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53 views49 pagesChapter 1
chapter 1
Uploaded by
shrutiravikumar5Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
ELECTROSTATICS
Meare ered
‘Charge is the property associated with matter due to which
itproduces and experiences electrical and magnetic effects,
“There exists two types of charges in nature
@ Positive charge
Gi) Negative charge
(Charges with the same electrical sign repel each other, and
charges with opposite electrical sign altract each other.
1.3 Unit and dimensional formula,
i
SL unit of charge is coulomb (C),
(ame
C.GS, unit of chargeis e.s..1C=3 10 esu
10°C, InC= 10°F, InC= 10°C).
Dimensional formula [Q]=[471
14 Point Charge
Whose spatial size is negligible as compared to other
distances,
LS Properties of charge
@ — Chargeis Scalar Quantity : Charges can be added
oF aubtracted algebrically
1) Chargeis transferable : Ifa charged body is put in
contact with an uncharged body, uncharged body
‘becomes charged due to transfer of electrons from,
‘one body to the other.
wi)
Gi)
Chargeis always associated with mass, ie. charge
can not exist without mass though mass can exist
without charge.
Chargeis conserved : Charge canneitherbe created
nor be destroyed.
Invariance of charge : The numerical value of an
elementary charge is independent of velocity,
(Chargeproduces dectric field and magneticfield: A
charged particle atrest produces only electric field in
the space surrounding it. However, if the charged
particle is in unaccelerated motion it produces both
lectric and magnetic fields. And if the motion of
charged particle is accelerated it not only produces
clectric and magnetic fields but also radiates energy in
the space surrounding the charge in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Chargeresides onthesurface of conductor : Charge
resides on the outer surface of a conductor because
like charges repel and ry to get as faraway as possible
from one another and stay at the farthest distance
from each other which is outer surface of the
conductor. This is why a solid and hollow
conducting sphere of same outer radius will hold
‘maximum equal charge and a soap bubble expands
on charging,
Quantization of charge: When a physical quantity
can have only diserete values rather than any value,
the quantity is said to be quantised. The smallest
charge that can exist in nature is the charge of an
electron. If the charge of an electron
(-1.6:10"%C) is taken a elementary unit Le.
quanta of charge the charge on any body will be
some integral multiple ofeze., Q=-+newith n=0,
12,3.
‘Charge on a body canneverbe0.5 ¢,4172e00 +10 e
ete, 1.6 Comparison of Charge and Mass
We are familiar with role of mass in gravitation, and we have
just studied some features of electric charge. We can
compare the two as shown below
Charge Mass
Electric chargecanbe | 1. Mass of a body isa
positive, negative or zero] positive quantity
Charge carried by a body | 2 Mass of a body increases
does not depend upon with its velocity as
ig
velocity of the body. where &
is velocity of light in
vaccum, m is the mass of
the velocity v and m, is,
rest mass of the body.
(Charge is quantized. ‘The quantization of mass
is yet to be established
Electric charge isalways | 4 Mass is not conserved as
conserved, it can be changed into
energy and vice-versa
Force between charges | 5. The gravitational force
can be attractive or between two masses is
repulsive, according as always attractive
charges are unlike or like
charges,
1.7 Methods of Charging
A body can be charged by following methods
(By friction : In friction when two bodies are rubbed
together, electrons are transferred from one body to
the other. As a result of this one body becomes
positively charged while the other negatively charged,
eg. when a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod
becomes positively charged while the silk becomes
negatively charged. However, ebonite onrubbing with
‘wool becomes negatively charged making the wool
positively charged. Clouds also become charged by
fiction. In charging by friction in accordance with
‘conservation of charge, both positive and negative
‘charges in equal amounts appear simultancously due
to transfer of electrons from one body to the other
(i)__By electrostatic induetion : If a charged body is
brought near an uncharged body. the charged body
‘willattract opposite charge and repel similar change
present in the unchanged body. As a result of this
‘one side of neutral body (closer to charged body)
becomes oppositely charged while the other is
similarly charged. This process is called electrostatic
induction
taf
‘ndueting body neither gains nor loses charge.
(Charging by conduction : Take two conductors, one
changed and other uncharged. Bring the conductors
in contact with each other. The charge (whether—ve
‘or + ve) under its own repulsion will spread over both
the conductors. Thus the conductors will be charged
with the same sign. This is called as charging by
‘conduction (through contact) Uncharged Charged Bodies in contact
Both are positively charged
tat
A truck canying explosives has a metal chain
touching the ground, to conduct away the charge
produced by friction
8 Blectroscope
It isa simple apparatus with which the presence of electric
charge on abody is detected (sce figure). When metal knob
is touched with a charged body, some charge is transferred
to the gold leaves, which then diverges due to repulsion
The separation gives a rough idea of the amount of charge
‘on the body. If a charged body brought near a charged
electrascope the leaves will also diverge. If the charge on
body is sitnitar to that on electroscope and will usually
converge if opposite, Ifthe induction effect is strong enought
leaves after converging may again diverge.
(1) Uncharged electrascope
Charpy ert
Sharper
2, COULOMB'S LA\
@) Charged electroscope
Ietwvo stationary and point charges Q, and Q, are Kept at a
distance 7, then it is found that force of attraction or
repulsion between them is Mathematically, Coulomb's law
can be written as
ga
where k is a proportionality constant.
In SLunitsk hasthe value, |
= 9.0 10°C
= 8.988 «10° Nic?
(@ —Thedirection of foreeis always along the line joining
the two charges.
(@) The force is repulsive ifthe charges have the same
sign and attractive if their signs are opposite.
(©) This force is conservative in nature,
@ This is also called inverse square lav.
‘Variation of &
Constant & depends upon system of units and medium
between the twa charges, 2.1.1 Effect of units
(@ CGS. forair = 1, F= VX. Done
2
seo No
@) InsLibear a
ote
xe;
tat
® —e, = Absolute permittivity ofair or free space
2.22 Newten ch Newton=10°Dyne)
~assa0" (Bat
&
Dimensions [LTA]
® —é,Relates with absolute magnetic permeability
(is) and velocity of light () according to the
1
ta
followingrelation
2.12 Effect ofmedium
(@) When a diclectric medium is completely filled in
between charges rearrangement of the charges inside
the dielectric medium takes place and the force
between the same two charges decreases by a factor
of K known as dielectrie constant, X is also called
relative permittivity ¢, ofthe medium (relative means
with respect to free space).
‘Hence in the presence of medium
Be 1 QQ
Kank
Here ok = 2, = (permitivity of medium)
Medium
Vacuum
Water
Mica
Glass
Metal
‘Vector form of coulom’s law
eis helpful to adopt a convention for subscript notation,
F,,forceon 1 dueto2 force on? dueto 1
Suppose the position vectors of two charges q, and q, are
i and %, then, electri force on charge a, dueto charge a,
Similarly, electric foree ong, dueto charge q, is
#,- 1 am
WY ae, Fl
(-a)
Force isa vector, s0 in vector form the Coulomb's law is
written as
f,-1 ge
a ee Remember convention for F.
Here q, and q, are to be substituted with sign. Position
vector of charges q, and q, are R=x,i+yj+ak and
genyleysiezak respective Where(s,y,.2) and,
¥p 2) are the co-ordinates of charges q, and 4,
According to the principle of super position, total force
acting on a given charge due to number of charges is the
vector sum of the individual forces acting on that charge
due to all the charges
Consider nuriber of charge Q,, Q,, Q,..are applying force
ona charge Q
Netforceon Qwill be
B= ++.
‘The magnitude of the resultant of two electric force is given by
P= RP +E) 42K, cos and the force direction is given by
sino
coed
tan a=
3, ELECTRIC FIELD
A positive charge or a negative charge is said to create its
field around itself Tims space around a charge in which
another charged particle experiences aferce is sad to have
electrical field init
3.1 Electric fldd intensity ()
‘The electric field intensity at any point is defined as the
force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that
2)
Where q, -> 0 s0 that presence of this charge may not
affect the source charge Q and its electric field isnot changed,
therefore expression for electric field intensity can be better
written as B= im,
897 (@) Unit and Dimensional formul: it’s SL. unit —
Newton volt Jule
Coulomb meter coafombxmeer 4
C.GS. unit = Dyne/stat coulomb.
‘Dimension (E)=[MIT? A")
{b) Direction of electric field : Electric field (intensity)
£ isavector quantity. Blectric field duetoa positive
charge is always away from the charge and that dae
to a negative charge is always towards the charge
In an electric field E a charge (Q) experiences a foree F =
QE. Ifcharge is positive then force is directed inthe direction
of ficld while if charge is negative force acts on it in the
‘opposite direction of field
——_ +? ——— +e
+Q0—> F
3.3 Super position of electric fleld
‘The tesultantelectric field atany point is equalto the vector
sum of electric fields at that point due to various charges.
BB, +E+.
‘The magnitude of the resultant of two electric fields are
given by
= YB} +E-+26)E; cos0 and the direction is given by
Ey sinb
E,+E,cm8
Point Charge
Point charge produces its electric field ata point P which is
distance r from it given by
Q
(Magnitude)
4 For+ vepoint charge, Bis directed away frem i.
4 For—vepoint charge, E is directed towards it.
3.8 Continuous charge distributions
‘There are infinite number of ways in which we can spread a
continuous charge distribution overa region of space. Mainly
three types of charge distributions will be used. We define
three different charge densities.
Definition
Charge per unit length
Charge per unit area 2
Charge perunit votume
Ifatotal charge qis distributed along a line of length ¢, over
‘surface area A or throughout a volume V, we can calculate
charge densities from.
1 Electric field lines originate fromapasitive charge &
terminate on anegative charge.
‘Thenumber of field lines criginating/terminating on
a charge is proportional to the magnitude of the
charge. 3. The number of Field Lines passing through
perpendicular unit area will be proportional to the
‘magnitude of flectric Field there.
4, Tangent toa Field line at any point gives the direction
of Electrie Field at that point. This will be the
instantaneous path charge will ake ifkept there.
5. Two or more field lines can never Intersect each
other.
[they cannot have multiple directions)
6 Uniform field tines are straight, parallel & uniformity
placed.
7. Field ines cannot form alogp.
& Electric field lines originate & terminate perpendicular
tothe surface of the conductor, Blectric field lines do
not exist inside a conductor
9. Field linesalways flow fromhigher potential to lower
potential
10, Ifinaregion electric field is absent, there will be no.
flelaines
7 Motion of Charged Particlein an Electric Field
(@) When charged particle initially atrestis placed in
‘theuniform eld :
Let a charge particle of mass m and charge (be intially at
rest in an electre field of strength
—_ 37
0 OFF
————
,___,,
=e +—O -0
a
Fig. (a)
Fig. (B)
@®)— Forceand acceleration : The force experienced by
the charged particle is F = QE. Positive charge
experiences force in the direction of electric field while
negative charge experiences force in the direction
oppositeto the field. [Fig (A)]
Acceleration produced by this force is a=
Since the field E in constant the acceleration is
constant, thus motion of the particle is uniformly
accelerated.
Gi) Velocity : Suppose at point A particle sat rest and in
time g itreachesthe point 3 [Fig (B)]
¥
Potential diference between A and 3;
‘S=Separation between A and B
@ — Byasing
E
veutat, v=04+Q—t,
m
®
v oul +2a5, v?=042x Eve POR
Ey il) Momentum : Momentump =)
p=m 22 en
m
ds) Kinetic energy : Kinctic energy gainedby the particle
intime tis
©) When a charged particle enters with an initial
‘velocity at right angleto the uniform field
‘When charged particle enters perpendicularty in an
clectrc field, it describea parabolic path as shown
@ Equation of trajectory : Throughout the motion
particle has uniforin velocity along x-axis and
horizontal displacement (2) is given by the equation
7
Since the motion of the particle is accelerated along y-axis,
‘we will use equalion of motion for uniform acceleration to
1
determine displacement y. From S= utr al?
‘We have u=0 (along y-axis) soy =
i.e, displacement along y-axis will increase rapidly with time
Gineey oe)
From displacement along x-axis t=
7 Ley, this is the equation of parabola
which shows y ce x?
Gi) Velocity at any instant :Atany instants, v, =u and
If is the angle made by vwith x-axis than
My _ OBL
mm
tanp
y,
CRsa set ee etek
Its always change in potential energy that is designed as
Ww, Ww,
Aus
Potential energy is defined of a system of charges in a
particular configuration
Consider a system of two charges q, and g,, Suppose, the
charge q, is fixed and the charge q, istaken from apoint Ato
ad
The electric force cn the charge q is F =
rer
The total work done asthe charge q, moves ftom B to Cis
wh arereapees
Regt? oh ‘The change in potential energy Utr;) - UC) is, therefore,
gas (41
ey LF
‘The potential eneray of the bvo-charge system is assumed
to be zero when they have infinite separation
UlE)- VG
‘The potential energy when the separation is ris
wet +)
ane, (r ©.
‘The potential energy depends essentially on the separation
between the charges and is independent of the spatial
location of the charged particles.
ade
U@)=UG) UE!) ane
Equation gives the electric potential energy of a pair of
charges.
Saft
* Electric potential energy is a scalar quantity so in
the above formula take sign of Q, and Q..
It is the smallest practical unit of energy used in atomic and
nuclear physics. As electron volt is defined as “the energy
acquired by a particle having one quantum of charge Le
when accelerated by 1valt" ie,
19
LeV = L610 cx = 1610 r= 1.610% ee
3 Potential energy of a system of 1 char ges
Inasystem ofr charges electric potential energy is calculated
for each pair and then all energies so obtained are added
1 [oe Qs |=
algebraically, ze, U=——
in case of continuous distribution of charge. As
ate | fp a
ev-dq.vsu-[Vvag
.g, Hlectric potential energy for a system of three charges
Potential energy =
[2 2:5 =]
4myl 2 eM
Pee aera
Suppose, a test charge q is moved in an electric field froma
point A to apoint B while al the other charges in question
remain fixed. Ifthe electric potential eneray changes by U,
—U, due to this displacement, we define the potential
diference between the point A and the point B as
q
©
B
MU ie Ve-Va
@
[aKE =o]
Conversely, if a charge q is taken through a potential
difference V, — V,, the electrie potential energy is increased.
by t,-U, =a, -¥,)
Also W,,=4(V,—V,) [AKE=0]
Potential difference between two points give us an idea about
‘work which has tobe done in moving a charge between those
points,
$.1 Hleetrie Potential due to apolnt charge
Consider a point charge Q placed at a point A.
‘The potential at P is, (oo is taken as 0)
The clectric potential due to a system of charges may be
obtained by finding, potentials due tothe individual charges
‘using equation and then adding them, Ths,
Electric potential isa scalar quantity, hence sign of charges
isto taken in expression itis denoted by
‘52 Unit and dlmenstonsl formula
s.teunit- 226 voy
Coulomb
[VJ=[MEeT=a-]
3 Types of electric potenti
According to the nature of charge potential is of two types
@ Positive potential : Due to positive charge.
Gi) Negative potential : Due to negative charge.
tafe
At the centre of two equal and opposite charge
V=obmE+0,
© Atthe centre of the line joining two equal and
similar charge V'+0,E=0.
* — IMetttreetomove,
Positive charge will always move from higher to
lower potential points.
Negative charge will always move from lower to
higher potential points.
(Becansethis motion will decrease potential energy
ofa system)
6, RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC FIELD & POTENTIAI
Tin an electrie field rate of change of potential with distance
is known as potential gradient. It is a vector quantity and
it’s direction is opposite to that of electric field, Potential
gradient relates with electric field according to the following
a
relation & =—{V ; This relation gives another unit of
E=-2 ai
volt
neler
electric field is In the above rleation negative sign
indicates that in the direction of electric field potential
decreases.
19 Se
i
oS
In space around a charge distribution we can also write
nie gk
Vv IV
where E, = iW. =
Ey mE
de
‘Suppose A,B and C arethree points ian unifomm electric field
as shown in figure.
@ Potential difference between point A and Bis
a
V5-V, =-[E. dt
‘Since displacement is in the direction of electric field, hence
ao
So, Vz -V, ‘Equipotential Surface or Lines
(1) every point ofa surface is at same potential, then it
is said tobe an equipotential surface dark for a given
charge distribution, locus of al points having same
potential is called “equipotential surface” regarding
cequipetential surface following points should keep
intnind
Q) Thedirection of electric field is perpendlicularto the
equipotential surfaces or ines.
@) The equipotential surfaces produced by a point
charge ot a spherically charge distribution are a
family of concentrie spheres,
FS ropipecoa
praeel
@)— Forauniformelectric field, the equipoteatial surfaces
area family of plane perpendicular tothe field lines,
(5) A metallic surface of any shape is an equipotential
surface e.g; When a charge is given to a metalic
surface, it distributes itself in a manner such that its
every point comes at same potential even ifthe object
is of imegular shape and fas sharp points on it
Metallic charged pre
Charged metalic hay of ircculr shape
© Equipotential surfaces can never cross each ether:
It is a common misconception thatthe path traced
bby apositive test charge is a field line but actually
the path traced by a unit positive test charge
represents afield ill ine onfy when itmoves along.a
straight line.
Pa eons
7:1 General information
System of two equal and opposite charges separated by a
‘smal fixed distance is called a dipole.
Tipale aa
© Dipoteaxis : Line joiningmegative charge to positive
charge of a dipole is called its axis. Ir may ako be
termed asits longitudinal axis,
Gi) Equatorial axis: Perpendicular bisector of the dipole
is called its equatorial or transverse axis as it is
perpendicular to length,
Dipole length : The distance between two charges is
knowin as dipole length (d)
>) Dipole moment : It is a quantity which gives
information about the strength of dipole. Itisavector
quantity and is directed from negative charge to
positive charge alons the axis. Its denoted as and is
defined as the product of the magnitude of either ofthe
charge and the dipole lent.
ie ball)
Is S.L unit is coutomb-metre or Debye (1 Debye =
3.3% 10m) and its dimensions are MPL!T'A
Mo, 4
‘* ~— Aregion surrounding a stationary electric dipole
has electri eld only
4% When a dielectric is placed in an electric field. its
toms or molecules are considered as tn dipoles,
au), 7.2 Electric field and potential due toan electric dipole
(a) Electric Potential dueto a dipole
AP BP
>> d (distance ‘ris large as compared to d)
AP =O'P;
OP=r+d/2 Cosa, OP
BPH OP
—d/2Cose
yk KGa)
° @+d/2cos8) (r—d/2c08 8)
_—k
rd? 20086
=H
1d / 2e08:
r+d/2cos0—r+d/2eos0 | -_Kadeos®_
=ky|
y, - Keaddeos0
bE
F—Leos'o
4
sincer >> d
vy, -#eoe8__1_peoso
Po ae
8 isangle with the axis of dipole: ris distance from centre of
dlpole
(b) Electric Field dueto dipole
@ For points onthe axis
Let the point Phe at distance r fromthe centre ofthe dipole
‘on the side of the charge q, as shou in fig (a. Then
4
array
where j isthe unt vector along the dipole acs (from -q to
@.Also
-— 43
eta
Fig
(@ a point on the axis.
Thetotal field at
Forr>>a
dqa_
zB
ance
a) 0
(i) For points on the equatorial plane
‘Themagnitudes ofthe electric fields dueto the two charges
+ q and -q are given by
a
9 aay Fe
a1
AR
and are equal,
(a. point on the equatorial plane of the dipole. p ts the
dipole moment vector of magnitude p = q * 2a and
directed from -q t0 4, ‘The directions ofE, and F_, are asshiown in ig. (b). Clearly,
the components normal to the dipole axis cancel away. The
components along the dipole axis add up, The total electric
field is opposite top. Wehave
Ea-G,,+EJeod 6
2g
Fra ae?
Al large distances (r > a), this reduces to
2a
Boat Oa) i)
rom Eqs. (i) and Gi, itis clear thatthe dipole ield at large
distances docs not involve q and a separately ; it depends
‘onthe product qa. This suggests the definition of dipole is
defined by
Poqx2ap
that is, is a veetor whose magnitude is charge q times the
separation 2a (between the pair of charges q, ~q) and the
direction is alorthe line from-to q.ntarmsofp, the electric
field a a dipole at large distances takes simple forms
Ata point on the dipole axis,
Is = 22
Aner
Ea
AP (o> al
Ata point on the equatorial plane
Aneor
3 Electric Dipolein uniform clectric field
@® Forcesnd Torque : Ifa dipale is placed ina uniform.
field such that dipole (Le. ) makes an angle 8 with
direction of field then two equal and opposite force
acting on dipole constitute a couple whose tendency
is torotate the dipole hence atorque is developed init
and dipole resto align itsefin the divection of field.
Consideran electric dipole inplaced inaunitforn electric
field such that dipole (Le. ) makes an angle © with
the direction of electric field as shown
@ — Netfereeonelectric dipole Fy <0
t= 5B)
pE sine
4) Work: Fromthe above discussion it is clear that in
an uniform electric field dipole tries to align itself in
the direction of electric field (ie. equilibrium position).
To change it’s angular position some work has tobe
done
Suppose an electric dipoleis kept in an uniform electric
field by making anangte 6, with the field, itis again
‘tum so that it makes an angle @ withthe field, work.
done inthis process is given by the formula
W =pE(¢os0, ~cos@;)
Gi) Potential energy : In case of a dipole (in a uniform
field), potential energy of dipole is defined as work
done in rotating a dipole from a direction
perpendicutar to the field to the given direction ie. if
6,90" and 8,=0 then
PE cos®
pE cos +» [U(@0")=0] or Beat
8.1 Continuous charge distributions
kQ
+) W+H 8.2Neutral Point
A neutral point isa point where resultant electrical field is
zero. Thus neutral points can be obtained only at those
points where the resultant field is subtractive.
@
Ataninternal point along thetine joining twolike
charges (Due toa system of ts like point charge) :
Suppose two like charges. Q, and Q, ate separated
by adistance x ftom each other along. line as shown,
infollowing figure
inc sin)
(cosa. cos8)
IPN is the neutral point ata distance x, ftom Q, and at a
distancex, (=x —x, fromQ, then for natural pt. atN,
JER. dueto Q, |
ER duetoQ, lie,
1 [Ql_ 1 jal
1 [al foul _ fx)
Tay Am ak IOal Ome
Short trick:
a
+ {27712
x=
rare: tal
Inthe above formula if Q, = Q,, neutral point lies a the
centre so remember that resultant field at the midpoint of |
tivo equal and like charges is zero.
) — ALanexternalpoint slong theline ining wounlike
charges Duetoa system oftwo unlike point charge)
+ Suppose two unlike charge Q, and Q, separated by
a distance.x Som exch other
“Here neutral point lies outside the line joining two unlike
charges and alsoit lies nearer to charge which is smaller
inmagnitude,
If (Q)|< [Qthen neutral point will be obtained onthe side
of Q,, suppose itis ata distance / from Q,
‘Hence at neutral point ;
lal. ale! _,
2 (x+8
Shot trick: #
taf
In the above discussion if |Q,| = |Q,| neutral point
willbeatinginity.
(Verial-
3 Equi ‘Charge
(8) Definition: Acharge isa to bein equilibrium, ifnet
force acting on itis zero. A system of charges is said to
bein equilibrium ifeach charge isin equilibrium.
(©) Type of equilibrium : Equilibriumcanbe divided in
following type
(Stable equilibrium : After displacing a charged
patticleftom it’s equilibrium position fit retums
back then itis said to be in stable equilibrium, 1f
is the potential energy then in case of stable
equilibrium U is mininmm,
) Unstable equilibrium: Aster displacinga charged
particle fromit’s equilibrium position, ifit never
retums back then it is said to be in unstable
cquilibrium and in unstable equilibrium, U is
meson,
(ii) Nentral equilibrium :A ter displacing a changed
particle from it's equilibrium position if itneither
ccomes back, nor moves away but remains in the
position in which it was kept i is said to be in
neutral equilibrium and in neutral equilibrium,
Uis constant.
(© Different cases of equilibrium of charge
Suppose three similar charge Q,, q and Q, are placed
along a straight line as shown below
Case 1s
Charge qwill bein equiliriumif(F |=[Fie, 2.
Q
Q
This is the condition of equilibrium of charge g. After
following the guidelines we can say that charge isin stable
‘equilibrium and this system isnot in equilibrium, tat
= and x, =
Te yeQ, 21 4Q7@;
eg. ito charges-+4 Cand +16 pare separated by a
distance of 30 cm from each other then for equilibrium a
third charge should be placed between them at a distance
30
— 3016 em orx=20em
iio =
Case
‘Two similar charge Q, and Q areplaced along a sraight line
‘la distance x from each other and a third dissimilar chargeg
is placed in between them as shown below
A B
Q@O—#9 = oa,
1
<—_ :__>
Charge qwilleincauiltriamit =IF
ie, & (&)
Qe Xe
taf
‘Same short trick can he used hereto find the position of
charge q as we discussed in Case-t Le,
x x
= Tare, ™ Tare
Tt is very important to know that magnitude of charge q
eee eer eee re
‘or, isin equilibrium. if Q, isin equilibrium then [al
= Q,Cc/x)'and iQ, isinenuiibrinmthen q)= Q(x)
should be remember that sign of g is opposite to that of
Q,0Q)
Case
‘Two dissimitar charge Q, and Q, are placed along a straight
line ata distance x from each other, a third charge q should
be placed out side the line joining Q, and Q, for it to
‘experience zeronet force.
Lele) <12.b
Short Trick
Forit’s equilibrium. Charge q lies onthe side of change which is
smallest in magnitude and
VQ/Q-1
@ —Equilibriumof suspended chargein an dectriefield
@ Freely suspended charged particle : To
suspend a charged a patticle freely in ar under
the influence of electric field it’s downward
vwcight should be balanced by upward electric
force for example if a positive charge is
suspended freely in an electric field as shown
then
Inequilibrium QE=mg = E.
tat
Inthe above case if direction of electric field is suddenly
reversed in any figure then acceleration of charge particle
at that instant will be a= 2g.
olf (Gi) Chargedparticlesuspended by amassess insulated
string (like simple pendulum) : Consider a charged
particle dike Bob) of mass m, having charge Q is
suspended in an electric field as shown under the
influence of electric field. Tttured through an angle
ay 8) and comes in equiliorium,
So, nthe position of equilibrium (O' position)
Tsin0=QE 4)
Teose=mg Gi)
By squaring and adding equation (i and (i
Tale) may
Dividing equation by Gi) tan = SE
mg
> extn SE
mg,
(Gil) Equilibrium of suspended point charge system :
Suppose two small balls having charge +Q on cach
are suspended by two strings of equal length? Then
‘for equilibrium position as shown in figure.
Tsind=F,
Teosé=mg (i)
P=Ey + (mep
Gs) Equilibrium ofsuspendee point chargesystemin aliquid
+ In the previous discussion if point charge system is
of density p such that © remain,
taken into a tig
same then
eVox)
In equilibrium
Fe'=1'sino and (ma—Vpg) =” eos
‘i 2
(mg- Veg)” 42K (mg—Vpg)x
When this system was in air
m 1
n(n)
ee
(ne)
Ifo is the density of material of ball then
(2) oF
‘8.4 Time Perlod of Osdlation of a Charged Body
(@) Sule nendulumbased: Ifa simple pendutumhaving
length / and mass of bob m oscillates about it’s mean
position than it’s time period of oscillation
T=2nftfe Case —1 : If some charge say + (is given to bob and an
electric field Eis applied inthe direction as shown in figure
then equilibrium position of charged bob (point charge)
changes from 0 10.0"
(On displacing the bob from its equilibrium position OF. 1.
will oscillateunder the effective acceleration , where
me’= ying)’ +(Q8)? = a= ya +(Qe/my
Haxethenotneportis = anf
F
Since g'> g, hence, r only conservative forces are there (@.g. aravity / spring /
2 a coulomb force), then W,,=0
AKE+AU=0 or, KE,*+U,=KE+U,
Work =aKE+AU
IFARE = 0] AU=W = Won sca,
Peete ead
Ifcharges are assembled ftom infinity : AU= U(r) Ul) =
For the expression of total potential energy ofa system of UGE
Weknow, AU=W,, [when AE =0]
charges consider “("=") umber of pair of charges WMO es UAW
> at
IW, AKE+AU=00rKE,+U,=KE,+U,
‘Using Work energy theorem,
POM Tea Tee
10.1 Potential dueto char ge distribution 0.
Using the concept that if we know petential electric field
can be calculated we have already calculated
pcos
eo
ll alo
%) (+X) To Calculate net electric field at P we need E, (Radial
Component) & F, (tangential component of electric field at P
av
Tip [When we travel in the radial dircoticn}
av
‘ag (When we travel in the tangential direction}
kPeos8
—
a
=d [ kPeose
wa
[Note isthe anale with the radial direction]
‘We lnow thet, for any enulibriumnet torque and netforce on a
particle (or system) should be zero,
‘We already discussed when a dipole is placed in an uniform
electric field net force on dipole is always zero, But net
torque will be zero only when 8= 0° or 180
‘When 0=0'ze, dipole isplaced along the electric field itis
said to be in stable equilibrium, because after turning it
through a small angle, dipole tries to align itself again in
the direction of electric field,
‘When 8 = 180° Le. dipole is placed opposite to electric
field, itis said to be in unstable equifibriuan,
@=190°
‘Unstable equilibrium
0
W,, =2pE
U,,.= pe
11.3 Angular SHM
Inauniformeteciric field (intensity £) ia dipole (electric)
is slightly displaced from its stab leequilibriumposition it
executes angular SHM having period of oscillation. If7=
‘moment of inertia of dipole about the axis passing through
it’s centre and perpendicular to it’s length.
For electic dipole: T= 27./17pE
11.4 Dipole-point charge interaction
Ifa point charge is placed in dipole field ata distance r|
from the mid point of dipole then force experienced by
point charge varies necording tothe relation Fee +
11.5 Electric dipotein non-uniform electric fetd
When an electric dipole is placed in a nonaaniform field,
the two charges of dipole experiences unequal forces,
therefore the net force on the dipole is not equal to zero.
Due to two unequal forces, a torque is produced which
rotate the dipole 50 as to align it in the direction of field,
So innon-uniformelectre field
(Motion of the dipole is translatory and rotatory
Gi) Torque onit may be zero, FRO
Electric flux is defined as proportional to number of field
lines crossing or cutting any area of cross section in space.
“The umber of field lines passing through perpendicular
unit area will be proportional to the magnitude of Electric
Field there” (Theory of Field Lines)
Nap 3 webs,
HlectrieFhrs, ©, =EA
As 0 increases, flux through area decreases. If we draw a
vector of magnitude A along the positivenormal, itis called
the area vector, A comespondinato the area A.
1.2 Unit and Dimenston
Fhocisa scalar quantity.
S.L uit: (volt 0,electric field isnormalto the surface outward ; for
> 0, electric field isnormal tothe surface inward.
ERAT T EL
$B.a -S
te]
alfa a
¢
—
Inthe above expression, charge enclosed is (Q, & Q)
‘Netflus will only depend on Q, & Q,
‘Bot «Q
‘This indicates that all the charge on shell (1) will flow to
shell (2).
Pt gese nasa 4
Consider a uniformly charged sphere of radius R having a
total charge Q. The electric potential energy ofthis sphere
is equal fo the work done in bringing the charges from,
infinity to assemble the sphere. POMC cha ag
‘The energy stored per unit volume around a point in an
u
Volume 2
‘of vacuum somemedium of dielectric constant Kis present
1
lectric field is givenby , 1,,87. Hinplace
KEE’
then
SPR oll
11.1 Charged Condueting Plate
‘Net electric field at point P, near a conducting surface,
‘To find charge distribution on each surface of plates
‘Two conducting plates having area ‘A’ (area is large as
compared to distance, so that field is uniform) and the
thickness of plates io small so that charge only appears on
parallel Faces.
Since the field lines are parallel the net flux through the
_guussian surface will be zero, surface (1) & (2) be inside the
‘material ofthe conductor,
Hence it can be said that net charge enclosed will be zero
‘which implies the charges appearing on the facing surfaces
are equal & opposite to each other,
‘Net electric field at any point ‘P” or ‘R’ has tobe zero.
Eh
‘There ared distributions, the net field at P should be zero.
S40) hs O
PAG
a &ta
=O) B= SO
= [Ce Mle |(@ohl = eel +18
a +4
2Ac, 2Ar, 2AE,
a= 2%] so final dstrbotions would be in
‘When charged conducting plates are placed parallel to
each other, the two outermost surfaces get equal charges
tnd the facing surfaces get equal and opposite charges.
11.3 Force on a charged conductor
‘To find force on a changed conductor (due to repulsion of |
like charges) imagine a small part XY to be cut and just
separated from the res ofthe conductor MLN. The field in
the cavity due to the rest of the conductor is E, while field
due tosmall partis E,. Then
Inside the conductor
Outside the conductor E=E,+E,=*. Thus,
&
To find force, imagine charged part XY (having charge
‘dA placed in the cavity MN having field B.). Thus force
Ey
aF=(@4A)B,or dF = dA. The force perunitareaor
dF ooo
ee ee
The force is always outwards as (t 0)" is positive ie,
whether charged positively or negatively, this force will
try to expand the charged boy.
A soap bubble or rubber balloon expands on given charge
to it(charge of any kind + or
CAPACITORS
We know thet charge giventoa conductor increases it's potential
ie, Qe V > Q-CV
Where Cis a proportionality constant, called capacity or
capacitance of conductor, Hence capacitance is the ability
of conductor to hold the charge (and associated electrical
energy).
Coulomb
SJ. unitis =Farad ®)
Smaller S.1_ units are mE, uf nF and pF
(i
10°F, uF =10F, nF =10°F, pF =10-°R)
CGS. unitis Stat Farad, 1F = 9+ 10" Stat Parad,
Dimension -[C)
MALAY
Pao NCL el
2.1 Definition
A capacitor is a device that stores electric energy. Itis also
named condenser,
or
A capacitor isa pair of wo conductors of any shape, which
are closeto each other and have equal and opposite charge ‘The symbol of capacitor are shown below
The capacitance ofa capacitor is defined asthe magnitude
of the charge ( on the positive plate divided by the
magnitude ofthe potential difference I between the plates
ie, C=QV
taf
Capacitance ofa capacitor is constant forthe given
dimensions & medium.
24
marge on capacitor
Net charge ona capacitor is alway’ zero, but when we speak
of the charge Q on a capacitor, we are referring to the
‘magnitude of the charge on each plate
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Spherical Capacitor
2.5 Energy stored
‘When a capacitor is charged by a voltage source (say
battery) it stores the electric energy.
oe
Energy density - a
IfC = Capacitance of capacitor; @ = Charge on
capacitor and ’ = Potential difference across capacitor
zg
thn energy sredinupciter U= Levi = Ly
Jatt
‘Inccharging capacitor by battery half the energy
supplied is stored in the capacitor and remaining
half enetgy (1/2 QP) is lost inthe form of heat
2.6 Types of capacitors
Capacitors are of mainly three types as described in given
table
It consists of two parallel metallic
plates (may be circular, rectangular,
square) sepanited by a small distance|
A=areaofplate
Q= Magnitude of charge
|
+9 <2
It consists of two concentric conducting,
spheres of radii a and b (a 9 ~Surface change density
v=Rtatialdifiase
‘E=Electric field between theplaes | between the spheres:
the plates (0/2)
In the presence of dielectric
Capacitance C455
Inthe presence of dielectric
‘medium (dielectric constant)
Capacitance ¢= 24
()
en?
Inthe presence of dielectricrmediurn
(electric constant K) capacitance
increases by K times and
17 Capacity of an isolated spherical conductor
‘When charge Q is given to a spherical conductor of radius
R then potential at the surface of sphere is
Q
£8 Forcebetween the Plates of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
Field due to charge on one plate on the other is
hencethe force F= QE.
Peau com Wea |
@
©)
oO
@
©
A battery has two terminals.
‘The potential difference V between the terminals is
constant for a given battery. The terminal with hisher
potential is called the positive terminal and that with
lower potential is called the negative terminal,
“The value ofthis fixed potential difference is equal to
the electromotive force or emf of the battery. If a
conductor is connected to a terminal ofa battery, the
potential of the conductor becomes equal to the
potential of the terminal, Whert the two plates of a
capacitor are connected to the terminals of a battery,
the potential difference between the plates of the
capacitor becomes equal to the emf of the battery
‘Thetotal charge in abatlery always remains zero. If
its positive terminal supplies a charge Q, its negative
terminal supplies an equal, negative charge -Q.
‘When a charge Q passes through a battery of emt 5
from the negative terminal to the positive terminal,
an amount QE of werk is done by the battery.
An ideal battery is represented by the symbol shown
in figure. The potential difference between the facing
parallel lines isequal to the emf Z of the battery. The
longer line is at the higher potential Peel neces
4.1 Series grouping
(Charge on each capacitor remains same and equals
to the main charge supplied by the battery
© Equivalent capacitance
@_Iftwo capacitors having capacitances C, and C, are
connected in series then
v=
V and V; y
Gre,
c+c,
@ In idemical capacitors each having capacitances C
are connected in series with supply voltage V” then
© end Potential
n
Equivalent capacitance C,
difference across each capacitor "=
ta
© Two capacitors are in series when charge leaving
‘one capacitor directly enters into another capacitor,
undivided and unclisturbed.
© Inseries combination equivalent capacitance is always.
lesser than that of either of the individual capacitors
42 Parallel grouping
(Potential difference across each capacitor remains
same and equal to the applied potential difference
+0, -0,
oc
+C,+C,
@ If two capacitors having capacitance C, and C,
respectively are connected in parallel then
(In idemtical capacitors are connected in parallel
Equivalent capacitance C,, = nC and Charge on each|
‘
copacitor Q=2
-
@ Two cepacitors are in parallel when their positive
plates are connected and negative plates are also
connected with each other
© In parallel combination, equivalent capacitance is
always greater than the individual capacitance. Rae OUT LT ae
and
‘Suppose equivalent capacitance is to be determined in the following networks between points A and B
a es Parle
By Similar process Cuy=3HE = Carats
Dielectrics ac insulating (non-conducting) materials which
transmits clecric effect without conducting. We know thet
in every atom, there is @ positively charged nucleus and a
negatively charged electron cloud surrounding it. The two
‘oppositely charged regions have their ov cenires of charge
The centre of positive charge is the centre of mass of
positively charged protons in the nucleus. The centre of
negative charge isthe centre of mass of negatively charged
electrons in the atoms/molecules.
1 Polarization of a dielectric lab
It is the process of inducing equal and opposite charges on
the two faces of the diclectric on the application of electric
field
—
eo
ee
oo
eo
ee
Suppose a dielectric slab is inserted between the plates of'a
capacitor. As shown in the figure.
Induced electric field inside the dielectric is E, hence this
induced electric field decreases themain fieldE to EE, ie,
‘Newelestric field between the plates will be, E-E,
Afler placing a dielectric slab in an electric field. The net
field is decreased in that region hence
If = Original electric field and, =Net electric field, Then
< swhere K is called dielectric constant K is also
known asrelative permittivity (,) of the material
‘The value of K is always greater than one, For vacuum there
isnopolarization and hence E=E’ and
e-21-t] 6 o[-t]
“ kit k
Diceaic breakdown and ddecsie rath
Ihavery high electric field is created in adielectrc, the outer
electrons may get detached from their parent atoms. The
dielectric then behaves like @ conductor. This pheniomenion
isknownas dielectricbreakdown,
‘The maximum value of electric field (or potential gradient)
that a dielectric material can tolerate without it's electric
breakdown is called it's dielectric strength.
S.Lunit of dielectric strength of amaterial is Vin but practical
unit iskVinmn,
‘Variation of Different Variables (Q,
of Parallel Plate Capacitor
Suppose we have an air filled charged parallet pate capacitor
having variables as follows :
Charge: Q,
EandU)
sure dge deny 02,
: aA,
copacitnce: C=
Potential difference across the plates: V=E. d
a.
Electric field between the plates: E=
& Ae Battery is Removed
Battery Remains connected
V'=V(SinceBatery maintains
the potential difference)
tat
T?hothingissaid itis tobe assumed thatbattery
is disconnected,
7. VAN DE GRAFF ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR
A van de graff generator isa device used for building up
high potential differences of the order of a few million
volts, Such high potential differences are used to accelerate
charged particles like electrons, protons, ions ete. needed
‘for various experiments of Nuclear Physics.
‘Twas desighned by Van de gratf'in the year 1931,
‘Principle : This generator is based on.
@ the action of sharp points, ie., the phenomenon of
corona discharge.
the property that charge given to a hollow conductor
is transferred to outer surface and is distributed
uunifomaly over it
‘Construction : The essential pats of Van de graff generator
are shown in fig. S is large spherical conducting shell of
radius equal to a few meters. This is supported by a
conducting shell of radius equal to a few metres. This is
supported at a suitable height (of several metres above
the ground) over the insulating pillarsp,p, A longnarrow
belt of insulating material like, silk, rubber or rayon is
‘wrapped around two pulleys, and PP, is atthe around
level and P, is atthe centre of S. The belt is kept moving
continuously over the pulleys with the help of a motor
(not shown). B, and B, are two sharply pointed metal
combs-fixed asshown. B, is called the spray comb and B,
is called the collecting comb. The positive ions to be accelerated are produced in @
discharge tube D. The ion source lies at the head of the
tube inside the spherical shell. The other end of the tube
camying the target nucleus is earthed,
TThe generator is enclosed ina steel chamber C filled with
nitrogen or methane at high pressure in order to minimise
leakage in a steel spherical conductor.
Working : The spray comb is given a positive potential
( 10" volt) wart. the earth by high tension source H.T, Due
to discharging action of sharp points, a positively charged
clectric wind is set up, which sprays positive charge on
the belt (corona discharge). As the belt moves, and reaches
the comb., a negative charge is induced on the sharp ends
of collecting comb B, and an equal positive charge is
induced on the farther end of B,, This positive charge
shifts immediately to the outer surface of S. Due to
discharging action of sharp points of B,, @ negatively
changed electric wind s set up. This neutralises the positive
charge on the belt. The uncharged belt returns down,
collects the positive charge from B,, which in turn is
collected by, Thisis repeated. Thus, the postive charge
oon $ goes on accumulating,
‘Now, the eapacity of spherical shelle = 46, R, where Ris
radius of the shell,
Q v-_8
é
ae ney R
Hence the potential V of the spherical shell goes on
increasing with increase in Q
‘The breakdown field of air is about 3 «10° Vim. The
moment the potential of spherical shell exceeds this value,
air around S is ionised and leakage of charge starts, The
leakage is minimised by housing the generator assembly
inside a steel chamber filled with nitrogen or methane at
high pressures.
If qisthe charge on the ion to be accelerated and V isthe
potential difference developed across the ends of the
discharge tube, then energy acquired by the ions = qV.
‘The ions hit the target with this energy and carry out the
artificial transmutation ete.
Pere Ue Rea ele}
w
i
w
0
Suppose we have identical drops each having — Radius
~1, Capacitance ~c, Charge —4, Potential -v and Energy
-u
If these drops are combined to form a big drop of
Radius ~R, Capacitance -C, Charge — Q, Potential —V
and Energy — U then ~
Charge onbig drop
Q=nq
Radius of big drop: Volume ofbigdrop=n volume ofa
single drop i,
Capacitance of big drop:
cone
Potential of big drop
nq
ae
Q
c
v=
Energy of big drop
peat
taf
@ Iisa very common misconception that a capacitor
stores charge but actually 8 capacitor stores electric
‘energy in the electrostatic field between the plates
‘® ‘Two plates of unequal area canalso form a capacitor
because effective overlapping area is considered, oh
‘* Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depends:
upon the effective overlapping area of plates
(CA), separation beween the plates (C 2 1/d)
and dielectric medium filled between the plates.
While itis independent of charge given, potential
raised or nature of metals and thickness of plates.
‘= The distance between the plates is kept stnall to
avoid fringing or edge effect (non-uniformity of the
ficld) at the bounderies of the plates.
% Spherical conductor is equivalent to a spherical
capacitor with it’s outer sphere of infinite radius,
® A spherical capacitor behaves as a parallel plate
capacitor if i's spherical surfaces have large radii
and are close to each other
‘# The intensity ofelectric field between the plates ofa
parallel plate capacitor (Eos) does not depends,
upon the distance between them.
Radial andnon-unifeemeeectricfild exists between
the spherical surfaces of spherical capacitor.
eos een matey
(Cireuit Sotving method)
Sometimes it may not be easy to find the equivalent
capacitance of a combination using the equations for
series-parallel combinations, We may then use the general
‘method as follows :
Step 1:
Identify the two points between which the equivalent
capacitance is to be calculated. Call any one of them as.
and the other as B,
Step2:
Connect (inentally) a battery betweetA and B with the
positive terminal cenected to andthe negative ternal
toB, Send a charge +@ from the positive terminal ofthe
battery and—Q from the negative terminal ofthe battery
Step 3:
Write the charges appearing on each of the plates of the
capacitors. The charge conservation principle ray be used,
The facing surfaces of @ capacitor will always have equal
and opposite charges. Assume variables Q,,.Q,.... ete. for
charges wherever needed. Mark the polarity across each
circuit element corresponding to higher (+) & lower (-)
potential ends.
Step 4:
The algebraic sum of all the potential differences along. a
closed loop in a circuit is zero,
While using this rile, one starts from a point on the loop
and goesalone the loop ether clockwise or anticlockwise,
to reach the same point again. Any potential difference
eaicountered (from ve to-Fve) is taken to be positive and
any potential drop (frorn +veto-ve) istaken to be negative,
‘The net sum of all these potential differences should be
‘The loop law follows directly fromthe fact that electrostatic
force is a conservative force and the work done by it in
any closed path is zero,
Step 5:
Number of variables Q,, Q,, ete. must be the same as the
umber of equations obtained (loop equation). The
2 where V isthe potential
difference across the assumed battery terminals,
Peace cane as
If in a network five capacitors are anranged as shown in
following figure, the network is called whealstone bridge
equivalent capacitance C..,
type cireuit. IP tis balanced then & hence ©, is
a
removed and equivalent capacitance between A and B.
® @
ai
GEE +e
Sree ala aM en acs
‘The givenfigure consists oftwo wheastone bridge connected
together: One bridge is comected between points AGHA
andthe other is connected between points EGBHFE,
‘This problemis novmass extended wheatstonebrdge problem,
ithastwo branches EF and Grito the le and right of which
symmetry in the rato of capacities can be seen.
It cam be seen that ratio of capacitances in branches AE
and EG is same as that between the capacitances of the
branches AF and FH. Thus, in the bridge AEGHFA; the
branch EF cantberesnoved, Similarly inthe bridge EGBUFE,
branch GH can be removed
i
ri
12. INFINITE NETWORK OF CAPACITORS
@
i)
Suppose the effective capacitance between A and B is Cy.
Since the network is infinite, even if we remove one pair of
capacitorsfromthe chain, remaining network would till have
infinite pair of capacitors, ie. effective capacitancebetween
X and Y would alsobeC,,
For what value of C, inthe circuit shown betow will henet
effective capacitance between A and B be independent of
the mnber of sections inthe clin
Suppose there are n sections between A and B and the network is terminated by C, with equivalent capacitance
,. Now if we add one more sections to the network | Hence c, - 2C:*) |, ce 46,6, -¢,¢,=0
between D and C (as shown in the following figure), the G+G4C,
equivalent capacitance of the network C, will be aoe
independent of numberof section i the capacitance | n sinplifeaton C, = $2] frs45e)-1
between DandC sil remains, ie, 2
Pee EtAc ae)
If there is no capacitor in any branch ofa network then every point ofthis branch will be at same potential. Suppose equivalent
capacitance isto be determine in following cases
Le => o
2 A
A
No pad. across vertical branch soit is removed COVLE
we)
Hence equivalent capacitance between A and B is SCI.
(ern
Rac.
> a
.
“
charge for storing, ‘Thus equivalent capacitance of this circuit is zero,
‘Thus, entire charge will prefer to flow along path APB, It means that the capacitors connected in the circuit will not receive any
MUN CESaa aca miNen enn}
1. Symmetry is always defined between 2 points.
2 Equivalent (symmetric) paths have same number, value
and order of circuit elements along it,
3 When two or more paths in any network are equivalent,
then charges flowing through those paths will be sume.
‘This technique makes the circuit easy to comprehend.
Jour
(=
@ nf @
—
TOR
Paths (1) & (3) are symmetric between A & B thus equal
charge will flow in them. 4. Ifthe combination of elements in the network is symmetric wert. battery ends, then the distribution of charge at one end will be
same as is on the other end.
arr
pt]
rs Ls
——
urs
8 a8 ‘
8 Ba r |
fag
2 =>
easter) Combined etect
Ima circuit involving rmaltiple batteries, the charge flowing, —_
‘ill be the superposition effect ofeach baer. ae fo]
ar av i ‘aed
oo in mC ut
th _____._]
2H th Tov Inc
2H
we 2
Effet of 1 battery hts
‘Wien more than 2 batteries are presente inva
Le cileet of battery, assuming other batteries absent. Aud
aw dia then superimpose to ast otal effet
poe eee
uae we
| caudate
16.1 Series and Parallel (with dielectrics)
(a) When dielectric is partially filled between theplates
Ifa dielectric slab of thickness (Ld) is inserted between
the plates as shown below, then E = Main electric field
between the plates, E'=Induced electric field in dielectric
E'=(E~E)=The reduced value of electric field in the
dielectric, Potential difterence between the two plates of
capacitor is given by V=E(Q-1)+Et=EO-I+ Et
vez(aveg]=S(a-re |=
‘Now capacitance of the capacitor
Capacitance
>——
|
C'= « (Inthiscase capacitor is said tobe shortcireuited)
(© Advance ease of compound dielectris
several dielectric medium illed between the plates ofa
parallel plate capacitor in different ways as shown,
@ — Thesystemcanbeassumed tobemade up oftwo capacitors
C, and C, which may be said to connected in series
@,
y Gi) Inthis case C, and C, are in series while this combination
4s imparallel with C,
t
=
he
+
LE
QZ
SSE
A A
Sieg Kea ¢ S7 _KyeA
Gg ep eg
2 2
A
Kat
ad ¢,-—— 2. - BoA
ad 2d
162 When separation between the plates is changing
If separation between the plates charges then it's capacitance also changes according to C ce + The effect on other variables
depends on the fact that whether the charged capacitor is disconnected from the battery or battery is still connected.
@ Separation is increasing
Battery sremoved
Battery remains connected
Ld
Decreases because C5 ie, Cee
‘Remains constant because a battery
isnot presentie, Q'=Q.
battery
Potential difference | Increases because -y
difference)
‘Ramains constant because 2.
hhavaesbecase U=2 = Uel
26 ©
ie, BE
ieUeU
ul
Decreases ie, C'C
Charge Remains constant because battery is Increases beemuse battery is present ie, Q>Q
not present ie, Q’=Q Remaining charge (Q' — Q) supplied from the
battery
Potential difference | Decreases bevause v8 = velievev | v'=v (Since Battery maintains the potential
difference)
Blectrc fed Inerenesbecase p= > B
