IELTS

1. Complex Sentences

● These sentences contain one independent clause and one or more

dependent (subordinate) clauses, which help show relationships
between ideas.
● Example: "While many people believe that technology improves
lives, others argue that it leads to increased stress."

2. Compound Sentences

● These contain two independent clauses connected by a

coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
● Example: "I studied hard for the exam, but I was still nervous
about my results."

3. Compound-Complex Sentences

● These combine elements of both compound and complex

sentences, showing even more grammatical range.
● Example: "Although I had little time, I studied for the exam, and I
managed to achieve a high score."

4. Passive Voice

● The passive voice is also useful for academic writing when the
action is more important than the doer.
● Example: "A new policy was introduced to address climate change
issues."

1. Although / Even though + [Subordinate Clause], [Main Clause]

Used to show contrast or unexpected results.

Example: "Although many people prefer online shopping, there are still some
who value the in-store experience."
 Translation: "যদিও অনেক মানুষ অনলাইন শপিংকে পছন্দ করে, তবুও কিছু মানুষ ইন-স্টোর
অভিজ্ঞতাকে মূল্যায়ন করে।"
2. [Main Clause] + Because / Since / As + [Subordinate Clause]
Useful for explaining reasons or causes.

Example: "Many people are choosing to work remotely because it offers

greater flexibility."
Translation: "অনেক মানুষ দূরবর্তীভাবে কাজ করতে পছন্দ করছে কারণ এটি আরও বেশি
নমনীয়তা প্রদান করে।"

3. If + [Subordinate Clause], [Main Clause]

Useful for hypothetical situations or conditions.

Example: "If governments invest more in public transportation, traffic

congestion will decrease."
Translation: "যদি সরকারগুলো জনপরিবহন ব্যবস্থায় বেশি বিনিয়োগ করে, তাহলে ট্রাফিক
জ্যাম কমবে।"

4. While / Whereas + [Subordinate Clause], [Main Clause]

Used for comparison or contrast between two ideas.

Example: "While younger generations are tech-savvy, older people often

struggle to adapt to new technologies."
Translation: "যেখানে তরুণ প্রজন্ম প্রযুক্তি-savvy, সেখানে প্রবীণ মানুষ প্রায়ই নতু ন প্রযুক্তিতে
মানিয়ে নিতে সংগ্রাম করে।"

5. [Main Clause] + So that + [Subordinate Clause]

Used to show purpose or the reason for an action.

Example: "I save a portion of my income every month so that I can travel
abroad next year."
Translation: "আমি প্রতি মাসে আমার আয়ের একটি অংশ সঞ্চয় করি যাতে আমি আগামী বছর
বিদেশে ভ্রমণ করতে পারি।"

6. [Main Clause], Which + [Subordinate Clause]

Adds extra information about a noun in the main clause, often adding
details or explanations.

Example: "The city has introduced more bike lanes, which has encouraged
people to cycle to work."
 Translation: "শহরটি আরও বাইক লেন চালু করেছে, যা মানুষকে কাজের জন্য সাইকেল
চালাতে উৎসাহিত করেছে।"

7. In order to + [Verb], [Main Clause]

Often used to explain the purpose of an action.

Example: "In order to reduce pollution, the government is

promoting electric vehicles."
Translation: "দূষণ কমানোর জন্য, সরকার বৈদ্যুতিক গাড়িগুলোকে প্রচার
করছে।"

● Although - যদিও
● Even though - তবুও / যদিও
● Because - কারণ
● Since - যেহেতু / কারণ
● As - যেমন / কারণ
● If - যদি
● While - যখন / তথাপি
● Whereas - যেখানে / অথচ
● So that - যাতে
● Which - যে / যা
● In order to - এর জন্য / উদ্দেশ্যে

Passive
Passive Voice

● The passive voice is also useful for academic writing when the
action is more important than the doer.
● Example: "A new policy was introduced to address climate change
issues."
The most commonly used passive voice structure in English is:

Subject + form of "to be" + past participle (of the main verb)

Here's the structure broken down for different tenses:

1. Present Simple:
○ Active: "She writes a letter."
○ Passive: "A letter is written by her."
2. Past Simple:
○ Active: "He painted the house."
○ Passive: "The house was painted by him."
3. Present Continuous:
○ Active: "They are building a house."
○ Passive: "A house is being built by them."
4. Present Perfect:
○ Active: "She has completed the work."
○ Passive: "The work has been completed by her."

Tense
These structures are essential for effective communication and are
particularly useful for exams like IELTS.

1. Present Simple

● Structure: Subject + base form of the verb (s/es for third person)
● Example: "She reads books every day."

2. Present Continuous (Progressive)

● Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing

● Example: "They are studying for their exams right now."

3. Present Perfect
 ● Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle
● Example: "He has visited several countries."

4. Present Perfect Continuous

● Structure: Subject + has/have been + verb + ing

● Example: "I have been working on this project for two weeks."

5. Past Simple

● Structure: Subject + past form of the verb

● Example: "They traveled to Spain last summer."

6. Past Continuous (Progressive)

● Structure: Subject + was/were + verb + ing

● Example: "She was cooking dinner when I arrived."

7. Past Perfect

● Structure: Subject + had + past participle

● Example: "By the time we arrived, the movie had started."

8. Past Perfect Continuous

● Structure: Subject + had been + verb + ing

● Example: "They had been waiting for an hour before the train
arrived."

9. Future Simple

● Structure: Subject + will + base form of the verb

● Example: "I will call you tomorrow."

10. Future Continuous (Progressive)

● Structure: Subject + will be + verb + ing

● Example: "This time next week, I will be traveling to Paris."

11. Future Perfect

● Structure: Subject + will have + past participle

● Example: "By next month, I will have completed the course."
12. Future Perfect Continuous

● Structure: Subject + will have been + verb + ing

● Example: "By the end of this year, I will have been working here
for five years."

Tips for Using Tenses:

● Use present tenses for facts and habitual actions.

● Use past tenses for actions completed in the past.
● Use future tenses to discuss upcoming actions or predictions.
● Combining tenses in complex sentences can show relationships
between events.

Common Verb Structures with Prepositions

1. Verb + Preposition
○ Example: "She apologized for being late."
2. Verb + Object + Preposition
○ Example: "He explained to me the situation."
3. Verb + Gerund (Verb + ing)
○ Example: "I enjoy swimming in the ocean."
4. Verb + Infinitive (to + verb)
○ Example: "She wants to learn Spanish."

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express necessity, possibility,

permission, ability, or obligation. Here’s a list of common modal verbs
along with their structures and examples:
 Modals
1. Can

● Usage: Ability or possibility

● Structure: Subject + can + base form of the verb
● Example: "I can swim."
● Meaning: "আমি সাঁতার কাটতে পারি।"

2. Could

● Usage: Past ability or polite request

● Structure: Subject + could + base form of the verb
● Example: "She could play the piano when she was younger."
● Meaning: "সে ছোটবেলায় পিয়ানো বাজাতে পারত।"

3. May

● Usage: Permission or possibility

● Structure: Subject + may + base form of the verb
● Example: "You may leave early."
● Meaning: "আপনি আগে চলে যেতে পারেন।"

4. Might

● Usage: Slight possibility

● Structure: Subject + might + base form of the verb
● Example: "It might rain later."
● Meaning: "পরে বৃষ্টি হতে পারে।"

5. Must

● Usage: Obligation or necessity

● Structure: Subject + must + base form of the verb
● Example: "You must finish your homework."
● Meaning: "আপনাকে আপনার বাড়ির কাজ সম্পন্ন করতে হবে।"

6. Shall

● Usage: Formal suggestion or offer (mostly in British English)

 ● Structure: Subject + shall + base form of the verb
● Example: "Shall we go for a walk?"
● Meaning: "আমরা কি হাঁটতে যাব?"

7. Should

● Usage: Advice or recommendation

● Structure: Subject + should + base form of the verb
● Example: "You should see a doctor."
● Meaning: "আপনার ডাক্তার দেখানো উচিত।"

8. Will

● Usage: Future intention or willingness

● Structure: Subject + will + base form of the verb
● Example: "I will help you."
● Meaning: "আমি আপনাকে সাহায্য করব।"

9. Would

● Usage: Polite request or hypothetical situation

● Structure: Subject + would + base form of the verb
● Example: "I would like a cup of tea."
● Meaning: "আমি একটি কাপ চা চাই।"

Summary of Modal Verbs

Modal Usage Structure Example Bangla Meaning

Verb

Can Ability or Subject + "I can swim." "আমি সাঁতার কাটতে

possibility can + base পারি।"
form

Could Past ability / Subject + "She could play "সে ছোটবেলায় পিয়ানো
polite request could + base the piano." বাজাতে পারত।"
form

May Permission or Subject + "You may leave "আপনি আগে চলে যেতে
possibility may + base early." পারেন।"
form
Might Slight possibility Subject + "It might rain "পরে বৃষ্টি হতে পারে।"
might + base later."
form

Must Obligation or Subject + "You must finish "আপনাকে আপনার

necessity must + base your বাড়ির কাজ সম্পন্ন
form homework." করতে হবে।"

Shall Formal Subject + "Shall we go for "আমরা কি হাঁটতে যাব?"

suggestion shall + base a walk?"
form

Should Advice or Subject + "You should see "আপনার ডাক্তার দেখানো

recommendation should + a doctor." উচিত।"
base form

Will Future intention Subject + will "I will help you." "আমি আপনাকে সাহায্য
+ base form করব।"

Would Polite request / Subject + "I would like a "আমি একটি কাপ চা
hypothetical would + base cup of tea." চাই।"
form