THERMAL CRACKING AND ITS
TYPES
ALIYEVA GULLU
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT TC?
IT IS THE
PROCESS….
Thermal cracking is an
extraction process in which
hydrocarbons such as crude oil
are heated to a high
temperature to break the
molecular bonds.
Thermal cracking is a re ning process in which heat
and pressure are used to break down, rearrange, or
combine hydrocarbon molecules.
In 1913, the thermal cracking process was developed,
which subjected heavy fuels to both pressure and
intense heat, physically breaking the large molecules
into smaller ones.
Thermal cracking is an extraction process in which
hydrocarbons such as crude oil are heated to a high
temperature to break the molecular bonds.
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TYPES OF THERMAL CRACKING
As we mentioned above, thermal cracking occurs under high temperature (sometimes also under the pressure)
without any catalysts. There are different types of thermal cracking:
Thermal cracking at high pressure (20-70 atm.) and 500-540ºC. The goal of the process as the
production of automobile benzine. Qasoline of thermal cracking has a high octane number, but its
quality is law (40% of unsaturated bond compounds). Law quality of qasoline of thermal cracking
caused by the presence of the pressure of unstable unsaturated bond compounds.
Thermal cracking at law pressure (<20 atm.) and 450-500ºC. In this case, keep thermal cracking
destruction of hydrocarbons doesn’t occur. Therefore, the process is called visbreaking. The goal of the
process is the production of fuels with high boiling temperature and coke and decrease the viscosity of
the fuels.
Pyrolysis is carried out at 650-900ºC and atmospheric pressure. The goal of the process is the
production of small molecular mass alkenes, especially ethylenes.
Production of technical carbon is carried out at 1200ºC in an instant. Application areas of technical
carbon are metallurgy, electrode, and jot industry.
Production of bitumen is carried out at 250-350ºC and low pressure at the presence of oxygen. The
application area of bitumen is roadworks.
335 KJ/mol
C-C-C-C-↓C-C-C-↑C
310 KJ/mol
Below is given stability of different radicals:
(C6H5)3Ċ>(C6H5)2ĊH >C6H5ĊH3 >Ċ6H5>CH2=ĊH
There are monomolecular and bimolecular ways of formation of products:
Monomolecular way: C4H10→2C2H5
Bimolecular way: C2H4 + C2H6→2Ċ2H5 2C2H4→Ċ2H3+Ċ2H5
Homogenious reaction
Heterogenious reaction
Reactions of radicals (continuation of the chain)
The composition of the products obtained during thermal cracking is determined by the reactions of the radicals
formed in these processes.
Isomerisation
Recombination reaction
Chain breaking occurs according to the following reactions:
-Recombination of radicals. This reaction is the reverse of the breakdown of molecules into radicals in a
monomolecular reaction
2C2H5·→ C2H5- C2H5
-Disproportionation of radicals. It can also be considered as a radical replacement reaction
Activation energies of recombination and disproportionation reactions are equal to zero. In this case, the
exponential multiplication is equal to the number of collisions.
Additional reactions of radicals are exothermal
