SCIENCE 6

Heavenly Father and Your Beloved Son

Jesus Christ,
Thank you for another life to enjoy, another
day to learn, and a new set of things we will
experience.
As we go through our lessons today, may let
us be instruments to do good things.
Help us be obedient, honest, and kind to one
another. Please bless our teachers, our
schools, and the students.
In Jesus’ name. Amen
A blessed day everyone!
Welcome to our Science
class!
Please, kindly arrange your
chairs and seat properly.
Let us check the attendance,
say “I’M CURIOUS”, when
your name is called.
How are you today?
Happy Excited Sad Nervous Sick

Just smile and be happy!

 LEARNING SCIENCE WITH A POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Remember to:
1. BE CURIOUS 5. BE OPEN-MINDED
Ask questions and find out why. Accept the ideas of others. Be willing
to change your mind if what we find
2. BE CREATIVE is not what we had believed.
Suggest new ways to solve a
problem. 6. PERSEVERE
Work on a problem until we find a
3. BE TRUTHFUL solution.
Record observations and
results without changing them. 7. BE RESPONSIBLE
Care for our environment.
4. BE OBJECTIVE
Look for data or information to
prove what we have found.
 Lesson 1:
The Human Reproductive System
What I Need To Know?
What you see is the
most majestic thing
you will ever see when
you think about it -
the union of the egg
cell and the sperm
cell - the beginning of
a new life.
However, Upon thinking, you
might ask the question, how is it
possible that the sperm cell from
the male reaches the egg cell from
the female.
Well, what really happens is not the
same as the majestic fairy tale some
parents tell their asking children
but it's something more wondrous
than that.
This lesson can be sensitive, given the close-mindedness about sex
education in the Filipino culture.

In our native culture, we are not open to talking about it because it is considered a
vulgar act. I tend to differ, as from a scientific standpoint, the more you know
about a subject, the lesser the accidents can occur as you become more
aware of what is at stake and try to avoid making a mistake.
So, I want you to be guided
that whatever you will see
and whatever we will talk
about, is not funny and
should not be blatantly said
outside the confines of our
classroom.
As the Filipino people, especially the older generation, will not accept
it as a polite act. Even so, you are already budding adults and in time,
you must take responsibility of fulfilling the main purpose of life - to
reproduce. But in current times, one must have the knowledge about
all the processes involved from the creation of the gametes, to the
growth of a human being because we are facing an overpopulation
crisis and its control, lies upon our control over ourselves.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this module, you should be able to:

• identify the parts of the reproductive system;

• describe the functions of the parts of the reproductive system;

• describe the changes that occur during puberty such as the

development of secondary sex characteristics; and

• explain the menstrual cycle and how it indicates readiness for

reproduction.
What’s In?
You may have asked your
parents once before "how
was I made?" Of course,
your parents, being
protective and trying to
preserve your innocence
lightens or covers up the
"process".
This is where it all starts. The
curiosity kicks in. It grows more
when you hear "words" from your
playmates or see things from movies,
shows and other media. At some
point, if this curiosity is not ceased,
it could lead to self-discovery. The
internet is just right around the
corner and with a few words, you
will be introduced to a whole new
world. I would not even be surprised
if by now, you already know
something. This justifies the need to
clarify some things up.
This is why it is necessary to kill
the curiosity early on and study
the facts. You were made, we
were all made from sexual
reproduction. The male gamete
(sperm cell) is delivered to the
female gamete (egg cell) in the
process of sexual intercourse.
This is all possible because of the
reproductive system. Depending
on the biological sex (male or
female) of the individual, the look
and function of the reproductive
system differs.
• The human reproductive system consist of system of
organs which work together to enable reproduction.

• It includes both external and internal organs.

• It produces reproductive cells, hormones and other substances
necessary for reproduction.

• Unlike other organ systems, the reproductive systems in males and

females are very different from each other.
A female mates with a male to reproduce. During
mating, male’s penis transfer sperm cells into a
female’s body through her vagina, and the sex
cells/gametes of a male and female fuse. The sex
cells/gametes of male and female are found in their
respective reproductive system.
What Is It?
Male Reproductive System
SPERM DUCTS
Tubes that transport sperm to the
urethra.

URETHRA
A tube that transports sperm and
urine to the outside of the body at
different times.

TESTES
Organs that produce sperm. In
adult male, the testes produce
millions of sperm cells.

PENIS
An organ that used to place sperm
inside a female.
In males, the testes produce sperm cells and
hormone called testorone. The sperm cells undergo
maturation processes (roughly 74 days) and are stored in
the epididymis, a narrow, tightly-coiled tube found behind
each testis.
Formation of sperm cell
Glands such as the
seminal vesicles,
prostate gland and vas
deferens produce the
ejaculatory fluid that
combines with the sperm
cells to form semen.
These glands are found
below the bladder in the
pelvic region of the male
body.
KEEP IN MIND
• Most of the fluid in semen is made up of secretions from
male reproductive organs. Semen contains citric acid,
free amino acids, fructose, enzymes, phosphorylcholine,
prostaglandin, potassium, and zinc.
• The fast-swimming sperm can take about 30 mins to
reach the egg while others might need days. Generally,
sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for up
to 5 days. The sperm just disintegrates and is washed out
of the female tract in due time.
KEEP IN MIND
• Men are able to freeze their sperm for use in their own
future treatment or to donate to someone else's
treatment. Donated sperm usually has to be quarantined
for three or six months and screened for infections
before it can be used by a recipient.
• Sperm can be frozen indefinitely. When someone is
ready to use the sperm, it's carefully thawed in the lab
until it reaches room temperature. “After thawing, it's
analyzed to make sure there are motile, active sperm
remaining.”
The male anatomy is very different from the female
anatomy. However, it is also very similar at some points. This is
because every fetus starts as a female. Once hormonal changes
happen, the fetus adapts a male or a female form. For males, the
hormone testosterone becomes dominant. The female parts are
altered and takes the male genitalia's shape.
The ovaries go downwards toward the labia - this becomes the
testicles and the scrotum. The clitoris enlarges and fuses with the
urethra (found on the underside of the penis) to form the penis.
Finally, the premature vagina closes up which leaves a mark in
between the anus and the scrotum of males.
Once males mature, they
will be able to
masturbate in order to
ejaculate sperm cells.
The sperm cells are
released from the body
in a protective liquid
known as the semen.
The semen protects the
sperm from the acidic
nature inside the
female's vagina.
In ejaculation, the urethra is given access to the sperm ducts. The
urinary bladder closes to avoid contamination of the sperm as it
passes through the urethra into the vagina during sexual intercourse.
Masturbation is the process of stimulating the
genitals.

Ejaculation is when you release semen from your

penis.
Female Reproductive System
FALLOPIAN TUBES
Tubes that transport egg cell from
ovaries to uterus.

UTERUS or WOMB
Muscular organ where the fetus
develops during pregnancy.

OVARIES
A pair of organs that produce the
eggs.

VAGINA
A muscular tube where sperm is
place.
The female genitalia's anatomy is the "receiving
end" during sexual intercourse and is designed to
accommodate the male genitalia.
The females produce egg cells and estrogen and progesterone - the
female hormones. Estrogen and progesterone regulate the menstrual
cycle in females which gives way for the monthly release of egg cells.
 Activity Time Na!

Answer Activity 1 on pages 1-2 of your

My Pals Are Here Activity Book.
Every month, the ovaries release an egg cell which travels
and waits in the fallopian tubes for fertilization. If the egg is
not fertilized, it will be scraped out of the body via the
menstrual discharge.
If it does get fertilized, it will travel to the uterus which it will grow in
for nine months. The cervix serves as the "cap" holding the unborn
child inside the uterus. At the proper time, the cervix opens up to
release the baby out to the vagina and into the world.
When sperm cell and egg cell fuse together fertilization occur. After fertilization, the
egg develops into zygote. The zygote divides until if forms a blastocyst that travels
down to the uterus. The blastocyst then attaches itself to the wall of the uterus
where it develops and grows. Typically, a pregnancy takes nine months after
which baby is born.

Video. Fertilization to birth.

The external female genitalia is
not actually the vagina as most
people mistake it for. It is
entirely called the vulva. The
vagina is an opening visible
from the vulva. Layers of soft
tissue called labia surround the
vagina, urethra and clitoris.
If you are wondering where you pee, the
female's urethra is not located inside the
vagina. It is above it, under the clitoris.
The clitoris is a part of the female
reproductive system which is full of nerve
cells. During labor or giving birth, the
clitoris helps in regulating the pain as it
sends signals, upon receiving proper
stimulus, to the brain to release hormones
which ease the painful process the body is
undergoing.
How do twins form?
There are two types of twins, fraternal twins and
identical twins.
The first type, fraternal twins, are the type of twins
which don't look the same at all but get born at
the same succession.

So why don't they look the same, you ask?

The reason is because they are a product of two

separate egg cells getting fertilized by two
separate sperm cells at almost the same time.

Normally, females produce about two to four egg cells

every month, but, after one of them gets fertilized, the
female body tends to send chemicals which prevents
the other egg cells to get fertilized as well. But, in some
FRATERNAL TWINS
rare instances, before the body produces the chemicals, Dizygotic
another sperm can still fertilize another egg which leads
to fraternal twins.
After some time, the zygote will start to cell divide,
meaning, the main cell, the zygote, will make a copy of
itself over and over and over again this will form the
embryo.

By this time the embryo will fix itself in the female's

uterus where it will remain for the entire span of its
growth.

The embryo will continue to conduct cell division as it

grows in size. It is during this process that an error in
dividing might occur and result into two separate
embryos which will divide over time. And you probably
guessed it already, this is where identical twins are
formed. And it is the reason why they look exactly the
same because they came from a single sperm cell and
egg cell which, in the embryo stage, divided into two IDENTICAL TWINS
separate clumps of cells which continuously grew. Monozygotic
 Activity Time Na!

Answer Activity 2 on pages 3-4 and

Activity 3 on page 5 of your My Pals
Are Here Activity Book.
Sexual Intercourse
Reproduction starts once fertilization successfully creates a
fetus which grows inside the womb.
However, how does
the sperm reach the
egg cell?
It is by the process of sexual intercourse. Because it's
too long, people tend to shorten it to just sex. However,
this is wrong as technically speaking, sex is any form of
contact with the another biological sex. That is why it is
more accurate to say sexual intercourse.
What is sexual
intercourse?
Sexual intercourse involves genital contact,
especially the insertion of the penis into the vagina.
During this process, a fully erect penis is inserted into the
vagina which expands to be able to receive it. Once the
penis ejaculates the sperm, it will start to travel towards
the egg cell to fertilize it.
Even a tiny amount of sperm makes contact with
the vagina could result to pregnancy. A small chance
is still a chance and of course, nobody wants an unwanted
pregnancy.
KEEP IN MIND
• The information you just learned here is very important
to make note of. You should take absolute care in
carrying this information as with a slightest
miscalculation, you might find yourself in a point of no
return.

• You might be undergoing puberty right now, but that

doesn't mean you should already fulfill your duty to
reproduce, especially with the current state of
overpopulation, that's an absolute no, no.
KEEP IN MIND
• There is a proper time and proper place
for everything. In reproduction, curiosity
doesn't kill the cat, it creates a new one. So be
careful where your curiosity leads you.
What’s More?
Growth of a Human Being
Humans, throughout their life cycles, experience
several changes in the physical, mental, and
psychological aspects. Truth be told, these are
all in preparation for fulfilling their ultimate
purpose - to reproduce.
Growth refers to any physical changes that happens in the body as
development refers to mental, psychological, and skill-related
changes that a person experiences. Each stage has its own unique
indicator. These indicators can vary from person to person because of
several factors like the environment and the people around the
person.
INFANT
• An infant is a child from the
time of birth to just before he
learns to walk.

• Usually between ages of 1 to 8

months.

• An infant cries to express a

variety of feelings.

• An infant requires a lot of sleep

(up to 18 hours).
2 WEEKS OLD
TODDLER
• A toddler is a young child who
just learning to walk, to speak,
and use language to
communicate feelings.

• Usually between the ages of 12 to

36 months (1 to 3 years old).

• Tend to imitate social behavior.

• Child becomes toilet-trained.

1 YEAR OLD
CHILD
• A child is between the ages of 4
to 9.

• Just learning how to read and

write.

• Usually eager to make new

friends.
7 YEARS OLD
9 YEARS OLD
PRE-TEEN
• A pre-teen experiences growth
from the age of 10 until just
before the teenager stage.

• Begins to develop a sense of self-

identity, responsibility, and
desire to fit in with his peers.

• Begins to like clothings and

music.
12 YEARS OLD
TEENAGER
• A teenager experiences growth
before adulthood.

• Develops a high value of

independence.

• Goes through puberty and a lot

of changes (physical, behavioral,
mental).
17 YEARS OLD 19 YEARS OLD
ADULT
• An adult is a person who is old
enough to do task.

• An adult is an independent
human being.
22 YEARS OLD
< Me at my 26
 Activity Time Na!

Answer given Activity: Grow Up and

Glow Up. All the instructions are
included in the activity sheet.
Changes During Puberty
Secondary growth refers to any changes that happen in the
body which does not happen immediately after birth. It
takes some time before these changes happen and they are
usually in preparation for reproduction.
• Puberty is the beginning of secondary change in humans. A lot of
physical, mental, emotional, social and psychological changes
happen during this period in everyone's lives. Especially for
women, as they start their menstrual cycles as they hit puberty.

• Puberty refers to the period in human development where a child

begins the process of sexual maturation.
• Puberty involves a series of physical changes that occur over
several years and lead to the maturation of the child’s reproductive
system.

• During puberty, a child experiences rapid physical growth,

development of the reproductive organs and gradual appearance
of secondary sex chracteristics.
• Puberty usually occurs between
the ages of 10-14 in females and
from 12-16 in males.

• During this time, it is common

for girls to be taller than boys.

• The child’s health, nutrition

and genes influence his or her
growth rate during puberty.
 CHANGES THE OCCUR IN MALES DURING PUBERTY
HAIR GROWTH
• Hair will grow on the armpits.
• Facial hair appear.
• Pubic hair grow.

BODY
• Voice box enlarges and voice deepens.
• Shoulders and chest broaden.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Penis and testes increase in size.
• Sperm production begins.
• The testes produce sperm and male
sex glands produce fluid with nutrients,
then it mixes with sperm to form
semen.
 CHANGES THE OCCUR IN FEMALES DURING PUBERTY
HAIR GROWTH
• Hair will grow on the armpits.
• Pubic hair grow.

BODY
• Chest broadens and breast grow larger.
• Hips broaden and become rounder.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Uterus enlarges and the ovaries start
to release mature eggs.
• Menstruation begins.
I also go through a lot of
changes.
• Puberty occurs as a result of hormones produced by our
reproductive organs.

• These hormones can affect our mood, cause body odor, and acne.
How can you control
your mood swings or
acne?
How to control mood swings?

Talk to a family Listen to music Exercise

and friends
 How to control acne?

Wash your Eat healthy Get enough sleep

face daily
• During puberty, teenagers may become withdrawn or confident
about the changes occur in themselves.

• They want more independence.

• Identity, friendships and relationships become very important to
them.

• Interest and attraction in the opposite sex also begins to develop.

The Menstrual Cycle
Every month, a cycle of events takes place in the female reproductive
system to bring about menstruation known as the menstrual cycle.
Menstrual cycle is differ in every female.

A menstrual cycle usually lasts about 28 days. It prepares the

uterus to receive the fertilized egg.
Menstruation is the release of blood and tissue from a female
through her vagina. It occurs when a fertilized egg is not formed in
the uterus and the lining of the uterus wall breaks down.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DAY 1 TO 5
Menstruation

• The lining of the uterus is lined

with many blood vessel and
tissue.

• When a fertilized egg is not

formed, this lining of the uterus
breaks down and released
through the vagina.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DAY 6 TO 10
Repair of the uterus lining

• The uterine lining called

endometrium grows and
thickens in preparation for
pregnancy.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DAY 11 TO 17
Ovulation

• Several eggs in the ovaries start

to mature.

• The ovaries start to produce

estrogen to stimulates the brain
to produce Leutinizing Hormone
that triggers the ovulation.

• Ovaries release a mature egg.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DAY 18 TO 28
Thickening of the uterus lining

• Ovaries produce progesterone.

• Estrogen and progesterone cause the

endometrium to thicken further to
prepare for the growth of fertilized egg.

• If fertilized egg is not formed, if

pregnancy does not occur. The level of
progesterone and estrogen drop. This
causes the breakdown of the
endometrium.
• Menstruation stops when
female reaches menopause.

• Menopause is the stage of

development of a female when
her ovaries are no longer
producing egg cells.

• Menopause can occur

between the ages of 45 to
60.
 Activity Time Na!

Answer Activity 4 on pages 6-7 of your

My Pals Are Here Activity Book.
What’s New?
Common Disorders and Caring for
Human Reproductive System
Disorders in the male and female reproductive system can
prevent people from reproducing. This inability to
reproduce is called infertility.
IN FEMALES

Disorders in female reproductive system

can occur in the uterus, ovaries and
fallopian tubes.

An irregular menstrual cycle is a

common disorder among females. It
could be caused by ovaries that fail to
ovulate or blocked fallopian tubes.
IN FEMALES

FIBROIDS

Benign growths found in the muscle of

the uterus that may cause bleeding,
vaginal discharge and frequent urination.
IN FEMALES

ENDOMETRIOSIS

A condition where the tissue of the

uterine lining grows outside the uterus
and on other neighbouring organs.
IN FEMALES

HORMONAL DISORDERS

Hormonal imbalances may cause

menstrual disorders such as:

Dysmenorrhoea (painful
menstruation)
Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual flow)
IN FEMALES

OVARIAN DISORDERS

Disorders of the ovaries may disrupt the build-up of uterine lining and lead to
amenorrhoea (absence of menstruation).
IN MALES

Disorders of the male reproductive

system can occur in the testes and penis.
Impotence, or erectile dysfunction,
is the inablity to achieve erection for
sexual intercourse.

• Testicular torsion - lack of blood

supply to the testes.
• Epididymitis - inflammation of the
epididymis.
• Hypogonadism - inadequate
production of testosterone by the
testes.
IN MALES

K L I N E F E L T E R ’ S
SYNDROME
Genetic disease that lead to low production of
sperm and unhealthy sperms.

Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal

abnormality in which a person has abnormal
number of sex chromosomes, specifically, a male
XY individual who has addition X chromosome,
giving them genotype of 47 XXY.

The extra X chromosome in these individuals

interferes with the normal development of male
sexual characteristics, by causing reduced
testosterone levels and impairing the normal
functioning of testes.
 Caring for Our Reproductive System

The reproductive system is an important system in our body, so we

should keep it clean and healthy.

The following hygiene practices will help to prevent infection.

• Wash your private parts daily to remove bacteria.

• Change sanitary pads regularly during menstruation for comfort
and cleanliness.
• Avoid wearing tight pants or underwear as they can cause
irritation.
• Avoid using perfumed soap or perfumed toilet paper.
• Go for regular check-up.
Application of Reproduction
As stated before, some couples have difficulties in
bearing a child. This is where we mostly apply
our understanding of the reproductive system.
Depending on personal opinions, sometimes,
people decide to have a child without getting
married or having sexual intercourse. This might
sound impossible, yes, but if you have ever heard
of test tube babies, surrogate mothers, in-
vitro fertilization, these are terms associated
with the process of having a child without actual
sexual intercourse. This may be brought by
problems in the organs of the individuals, or
difficulties in fertilization process or just a
personal preference.
Any questions?
What I Have Learned?
Assessment
 Activity Time Na!

Answer Test Yourself on pages 11-12 of

your My Pals Are Here Textbook and
Let’s Review on pages 8-11 of your
Science Activity Book.
That’s all for today! See
you next class! Gracias!
Be passionately curious!