Phylum: Apicomplexa

Class: Sporozoa
E.x: Plasmodium sp.
• Plasmodium is an important protozoan parasite of human
causing malaria which is one of the widespread diseases
of human. It has two hosts, they are human as
intermediate host and the female Anopheles mosquito
as a primary host (Final = Definitive).
• Mode of infection (Transmission): by biting of infected
female Anopheles to human injecting him the infective
stage (Sporozoites). The vector of the plasmodium is
the female Anopheles.
 Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Parazoa
Phylum: Porifera
General Characters of Porifera:
1. Sessile.
2. Mostly marine (98%) and some are freshwater.
3. Multicellular but not form true tissue or organs.
4. Free living aquatic, mostly marine, sedentary forms either solitary or colonial.
5. Body with a large number of incurrent pores called ostia leading into a
spongocoel through a system of canals, Spongocoel opening out by one or two
large excurrent pores called oscula.
6. Canals and spongocoel are lined by flagellated cells called choanocytes or
collar cells.
7. Body wall with two layers of loosely arranged cells and a mesenchyme in
between.
8. Body has an endoskeleton made up of spicules. Composed of calcareous or
silicious spicules or spongin fibres.
9. Digestion is intracellular.
10. Respiration and excretion by simple diffusion.
11. Reproduction by asexual (external or internal buds) or sexual methods.

The phylum is divided into three classes:

Class: Class: Class:

Characteristics
Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongia
Habitat Marine Marine Marine or fresh water
Made up of
Made up of Made up of
Skeleton calcium
Silica spongin fibers or absent
carbonate
- Spongilla
- Sycon
Examples - Euplectella - Euspongia
- Leucosolenia
(bathsponge)
Types of sponge:
There are three main types of canal system in sponges.
1- The simplest form is Asconoid, here the canals run straight through
the sponge body and all the choanocytes line the central large space
called the 'spongocoel'. The water enters the ostia, is drawn through
to the spongocoel and leaves through a single large osculum (e.x
Leucosolenia).
2- Slightly more complicated are Syconoid sponges; externally they are
similar to asconoid sponges except that their body wall is thicker. The
canals are branched and do not allow the water to flow straight
through into the spongocoel. Instead the water flows in a twisted
route through a number of canals some of which are lined with
choanocytes before being expelled into the spongocoel and out
through the osculum (e.x Sycon).
3- Most modern sponge species are Leuconoid. In leuconoid sponges
the canal system is more complicated again with the canals being
longer and more branched, they lead to special chambers whose walls
are lined by choanocytes, there are no choanocytes in the canals.
There is no real spongocoel just a central exit canal leading to the
osculum (e.x Euspongia).
Skeleton of sponges:
• It is composed of spicules
spongin fibers
combination of both
A- Types of sipcules according to the number of axon or rays:
1- Monoaxonid needle like & smooth (1)
2- Triaxonid may be Triradiate (2)
hexaradiate (3)
3- Tetraradiate titraradiata: one ray is
Longer than others (4)
4- polyaxonid several rays or axon,
Have different forms according to the
Number of axons (5, 6, 7)
B- Spongin fibers:
• Fibers in a network or branching manner
• Fibers are spongin

* Sponges have no respiratory or excretory organs; both

functions occur by diffusion in individual cells.
Reproduction and life cycle:
• Sponges are able to reproduce sexually or asexually.
• Asexual reproduction of sponges is through budding.
• Many freshwater sponges also form small structures known
as gemmules, which are made up of amoebocytes
surrounded by a protective coating that consisting of
organic material and layer of spicules. These may function
as a means of surviving hard conditions that may kill the
adult sponges. When the environment becomes less
hostile, the gemmule resumes growing.
 Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Phylum: Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
• Phylum Cnidaria (coelenterata) includes about 9000
species.
• Some are found in fresh water, but the greater number are
marine.
• Coelenterates are the simplest of eumetazoans. This
interesting group of animals takes its name from the large
cavity in the body that serves as the intestine, and named
cindaria due to presence of nematoblasts.
• They include the Hydra, jelly fish, sea anemones and corals.
General characters of cnidarian:
1- The body:
A- The body consists of two layers (diploblastic),
outer ectoderm and inner endoderm and there is
mesoglea in between
B- The body wall contains nematoblasts to catch the prey
C- The body contains coelenteron which is a cavity in
the body helps in digestion, excretion and gas exchange
2- Reproduction:
A- Reproduce asexually by budding; and sexually by
forming gametes
B- An alternation of generations occurs; there are two
stages in the life cycle, hydroid form and Medusoid form
3- Respiration and excretion by diffusion through the body
wall
4- Radially symmetrical and some have calcareous skeleton
The phylum is divided into three classes:

Class Class Class

Characteristics
Hydrozoa Schyphozoa Anthozoa
Fresh water or
Habitat Marine Marine
marine
Hydroid or
Body Form Medusoid Hydroid
Medusoid
Aurelia Sea anemone,
Example Hydra, Obelia
(Jelly fishes) other Corals
 Phylum: Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
Class: Hydrozoa
Ex.: Hydra
General characters of Hydra:
1- Habitat fresh water – solitary and
sessile animal
2- Structure:
body elongated (1-3) cm in length
Proximal end has basal disc for
attachment
Distal end has mouth on
hypostome
Hypostome “oral cone” surrounded by (4-10) tentacles
Tentacles hollow, slender, finger like and provided with
nematoblasts
Testes found in the anterior third “formed before ovary”
Ovary found in the posterior third of the body
 *Body wall*

• It is consists of outer ectoderm, inner endoderm and

between them mesoglea “non cellular layer”
1- Ectoderm thin layer “1/3 thickness of body wall”
• Function protection, muscular and sensory function
2- Endoderm thick layer “about 2/3 thickness of body wall”
Food and Digestion:
Hydra feeds on small crustaceans & small Annelida and
insect larvae
Digestion: 1- Extracellular Digestion: in entron by enzymes
of glandular cells
2- Intracellular Digestion: in food vacuoles inside cytoplasm
of musculo-nutritive cells of the endoderm

Reproduction:
1- Asexual reproduction “During normal conditions”
A- By budding “During warm months”
B- By regeneration
2- Sexual reproduction “During abnormal conditions”
• Hydra Hermaphrodite but sperm mature before ova
• Gametes formed from Interstitial cells
• Zygote enveloped inside a spiny cyst until it crakes
when conditions are improved
Locomotion: it has different ways
1- Glinding
2- Somersaulting
3- Walking
4- Floating