TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
No No
Abstract iv
List of Figures xiv
List of Tables xvii
List of Abbreviations xviii
List of Symbols xix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Titanium dioxide 2
1.2.1 Importance of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles 3
1.3 Silver nanoparticles 4
1.3.1 Importance of silver nanoparticles 4
1.4 Activated carbon 5
1.4.1 Importance of Activated carbon 6
1.5 Nanocomposites 6
1.5.1 Ceramic-matrix nanocomposites 7
1.5.2 Metal-matrix nanocomposites 7
1.5.3 Importance of nanocomposites 8
1.6 Synthesis of nanoparticles 8
1.6.1 Top down synthesis 8
1.6.2 Bottom up synthesis 8
1.6.3 Green synthesis 10
1.6.4 Chemical synthesis 12
Chapter Title Page
No
No
1.6.5 Hydrothermal synthesis 13
1.7 Photocatalytic degradation 14
1.7.1 waste water treatment 14
1.7.2 Various industrial treatments of textile dyes 14
1.7.3 Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation 16
1.8 Antibacterial activities of nanoparticles 17
1.8.1 Mechanism of antibacterial activity 18
1.9 Literature review 19
1.10 Importance of the work 25
1.11 Objectives of the present work 26
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 UV-Visible spectrophotometer 27
2.3 X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) 30
2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy 32
2.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 34
2.6 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy 36
(HR-TEM)
2.6.1 The basic TEM operation 36
2.7 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) 40
2.8 Photocatalytic performance of nanoparticles 41
2.9 Antibacterial activity 42
2.10 Conclusion 43
Chapter Title Page
No No
3 SYNTHESIS OF TiO2 NANOPARTICLES BY 44
CHEMICAL AND GREEN SYNTHESIS METHODS
AND TO STUDY ITS ANTIBACTERIAL AND PHOTO
CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS.
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Experiment 45
3.2.1 Materials 45
3.2.2 Synthesis of TiO2 by Hydrothermal method 46
3.2.3 Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using 46
jasmine flower extract
3.2.4 Characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles 46
3.3 Results and Discussion 47
3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 47
3.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 48
3.3.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Visible) 50
3.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 51
3.3.5 Elemental Dispersive Spectrum (EDS) 52
3.3.6 High Resolution –Transmission Electron 53
Microscope (HR-TEM)
3.3.7 Anti-bacterial activity 54
3.3.8 Photocatalytic activity 56
3.4 Conclusion 59
4 CRITICAL GREEN ROUTING SYNTHESIS OF 61
SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING JASMINE
FLOWER EXTRACT FOR BIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITIES AND PHOTOCATALYTICAL
DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE
4.1 Introduction 61
Chapter Title Page
No No
4.2 Materials and methods 62
4.2.1 Materials 62
4.2.2 Preparation of flower extract 63
4.2.3 Syntheses of silver NPs 63
4.2.4 Characterizations 63
4.3 Results and Discussion 64
4.3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 64
4.3.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) 65
4.3.3 UV-Visible spectroscopy 67
4.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with EDS 68
4.3.5 Transmission electron microscope (TEM) 69
4.3.6 Antibacterial activity 70
4.3.7 Degradation of methylene blue via photocatalysis 71
4.4 Conclusion 74
5 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT ON ACTIVATED 76
CARBON FOR THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
AND PHOTOCATALYTICAL DEGRADATION OF
METHYLENE BLUE: A NOVEL APPROACH TO
GREEN SYNTHESIS.
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Experimental procedure 77
5.2.1 Materials 77
5.2.2 Preparation of activated carbon 78
5.2.3 Characterization techniques 78
5.3 Results and Discussion 79
5.3 Results and Discussion 79
5.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction 79
5.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 80
5.3.3 UV-Visible spectroscopy 82
5.3.4 Scanning electron microscope with EDX 83
5.3.5 Transmission electron microscope 85
5.3.6 Antibacterial activity 86
5.3.7 Photocatalytic activity 87
5.4 Conclusion 91
6 POTENT PHOTOCATALYTIC AND ELECTRICAL 92
PROPERTIES OF Ag/TiO2 NANOCOMPOSITES BY
ONE SPOT HYDROTHERMAL METHOD
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Materials and methods 94
6.2.1 Materials 94
6.2.2 Preparation of Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite 94
6.2.3 Characterization of Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite 95
6.3 Results and Discussion 95
6.3.1 XRD analysis 95
6.3.2 FT-IR spectroscopy 96
6.3.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 98
6.3.4 SEM with EDS analysis 99
6.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscope 100
6.3.6 Antibacterial activity 101
6.3.7 Photocatalytic performance 103
6.3.7.1 Mechanism of photodegradation of MB 103
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No No
6.3.7.2 Photocatalytic activity of Ag/TiO2 catalysts 104
6.4 Conclusion 108
7 ENHANCED PHOTOCATALYTIC AND 109
BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF GREEN
SYNTHESIZED AC/Ag AND AC/Ag/TiO2
NANOCOMPOSITES
7.1 Introduction 109
7.2 Experimental Setup 111
7.2.1 Materials and Reagents 111
7.2.2 Synthesis of Ag/AC composite using jasmine 112
flower extract
7.2.3 Green synthesis of AC/Ag/TiO2 nanocomposites 112
7.2.4 Materials Characterization 112
7.3 Results and Discussions 113
7.3.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction analysis 113
7.3.2 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrum analysis 115
7.3.3 UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis 117
7.3.4 Surface Morphological and Elemental analysis 118
7.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscope analysis 120
7.3.6 Anti-bacterial activity 121
7.3.7 Photocatalytic dye degradation analysis 122
7.4. Conclusion 126
8 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY 127
FUTURE WORK 130
REFERENCES 131
