1 Introduction

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 Introduction

Oil & Gas are Our Life

Oil is more than a Fuel…..

How many things around you are made of Oil ?

Introduction

Oil is more than Fuel..

Crude Oil is refined into a large

number of consumer products :
• Jet Fuel
• Gasoline
• Diesel
• Kerosene
• Asphalt
• Chemical Reagent

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2 Petroleum
Industry Structure

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 Industry
Structure

The Big Picture

Upstream
Upstream MIDSTREAM
MIDSTREAM DOWNSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM

Industry
Structure

Upstream
Includes searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural
gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the
wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.

UPSTREAM MIDSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

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 Industry
Structure

Activities in the petroleum cycle.

Source: Eni Hydrocarbon Encyclopedia

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 Regional
Evaluation Exploration Appraisal/
Delineation
Field Construction
Production Profile

Abandonment

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Identify the Prospect

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 What it costs to produce oil?

Source: UCube by Rystad Energy; Interactive published Nov. 23, 2015

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Oil Production Cost

Source: UCube by Rystad Energy; Interactive published Nov. 23, 2015

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 Production Equipment

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 Casing
Well Casing -Definition

• At certain intervals during drilling of a well, casing (steel pipe) is run

into the well bore, it is suspended at the wellhead and then cemented
in the hole,
• The Casing
• Is the steel pipe used to line the walls of a well.
• Provides the structure of the wellbore.
• The casing is held in place with cement.
• The casing, the cement and the wellhead seals the annulus.

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Casing
Functional Requirements (1)

• To Provide Support
• to keep the hole open from caving-in by weak formations such as sloughing
and swelling shales, moving salt formations etc.
• To Control
• fluid influxes from formations drilled through
• contamination of near-surface fresh water zones
• As a Container for
• drilling and completion fluids

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 Casing
Various hole problems
Unconsolidated

Swelling

Abrasive

Instability

Fractured

Salt layer

Unsealed fault
Overpressured

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Casing
Functional Requirements

• To Provide
• a hole of known diameter for drilling, logging, future casing and completion
tubing/equipment
• To provide support and anchor for
• wellhead, subsequent casing, blow-out preventers and Xmas-tree
• To Provide a passage and confinement
• for produced fluids and leaks from tubing.

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 Casing
Casing String - Definition

• The total length of casing run in the well and hung off at the wellhead
during a single operation is called “The Casing String”
• A “Liner” is a string of casing suspended a short distance above the
previous casing shoe. It does not extend all the way to surface.

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Casing Main Types

• Conductor Casing String

• Surface Casing String
• Intermediate Casing String
• Production Casing String
• Liner Casing String

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 Types Casing
of Casing String
36” Stove Pipe
20” Conductor casing

13 3/8” Surface casing

9 5/8” Intermediate casing

7” Production casing

with Liner
51/2” Production Liner

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Casing
Example of well design optimization
Exploration well Offset Development well
data
5 casings 4 casings

30” Conductor 20”

20” Surface casing 13-3/8”

13-3/8”
Intermediate

9-5/8” Intermediate 9-5/8”

Reservoir
7” Production casing

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 Casing
Conductor Casing
– This is the first casing to be run to prevent washing out
under the rig,
– to seal-off shallow water zones and shallow gas flows
– to provide a circulation system for the drilling fluid

• It is the string on which Divertor or Bell nipple can be set,

– It is cemented to surface or seabed. It supports the wellhead

and subsequent casing strings and its setting is critical in
terms of compressional loading and integrity of the cement,
– Common Sizes and Depths:
• 30” - 20” Welded, 20” - 16” Threaded,
• 30’ - 200’ (< 100’ common).

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Casing

Bell Nipple or Diverter

Flow line to
shale shakers
Fill-up line

Conductor

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 Casing
Surface Casing
– pipe is normally cemented to surface
– Protects fresh water aquifers,
– set in competent rock to ensure that formation at casing shoe
will not fracture at the high hydrostatic pressures which may
be encountered later.
– It is the first string on which BOP can be set to provide
primary pressure control,
– It is cemented to surface or seabed, to case-off,
unconsolidated or lost circulation areas and support
subsequent casing strings/ wellhead,
– Common sizes and depth:
– 20”- 16” - 13 3/8”- 9 5/8” threaded,
– 100’ - 3000’ (or more).

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Casing
Intermediate Casing
– Separates hole into workable sections,
– The number of intermediate strings set depends on:
• Fracture Pressure last shoe,
• Proximity to a potential reservoir. (It is good practice to set
intermediate string above reservoir),
• Good cementation is required to ensure isolation of the lower hydrocarbons
zones from upper water zones.
• Hole problems (i.e. lost circulation, salt section, differential
sticking, caving, over-pressurized zones),
– The casing is normally cemented in the previous shoe
or to surface. (could be cemented in two stages),
– Common sizes and depths:
• 13 3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8”,
• 3000’ to 10,000’.

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 Casing
Production Casing
• Primary purpose is to isolate and to separate productive zones
from other reservoir formations.
• The quality of the primary cement job is of great importance for this
casing.

• This is the string through which the well will be completed,

produced and controlled throughout its life service.

• Common sizes: 7”, & 9 5/8”.

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Casing
Production Casing
• May be used as a production conduit for high production
capacity wells
• may be used during hydraulic frac.
• may be used for injecting inhibitor or for gaslift gas
• thus may be subjected to large stresses during Artificial Lift
pumping.
• hence selection of steel type and the connections must be
given proper care.

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 Casing
Liners
• Purpose:
– Mostly same as production casing,
– Rig unable to lift long string of casing in Deep
Wells,
• Types of Liners
– Production Liners: Most common to save $$,
– Drilling Liners: Cover problem zone or cover
worn-out casing in order to be able to continue
drilling,
• Common sizes: 4 1/2”, 5”, 7”.

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Casing
Production Liner
• Is a string of casing which does not extend all the way to the
surface
• set at the bottom and hung off the preceding casing by use of
packer and slips arrangement called a liner-hanger
• usually cemented up to the top of the liner
• in liner completions both the liner and preceding casing form
the production casing string and must be designed
accordingly

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 Casing

Production Liners
Liner Hanger hangs off the liner
Last casing
in the last casing.
Liner
hanger
Liner Lap is filled with cement
which provides a seal.
Liner Lap

Some Liner Hangers are

equipped with a rubber seal
Liner
element,

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Casing

Production Liner
• Tie-Back:
– The integration of the liner TIE BACK
with casing from top of liner
to surface, PBR

– To cover corroded casing or STINGER

damaged zone above liner, WITH
SEALS
– Sometimes cemented in place,
– Additional casing spool
required to suspend tie-back,
– This is often done if LINER
production is still
commercially viable.

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 Casing

Casing Suspension
• Casing Head
• Casing Hangers
• Casing Spools

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Conductor and Surface casing configuration

The casing head can be used in conjunction with a base plate
for more effective weight distribution.

Landing area for

intermediate casing

Conductor pipe Surface casing

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 Casing

Casing Head on Surface casing

Slip-on weld bottom Threaded bottom

OR
connection connection

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 Casing

Casing Hangers

Landing area

Intermediate
casing

Conductor
Surface casing

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Casing

Functions of casing hangers

1. Suspends intermediate or production casing string

2. Seals off the casing annulus

3. Centres the casing string in the head (or spool)

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 Casing

Slip type casing hanger

1. Wraparound casing slips with sealing capability
2. Seal energized by casing weight

SLIPS

BOWL

ELASTOMER
SEAL ELEMENT

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Casing

Casing Head Spools Second element of the wellhead

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 Casing
Functions of casing head spools
1. Seals off (packs off) around current (surface casing) string,

2. Provides support for next casing with hanger

3- Provides support for well control equipment (BOP Stack)

4- Sealing the well bore from the atmosphere

5- Controlling access to the well bore :

 for pressure control
 fluid returns.

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Casing

Description of a spool
Top connection

Side outlets
Landing area for threaded or
next Casing Hanger studded

Bottom connection
compatible with the top
connection on the previous
casing head or spool Seals off (packs off)
designed to fit around
OD of current casing
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 Isolation Seals and Pack Off
Prevents:
• communication between the casing strings
• exposure of the flange connection to annulus
pressure.
PLASTIC INJ.
FITTING

TEST PORT

Casing Hanger
Current Casing

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Summary of Csg strings

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 Casing Summary of Csg strings

• Wellhead instillation

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Casing
Casing Design Considerations
• The end product of well design and construction
is a pressure vessel capable of withstanding the
expected internal and external pressures and
axial loading,
• Casing loads:
– tension
– collapse
– burst

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 Effect of pressure in B or C annulus
A B EFFECTS:
•prod csg collapse
•frac of cement
TOC 2610 ft

13 3/8” at
2931 ft Shale
Top gas sand 2988 ft
Gas Sand

9 5/8” at
5451 ft Source of pressure built-up:
•casing leak
•leaking seal of casing hanger
•poor cementation
•temperature during production

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Conventional
Casing Well Abandonment
30” at 151 m
Cement
20” at 299m Plug No 3

Mechanical
Bridge
Plug No 3

13 3/8” at 977m
Cement
Plug No 2
Mechanical
Top Sand at 996 m Bridge
Cement
Plug No 2
9 5/8” at 1817m Plug No 1
Mechanical
Bridge Plug
No 1

7” at 2383 m

5 1/2” at 2612m

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 Abbreviations
BHA bottom-hole assembly ESP electrical submersible pump
bbl barrel FEWD formation evaluation while drilling
bcf Billion cubic ft GLR gas liquid ratio
bcm Billion cubic meter GOR gas Oil ratio
boe Barrel of oil equivalent LNG liquefied natural gas
BOP Blowout preventer LPG liquefied petroleum gas
BPD Barrel per day LWD logging while drilling
BPH Barrel per hour MAOP maximum allowable operating pressure
Btu: British thermal unit Mcf thousand cubic feet
capex capital expenditure Mcfd thousand cubic feet per day
cf cubic feet MWD measurement while drilling
CTD coiled-tubing drilling OBM Oil-based mud
DST drill stem test OWC oil-water contact
EOR enhanced oil recovery PDC polycrystalline diamond compact
ERD Extended-reach drilling PLT production logging tool
…………….

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