1.

Introduction to Chemistry

Worksheet

A. State whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Chemistry helps us understand the world in a better way and answer questions
about how things work.
2. Alchemists were the first ones to learn the process of isolating iron and phosphorus.
3. John Dalton is credited for proposing the periodic table.
4. Benzene hexachloride is an insecticide.
5. Cosmetics are combination of various chemical ingredients.
B. Choose the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is not a contribution of J.J. Thomson?
(a) Discovery of electron
(b) Proposed plum pudding model
(c) Electrons are embedded in a cloud of protons
(d) Protons and neutrons lie in the nucleus
2. Which of the following is an emollient?
(a) Skin softener (b) Hair gel
(c) Lipsticks (d) Shampoo
3. Which preservative is used for dairy products?
(a) Sodium benzoate (b) Ethylene oxide
(c) Sorbic acid and its sodium and potassium salts
(d) Benzoic acid
4. What was the contribution of C.N.R. Rao in the field of chemistry?
(a) Founded India’s first pharmaceutical company
(b) Contributed mainly in solid-state and structural chemistry
(c) Structure and function of ribosomes
(d) Development of mercury compounds
5. Who discovered the role of oxygen in combustion?
(a) Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (b) Joseph Priestley
(c) Daniel Rutherford (d) Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
C. Match the columns.
Column A Column B
1. Discovery of nitrogen (a) Founded India’s first pharmaceutical
company
2. Henry Cavendish (b) Marie Curie
3. Discovery of oxygen (c) Discovery of hydrogen
4. Discovery of radium (d) Joseph Priestley
5. P. C. Ray (e) Daniel Rutherford

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D. Fill in the blanks.
1. The two branches of science are further divided into ____________, ____________
and ____________.
2. Alchemy was an early ____________ and ____________ field of study that
integrated chemistry with metalwork.
3. Mendeleev used the table to predict the ____________ and ____________ of new
chemical elements.
4. Niels Henrik David Bohr proposed that energy levels of ____________ are discrete
and electrons revolve in orbits around the ____________ of an atom.
5. ____________ discovered the concept of radioactive half-life.
E. Answer the following questions.
1. How has chemistry helped to produce disease-free crops and increase crop yield?
2. Discuss the contributions of the following scientists in the field of chemistry.
(a) Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (b) Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
(c) J.J. Thomson (d) Ernest Rutherford
(e) Niels Henrik David Bohr
3. Define preservatives. Enlist a few of them with their usage.
4. Chemistry in the textile industry involves the knowledge of both natural and
synthetic fibres. Comment.
5. Chemistry has contributed to the development of different industries thus resulting
in increased efficiency of various industrial processes. Justify the statement with
the help of a few examples.

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 Answers to Worksheet

A. 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True

B. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)
C. 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
D. 1. physics, chemistry, biology
2. philosophical, spiritual
3. existence, properties
4. electrons, nucleus
5. Ernest Rutherford
E. 1. Increase in population has led to increased demand for food. This has been taken
care of with the help of chemistry. Development and application of new techniques
has increased crop yield and provided ways to produce disease-free crop.
• Fertilisers: They are chemicals which provide nutrients required by crops for a
proper growth. The use of fertilisers also increases the yield. Urea, sodium nitrate,
potassium and ammonium phosphate are some examples of fertilisers.
• Pesticides: They are used by farmers to kill pests affecting crop production and
growth of fruits. Aldrin, malathion and parathion are some major pesticides used
on crops and fruits against pests.
• Insecticides: They are the chemicals used to kill insects that affect the growth
of crops. Some examples of insecticides are benzene hexachloride (BHC),
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and carbaryl.
• Fungicides: They are chemicals that prevent crops from being affected by
fungi. Sulphur, calcium polysulphide and ethylene oxide are some examples of
fungicides.
• Preservatives: They are chemicals used to preserve food and control its wastage.

Sodium benzoate is used to preserve food items such as fruit products,
beverages and salads.

Sugar, salt and vinegar are often used as preservatives. Sugar and salt help in
preventing the growth of bacteria in food items.

Sorbic acid, and its sodium and potassium salts are used for preservation
of food items such as dairy products, fish and seafood, fruit and vegetable
products, fat-based products, baked foods and cookies.

Some other food preservatives used are sodium metabisulphite, salicylic acid,
benzoic acid and propionic acid.
2. (a) Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier) is considered the ‘Father
of Modern Chemistry’. Lavoisier is credited for discovering the role of oxygen
in combustion. He also gave the ‘Law of Conservation of Mass’ that states that
mass is neither created not destroyed in a chemical reaction. Lavoisier also
named oxygen and hydrogen.
(b) Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was the first scientist who formulated the ‘Modern
Periodic Table of Elements’. Mendeleev used the table to predict the existence
and properties of new chemical elements.

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 (c) J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed the ‘Plum Pudding Model’,
according to which electrons are embedded in a cloud of protons. The model
represents that electrons are surrounded by positive charges in order to
balance negative charges. Thomson helped us to have a better understanding
of the atom and its structure.
(d) Ernest Rutherford performed the famous ‘gold foil experiment’. He proposed
that protons and neutrons lie at the centre of an atom in the nucleus, and are
surrounded by electrons. He also discovered the concept of radioactive half-
life.
(e) Niels Henrik David Bohr developed the ‘Bohr model of an atom’ or ‘Bohr atomic
model’. He proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and electrons
revolve in orbits around the nucleus of an atom.
3. Preservatives are the chemicals used to preserve food and control its wastage.
• Sodium benzoate is used to preserve food items such as fruit products, beverages
and salads.
• Sugar, salt and vinegar are often used as preservatives. Sugar and salt help in
preventing the growth of bacteria in food items.
• Sorbic acid, and its sodium and potassium salts are used for preservation of food
items such as dairy products, fish and seafood, fruit and vegetable products, fat-
based products, baked foods and cookies.
• Some other food preservatives used are sodium metabisulphite, salicylic acid,
benzoic acid and propionic acid.
4. Chemistry in the textile industry involves the knowledge of both natural and
synthetic fibres. Cotton, jute, wool and silk are some natural fibres that were used
earlier to produce various types of dresses, sarees, bags, shawls, pullovers and
other items. With the development in this field, synthetic fibres such as nylon and
terylene were also used to manufacture clothes. These fibres are strong, wrinkle-
resistant and they dry quickly. These fibres are used to make dress materials, bed
sheets, carpets, bags, blankets, towels, curtains and many other items.
5. Chemistry has contributed to the development of different industries thus
resulting in increased efficiency of various industrial processes. This in turn has led
to the production of many useful materials such as plastics, alloys, synthetic rubber,
synthetic fibres and textiles.
Chemicals are used to make different products in various industries thus playing
an important role in our daily lives. Industries manufacture various products such
as dyes, plastics, fertilisers, detergents, drugs, paints, textiles, stain removals, paper,
and glass, cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, and synthetic fibres. These
products have various beneficial uses. Preparation of common salt from sea water,
extraction of sugar from cane sugar juice, extraction of metals, preparation of alloys
and development of drugs is possible because of the application of various chemical
processes. The chemical industry is the most important industry and is very diverse;
it produces a huge variety of products that are used by other industries.

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 2. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Worksheet

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. We can classify matter on the basis of some ___________ and ___________ in their
composition.
2. ___________ substances are of two types—elements and compounds.
3. There are 118 known ___________.
4. Xenon is a non-metal in ___________ state.
5. A symbol represents ___________ atom of an element.
B. State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Water and oil are both liquids but they differ from each other.
2. An atom of sodium can exist freely but an atom of hydrogen cannot exist
independently.
3. Elements combine to form compounds.
4. Majority of known elements are non-metals.
5. Arsenic conducts heat and electricity better than sulphur but not as well as zinc.
C. Complete the following table.
Latin name (if Metal/non-metal/
Element Symbol
any) metalloid
Sodium _______________ _______________ Metal

_______________ Kalium K _______________

Silicon - _______________ Non-metal

_______________ Aurum _______________ _______________

_______________ - S _______________
D. Choose the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is mainly found in the crust, atmosphere and oceans of the
earth?
(a) Phosphorus (b) Argon
(c) Aluminium (d) Calcium
2. Which of the following is not true for N2?
(a) The atoms are held by chemical bonds.
(b) The atoms are combined in a fixed whole ratio.
(c) The properties of N atom are different from N2.
(d) N2 is a molecule.
3. Which of the following combines in a fixed ration of 1:2?
(a) Magnesium oxide (b) Calcium chloride
(c) Water (d) Ammonia

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 4. Which compound is used in fire extinguishers?
(a) Calcium oxide (b) Argon
(c) Helium (d) Carbon dioxide
5. Which of the following is true for sieving?
(a) While sieving, the fine particles pass through the sieve whereas the coarse
particles are left behind on the sieve.
(b) This method is used to separate an insoluble solid and a liquid.
(c) The mixture to be separated is passed through a filter paper.
(d) The solid left behind is called the residue.
E. Answer the following questions.
1. Why is element a pure substance?
2. Describe the following separation techniques in detail.
(a) Sieving (b) Filtration
(c) Evaporation (d) Magnetic separation
(e) Sedimentation and decantation
3. Enlist the characteristics of an atom and molecule.
4. Differentiate between mixtures and compounds.
5. What makes air a mixture and water a compound?

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 Answers to Worksheet

A. 1. similarities and dissimilarities

2. Pure
3. elements
4. gaseous
5. one
B. 1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True
C.
Latin name Metal/non-metal/
Element Symbol
(if any) metalloid
Sodium Natrium Na Metal

Potassium Kalium K Metal

Silicon - Si Non-metal

Gold Aurum Au Metal

Sulphur - S Non-metal

D. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a)

E. 1. Element is a pure substance as it has atoms of only one kind.
2. (a) Sieving: A sieve consists of a mesh placed over a frame. Sieving helps to separate
components of a mixture that differ in size. While sieving, the fine particles pass
through the sieve whereas the coarse particles are left behind on the sieve.
Depending on the size and type of the components to be separated, sieves with
different size of holes are used. For example, the sieve used at a construction site
has larger holes in the mesh because it is used to separate stones and pebbles
from sand.
(b) Filtration: This method is used to separate an insoluble solid and a liquid. In
this process, the mixture to be separated is passed through a filter paper. The
filter paper has tiny pores that allow only the liquid to pass through it and the
insoluble solid particles remain on the filter paper. The insoluble solid left behind
on the filter paper is called residue and the clear liquid that passes through the
filter paper is called filtrate.

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 (c) Evaporation: Evaporation is a process by which a liquid is converted into its
vapour state. This method is employed to separate a soluble solid component
from a liquid. In this method, the mixture is heated. As a result, the liquid
component evaporates, leaving the solid component behind. This method is
used to separate homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures like extracting salt from
sea water. Sea water is collected in shallow beds and is allowed to evaporate
under the heat of the sun. In a few days, the water gets evaporated and salt is
left behind which is purified before use.
(d) Magnetic separation: Magnetic separation is used when one of the components
of a mixture is a magnetic substance, i.e., it can be attracted by a magnet. In
a mixture of iron and sulphur, iron is separated by rolling a magnet over the
mixture. In this way iron gets attracted towards the magnet and is separated
from the mixture.
(e) Sedimentation and decantation: When a mixture of insoluble substance
and water is kept undisturbed for some time, then the suspended insoluble
particles settle down at the bottom under the influence of gravity. This process
is called sedimentation. The insoluble solid substance that settles down is called
sediment and the clear liquid over the sediment is called supernatant liquid.
The clear liquid is then poured into another beaker, leaving the sediments
undisturbed. This process is called decantation. Sedimentation and decantation
are used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid where the solid component
is heavier than the liquid component, and is insoluble, for example, a mixture of
sand and water.
3. Characteristics of an atom are as follows.
• The atoms are very reactive and therefore exist in combination with the atoms
of same element or other elements. For example, hydrogen atoms are found in
combination with atoms of hydrogen or other elements. Noble gases, on the
other hand, exist independently.
• The atoms of an element are identical and exhibit same properties.
• The atoms of an element differ from those of other elements.
• The properties of an atom are maintained through all physical and chemical
changes. For example, a piece of iron when broken down into smaller pieces will
retain its property of being attracted towards a magnet.
Characteristics of a molecule are as follows.
• The atoms of same element or different elements combine to form molecules.
When two or more atoms of the same element combine they form the molecule
of an element. When atoms of two or more elements combine they form the
molecule of a compound.
• The atoms of different elements are combined in a fixed whole number ratio in a
molecule.
• The atoms in a molecule are held together by chemical bonds. A chemical bond
refers to the force of attraction between atoms that enables the formation of
chemical compounds.

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 4. Mixtures Compounds
A mixture is an impure substance. A compound is a pure substance.
In case of mixtures, the constituents In case of compounds, the onstituents
can be present inany ratio. are present in a fixed ratio.
There is no change in energy during The energy is absorbed or released
the formation of a mixture. during theformation of a compound.
The components of a mixture can be The components of a compound can
separated byphysical methods. be separated by chemical processes.
The constituents of a mixture retain The properties of a compound are
their properties. entirely different from its constituents.
A mixture does not have a fixed A compound has fixed melting and
melting or boiling point. boiling points.

5. Water Air
Water has a homogeneous Air contains a number of gases like
composition, i.e., the components nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
of water–hydrogen and oxygen are water vapour, etc. which retain their
combined in a fixed ratio of 1:8 by individual properties.
mass.
The chemical composition of water The composition of air varies from
remains the same, irrespective of the place to place. At high altitudes,
source from where it is obtained. the amount of oxygen is less. Near
industrial complexes, the oncentration
of carbon monoxide is high.
The properties of water are totally The constituents of air retain their
different from the properties of its individual properties.
constituent elements, i.e., oxygen and
hydrogen.
Energy change takes place during the There is no change in energy when
formation of water. constituents of air are mixed together.

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 3. The Nature of Matter

Worksheet

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Matter is composed of extremely small particles and it exists in both ___________
and ___________ states.
2. Resistance is a force that tends to oppose ___________.
3. An atom usually does not exist ___________.
4. A ___________ has an independent existence and also exhibits all the properties of
matter.
5. The way ___________ are held together determines their state of matter.

B. State whether the following statements are True or False. Correct the false statements.
1. More in the amount of matter in an object more would be its mass.
2. Matter offers resistance.
3. The intermolecular force of attraction increases as the intermolecular space
increases.
4. Cohesive forces are the intermolecular forces that exist between atoms of the same
substance.
5. The random motion of particles induces diffusion and Brownian motion.

C. Choose the correct answer.

1. Which of the following changes does not take place when heat is supplied to a
substance?
(a) Change in state of matter (b) Thermal expansion
(c) Chemical change (d) Physical change
2. The Brownian motion of lycopodium powder particles increase upon _______ the
beaker containing lycopodium solution.
(a) heating (b) cooling
(c) freezing (d) evaporating
3. What is lycopodium?
(a) Gel (b) Rubber
(c) Oil (d) Talc
4. Which of the following is not responsible for change in state of matter?
(a) Evaporation (b) Condensation
(c) Pressure (d) Force
5. When you try to swim in fast-fl owing water, you experience __________________.
(a) force (b) push
(c) resistance (d) friction

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D. Name the following.
1. Intermingling of particles of different substances on their own __________
2. intermolecular forces between molecules of the same substance. __________
3. Zig-zag movement of small particles __________
4. Two substamces that sublime __________
5. A chemical change __________
E. Answer the following questions.
1. Are mass and weight same? Justify.
2. With the help of an activity, show that liquids contract on cooling.
3. How does a solid change into gas?
4. How does the state of matter change?
5. Define the following terms.
(a) Melting
(b) Freezing
(c) Boiling

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 Answers to Worksheet

A. 1. natural and man-made 2. motion

3. independently 4. molecule 5. molecules
B. 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
C. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c)
D. 1. Diffusion 2. Cohesive forces
3. Brownian motion 4. Iodine, Ammonium chloride
5. Burning of a candle
E. 1. No, mass and weight are not the same.
Mass Weight
It is the quantity of matter It is the amount of force of gravity acting on the mass.
It is constant everywhere. It varies from place to place.
It cannot be zero. It can be zero if no gravity acts on the object as in outer
space.
2. Aim: To show that matter occupies space
Materials required: some water, a tumbler, some sand, a spoon
Procedure
• Take a glass tumbler and fill it with some water.
• Mark the level of water on the outer suface of the glass tumbler.
• Now add four spoons of sand into the glass tumbler.
• Again mark the level of water in the glass tumbler.
• Compare the two marks.
Observation: You will observe that the sand settles down and the level of water
increases.
Conclusion: The sand added into the glass tumbler occupies some space. Therefore,
the level of water increases. This shows that matter occupies space.

initial new
level of level of
water water
sand
3. Some solids like iodine, ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene, benzoic acid,
mercuric chloride and solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) on heating directly change into
gaseous state without changing into a liquid state. This process is called sublimation.
4. Matter can be changed from one state to the other by supplying or removing heat
energy. On heating, the molecules of matter move rapidly. Due to their continuous
movement, they change from one state to another. All the three states of matter are
interconvertible.
5. (a) The process of conversion of a solid into its liquid state is known as melting.
(b) The process of conversion of a liquid into a solid is called freezing or solidification.
(c) The process of change of a liquid to its gaseous state on heating is called boiling.

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