.t. air is 4/3. If the speed of light in glass is 2 x 108
m/s. Find the speed of light in :
(a) Air (b)Water
Ans. nag= 2/3 nga= 3/2
(a) nga= c/vg = 3/2 x 2 x 108= c
3 x 108 m/s =c
(b) naw = 4/3 nwa = ¾
nwa = c/v
¾ = 3 x 108/ v
v = 2.25 x 108 m/s

21.How much time will light take to cross 2 mm thick glass plane of R.I of glass is 3/2?
Ans. ng = c/vg
vg= 3 x 108/ 3/2 = 2 x 108 m/s
time = distance / velocity = 2 x 10-3 / 2 x 108 = 10-11 sec

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 VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
… Orbit of Education
NOTES
PRATEEK AGRAWAL SIR REFRACTION
22. The refractive index of a medium 'x' with respect to 'y' is 2/3 and the refractive index of medium 'y' with
respect to 'z' is 4/3. Calculate the refractive index of medium 'z' with respect to 'x'.
[9/8]
REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL LENS
A spherical lens is a piece of a transparent refracting material which is bound by two surfaces. Both the surfaces of
lens are spherical. They are of two types:
(a) Convex lens or Converging lens : They are thick at the centre & thin at the edges
(b) Concave Lens or Diverging lens: They are thick at the edges & thin at the centre.
(Page 176, Fig 10.12)

23.Define the terms with respect to Lens:

(a)Centre of Curvature (C): It is the centre of the sphere of which the spherical surfaces of the lens form a part.
There are two centre of curvature C1& C2.
(b) Aperture: It is the diameter of the circular edge of the lens. It is the part of lens through which the refraction
takes place
(c)Principal Axis: An imaginary straight line passing through centre of curvature of the two surfaces of the lens is
called principal axis of the lens.
(d) Optical Centre (O): It is a point on the principal axis of the lens such that a ray of light passing through it goes
undeviated.
(e)**Focus (F) : The Light rays parallel to principal axis after refraction actually pass through a point known as
Focus of a convex lens
The Light rays parallel to principal axis after refraction appear to pass through a point known as Focus of a concave
lens.
(f) Focal Length (f): The distance of the principal focus from the optical centre of a lens.

REPRESENTATION OF IMAGES FORMED BY THE SPHERICAL MIRROR USING RAY

DIAGRAMS
The intersection of at least two reflected rays gives the position of the image of the object. Any two of the
following rays can be considered for locating the image. (Page 164, Fig 10.3, 10.4, 10.5)
(a) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from a convex lens, passes through
the principal focus on the other side of the lens. In case of a concave lens, the ray appears to diverge from the
principal
Focus located on the same side of the lens,
(b) A ray of light passing through a principal focus, after refraction from a convex lens, will emerge parallel to the
principal axis. A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a concave lens, after refraction, will
emerge parallel to the principal axis.
(c) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without any deviation.

SIGN CONVENTION FOR REFELECTION BY SPHERICAL LENS

(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror
from the left-hand side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while those measured
to the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-axis) are taken as negative.

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 VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
… Orbit of Education
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PRATEEK AGRAWAL SIR REFRACTION
In Short :
u = -ve (Always)
v = +ve (Real) ; -ve (Virtual)
h’ = -ve (Real) ; +ve (Virtual)
h = +ve (Always)
f = +ve (Convex) ; -ve (Concave)
IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENSES
Table 10.4(Page 178); Fig 180 (Fig 10.16)
Uses of Convex Lens
(a) To correct the defect of vision called Hypermetropia (Long Sightedness).
(b) Used in magnifying glass.
(c) Used in making microscopes, telescope etc.

IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE LENSES

Table 10.5(Page 179); Fig 181 (Fig 10.17)
Uses of Concave Lens
(a) To correct the defect of vision called Myopia (Short Sightedness).
(b) Used in wide-angle spy hole in doors.
(c) Used in combination with convex lens to make high quality lens system.

LENS FORMULA & MAGNIFICATION:

1/v - 1/u = 1/f
u = distance of the object forms the optical centre of the lens.
v = distance of the image forms the optical centre of the lens.
f = focal length
h’ = height of the image
h = height of the object
Magnification in case Lens: m= h’/h = v /u
POWER OF LENS
Power of the lens is defined as the ability of the lens to converge or diverge the rays of light falling on it.
Power of a lens is given by reciprocal of focal length of the lens.
P = 1/ focal length of the lens (in Metres)
or, P = 100/ focal length of the lens (in centi-metres)
S.I unit of power is Dioptre (D).Power of a convex is positive & power of the concave lens is Negative

24.Define 1 Dioptre
Ans. One dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length one metre.

POWER OF THE COMBINATION OF THE LENSES

When a number of thin lenses are placed in contact with one another, the power of the combination is equal to
the algebraic sum of the powers of individual lenses.
P = P 1 + P 2 + P3 + P4 + P5
where P1 , P2 , P3, P4 ,P5 are the powers of Individual lens.
Need of Combination of Lenses: - Lenses are combined to increase the magnification and sharpness of the
image. dome7w and 2 more users found this answer helpful.

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 VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE X: SCIENCE LIGHT – REFLECTION AND
… Orbit of Education
NOTES
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