FE Review Course Transportation Engineering and Surveying

Transportation Engineering
and Surveying

FE Review Course

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING

Overview (1 of 2)

Transportation Capacity and Planning Plane Surveying

• Transportation Planning • Elevation Measurement
• Traffic Capacity Analysis • Elevation Measurement: Direct
• Speed, Density, and Volume Leveling
• Traffic Signal Timing and Intervals • Elevation Measurement: Indirect
Leveling
• Latitudes and Departures
• Traverses
• Balancing Closed Traverse Distances
• Traverse Area

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Overview (2 of 2)

Geometric Design
• Horizontal Curves
• Vertical Curves
• Superelevation
Earthwork
Pavement Design
• Pavement Materials
Traffic Safety
• Analysis of Accident Data
• Modeling Vehicle Accidents

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and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning – Transportation Planning
Transportation planning involves travel
demand analysis and forecasting. It
utilizes mathematical models to predict
the volume of trips between activity
centers.

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Transportation Capacity and Planning – Traffic Capacity Analysis
Capacity planning analysis is used to
estimate the traffic carrying ability of
transportation network segments at
prescribed levels of operation.

Level of service (LOS) is a user’s quality

of service through or over a specific
facility (e.g., over a highway, through an
intersection, across a crosswalk)

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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
Which statement is correct?
A) Spot speed is the average speed of a
vehicle through a specified distance.
B) The 85th percentile speed is higher
than the 90th percentile speed.
C) Traffic volume should always be more
than traffic capacity.
D) Traffic capacity should always be more
than traffic volume.

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
Which statement is correct?
A) Spot speed is the average speed of a
vehicle through a specified distance.
B) The 85th percentile speed is higher
than the 90th percentile speed.
C) Traffic volume should always be more
than traffic capacity.
D) Traffic capacity should always be more
than traffic volume.
Answer is (D)

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
If the average center to center vehicle
spacing is 20 m, then the capacity of a
travel lane at speed 50 kmph is most
nearly
A) 1000 vehicles per hour
B) 2000 vehicles per hour
C) 2500 vehicles per hour
D) 2500 vehicles per day

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
If the average center to center vehicle
spacing is 20 m, then the capacity of a m
speed
travel lane at speed 50 kmph is most 1 hr
flow rate  
nearly headway spacing m
veh
A) 1000 vehicles per hour
 km   m
B) 2000 vehicles per hour  50  1000 
  hr   km 
C) 2500 vehicles per hour m
20
veh
D) 2500 vehicles per day
veh
Answer is (C)  2500
hr

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
A roadway lane has a volume of 1,300
vehicles per hour and an average vehicle
speed of 50 miles per hour. The center to
center time spacing, in seconds, between
vehicles is most nearly
A) 1.4 sec/veh
B) 2.8 sec/veh
C) 3.8 sec/veh
D) 13.8 sec/veh

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
A roadway lane has a volume of 1,300
vehicles per hour and an average vehicle Spacing in seconds per vehicle is 1/volume.
speed of 50 miles per hour. The center to
center time spacing, in seconds, between sec
3600
vehicles is most nearly S hr  2.77 sec  2.8 sec 
veh  
A) 1.4 sec/veh 1300 veh  veh 
hr
B) 2.8 sec/veh
C) 3.8 sec/veh
D) 13.8 sec/veh
Answer is (B)

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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning – Speed, Density, and Volume

Volume‐Density‐Speed

q = volume, the number of vehicles

passing a given point in an hour
k = density, the number of vehicles per
unit length (miles or kilometers) per
lane
v = speed

CIVIL ENGINEERING
TRAFFIC FLOW RELATIONSHIPS
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Transportation Capacity and Planning – Speed, Density, and Volume

Flow‐Density‐Speed Relationships

Volume‐Density‐Speed

CIVIL ENGINEERING
TRAFFIC FLOW RELATIONSHIPS
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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
For v = 60 – 0.2k (mph), determine traffic
capacity of the road.

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Transportation Capacity and Planning
For v = 60 – 0.2k (mph), determine traffic
capacity of the road.
Plug the given v formula into traffic capacity
relation: q = kv. Solve the quadratic
equation to determine k.
q  kv  60k  0.2k 2
dq
 60  0.4k  0
dk
60
k  150
0.4
qmax   60 150    0.2 150 
2

veh
 4500
hr 25

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Transportation Capacity and Planning – Traffic Signal Timing and Intervals
The red clearance interval (r), also known
as the all‐red interval, is the length of
time a design‐driver needs to completely
clear the intersection.
The red clearance interval is calculated
from the intersection width (W),
measured curb‐to‐curb, the vehicle length
(l), and the vehicle’s approach speed (v).

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Transportation Capacity and Planning – Traffic Signal Timing and Intervals

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Transportation Capacity and Planning – Traffic Signal Timing and Intervals

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Plane Surveying

FE Review Course

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Plane Surveying
Coordinate systems refers to the grid axis
system used to locate points on the earth.
The two most common systems to specify
positions are
(a) by latitude and longitude
(b) by rectangular (Cartesian) coordinates
measured from a reference point (Ex.
northing and easting).

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying – Elevation Measurement
Leveling is the act of using an engineer’s Curvature and Refraction Effects
level (or other leveling instrument) and
rod to measure a vertical distance
(elevation) from an arbitrary level surface.

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Plane Surveying – Elevation Measurement: Direct Leveling
In direct leveling, a level is set up
Direct Leveling
at a point approximately midway
between the two points whose
difference in elevation is desired.
The vertical backsight (plus sight)
and foresight (minus sight) are
read directly from the rod.

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Plane Surveying – Elevation Measurement: Indirect Leveling
Indirect leveling does not require
a backsight. Indirect Leveling

(A backsight reading can still be

taken to eliminate the effects of
curvature and refraction.)

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying
Recorded data from a leveling circuit is
shown.
(a) What is the elevation of BM11?
(b) What is the elevation of BM12?

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Plane Surveying
Recorded data from a leveling circuit is
shown.
(a) What is the elevation of BM11?
(b) What is the elevation of BM12?

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Plane Surveying
What is the grade of a section of highway
that has a centerline elevation of
114.50 ft at station 10+15.00 and a
centerline elevation of 142.20 ft at
station 22+25.00

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Plane Surveying
What is the grade of a section of highway
that has a centerline elevation of
114.50 ft at station 10+15.00 and a
centerline elevation of 142.20 ft at
station 22+25.00

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Plane Surveying
What is the elevation at the top of the 6 ft
high fence?

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Plane Surveying
What is the elevation at the top of the 6 ft
high fence?

Elevation at top of fence

101.7  4.4  3.2 
1
  12    0.042  8   6  115.24 ft
2

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Plane Surveying – Latitudes and Departures
The latitude of a line is the distance
Latitudes and Departures
that the line extends in a north or
south direction.
The departure of a line is the
distance that the line extends in an
east or west direction.

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Plane Surveying – Latitudes and Departures
The balanced latitudes and departure of
the legs of a closed traverse were
determined as shown. Convert the
latitudes and departures into (x,y)
coordinates.

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Plane Surveying – Latitudes and Departures
The balanced latitudes and departure of
the legs of a closed traverse were
determined as shown. Convert the
latitudes and departures into (x,y)
coordinates.

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Plane Surveying
What is the northing and easting of point B?

B N?
E?

N 1,374.00
A E 568.00

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Plane Surveying
What is the northing and easting of point B?
  90  6314 '  26.77
B N?
N
E? sin  26.77  
998' B
N  449.51'
E
N 1,374.00 cos  26.77   N
A E 568.00
998'
E  891.04 ' A θ
N 1,374  449.51  1,823.51 E
E 568  891.04  1, 459.04
N 1,823.51
point B:
E 4,459.04

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Plane Surveying

What are the x‐y

coordinates at the
BCR?

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Plane Surveying

s 54.98
   1.57
r 35'

  90 
2

Since φ = 90°, the streets are

perpendicular and we can simply subtract
35 from the x and y ECR coordinates.

What are the x‐y The x‐y coordinates of the BCR = (65, 115).
coordinates at the
BCR?

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Plane Surveying – Traverses
A traverse is a series of straight lines Angles Used in Defining Traverses
whose lengths and directions are known.
A traverse that does not come back to its
starting point is an open traverse.
A traverse that comes back to its starting
point is a closed traverse.

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Plane Surveying – Balancing Closed Traverse Distances
Closure, or error of closure, refers to the
distance by which a survey fails to close Traverse Closure
back on its starting point (closed traverse)
or to close onto a known point (open
traverse).

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying
For a four‐sided traverse, the sum of interior angles should be
4 2 180° 360°, so a correction of ‐0.4o must be divided
evenly among the four angles. Since the backsight and foresight
bearings of line AB are the same, it is assumed that the 25o bearings
are the most accurate. The remaining bearings are then adjusted to
use the corrected angles.

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Plane Surveying
A closed traverse consists of seven legs,
the total of whose lengths is 2705.13 ft.
Leg CD has a departure of 443.56 ft and a
latitude of 219.87 ft.
The total closure in departure for the
traverse is +0.41 ft. The total closure in
the latitude is ‐0.29 ft.
Use the compass rule to determine the
corrected latitude and departure for
leg CD.

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Plane Surveying

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Plane Surveying
The interior angles of a triangular traverse
were measured as 63°, 77° and 41°. Each
was measured repeatedly (as shown).
What is the most probable value for
angle 1?

number of
angle value measurements
1 63° 2
2 77° 6
3 41° 5

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Plane Surveying
The interior angles of a triangular traverse Rule: the sum of angles in a triangle should equal 180°.
were measured as 63°, 77° and 41°. Each
The observed sum is 63  77  41  181
was measured repeatedly (as shown).
What is the most probable value for Therefore, the error is 181  180  1
angle 1?
To close the traverse, the error must be applied in
number of proportion to the weight, i.e. inversely proportional to
angle value measurements the number of measurements.

1 63° 2 The sum of the measurement inverses is

1 1 1
2 77° 6    0.5  0.167  0.2  0.867
2 5 6
3 41° 5 The most probable value of angle 1 is
1
   1
63   
2
 62.42
0.867
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Plane Surveying – Traverse Area
Area computations (as they relate to
surveying) most often refers to enclosed
areas such as surveyed parcels or sections
of land, often via a surveyed traverse.
Areas are also used in construction
surveying to quantify earthwork and
other quantities (earthwork discussed
later in the slides).

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Plane Surveying – Traverse Area
If the coordinates of the traverse leg end
points are known, the area by coordinates
method (method of coordinates) can be used.

Area by Coordinates

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Plane Surveying
The latitudes and departures (in feet) of a
six‐leg traverse have been determined as
given. Calculate the traverse area.

leg latitude (ft) departure (ft)

AB 200 200
BC ‐100 200
CD ‐200 ‐100
DE ‐300 200
EF 200 ‐400
FA 200 ‐100

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Plane Surveying
The latitudes and departures (in feet) of a
Area by Coordinates
six‐leg traverse have been determined as
given. Calculate the traverse area.

leg latitude (ft) departure (ft)

AB 200 200
 0  200  100    200  400  0   100  300  200 
BC ‐100 200   100  500  400    400 100  300    200  0  500 
A
CD ‐200 ‐100 2
 130, 000 ft 2
DE ‐300 200
EF 200 ‐400
FA 200 ‐100 CIVIL ENGINEERING
AREA FORMULAS

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Plane Surveying
During a survey, lengths and bearings are
collected for legs of a traverse The
distance of leg BC has been corrected to
1135.28’. What is the area of the circular
segment bounded by chord BC?

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Plane Surveying
During a survey, lengths and bearings are
collected for legs of a traverse The
distance of leg BC has been corrected to
1135.28’. What is the area of the circular
segment bounded by chord BC?
BC 1135.28 ft
 
sin    2  2  0.70955
2 R 800 ft
   2   arcsin  0.70955    90.397
 
 90.397     1.578 rad
 180 
 800  1.578  sin 1.578  
2

A  184,968 ft 2  4.25 ac 
2

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Plane Surveying
Boundary and traverse lines bounding an
irregular area are shown. The total area
between the irregular boundary and the
traverse line is most nearly

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Plane Surveying
The trapezoidal rule is

The answer is (C).

CIVIL ENGINEERING
AREA FORMULAS

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Plane Surveying
What is the area of the quadrilateral
shown?

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Plane Surveying

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Geometric Design

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Geometric Design
Geometric design of streets and highways
includes
• horizontal and vertical curves
• sight distance
• braking distance
• superelevation
• vertical and horizontal clearance
• acceleration and deceleration

CIVIL ENGINEERING

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Geometric Design – Horizontal Curves

Horizontal Curve Elements Horizontal Curve Abbreviations

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Geometric Design: Superelevation
Superelevation is the difference between the inner and outer elevation of a track
or roadway. It provides a smooth and comfortable ride for passengers by
changing the cross slope in proportion to the change in curve radius.

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Geometric Design – Vertical Curves

Symmetrical Parabolic Vertical Curve

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Geometric Design – Sight Distance
Sight distance is the length of roadway a
driver can see ahead of the vehicle.
A safe stopping sight distance is the total
distance required for the driver traveling at
a design speed to stop a vehicle before
reaching an object in its path. It is
comprised of two distances: perception
reaction distance and the breaking
distance.

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Geometric Design
Determine the elevation at PVT, given

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Geometric Design
Determine the elevation at PVT, given The slopes are for a sag curve.

From the figure shown,

L
PVTelev  PVI elev   g 2   
2
 743.24   0.016  400 
 749.64 ft

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Geometric Design

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Geometric Design
Since PVI is the center of PVC and EVC,
8 sta
PVC  87 sta   87 sta  4 sta  83 sta
2
8 sta
EVC  87 sta   87 sta  4 sta  91 sta
2
By elimination, the answer is C.

Use weighted average method to

compute low point location.

g1 L

 2 8 sta  sta 87  44
g1  g 2 2  1.6
CIVIL ENGINEERING
VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS

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Geometric Design

Determine the elevation of the low point.

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Geometric Design
Since PVI is the center of PVC and EVC at
the end, compute low point location.
 g  g2  2
low point y  YPVC  g1 x   1 x 
 2L 
 0.016  0.02  444 
2

 743   0.02  44  
 2 800 
 746.56 m

Determine the elevation of the low point. CIVIL ENGINEERING

VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS

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Geometric Design
A freeway route has a horizontal curve with a PI
at sta 11+01.86, an intersection angle Δ of
12°24’00’’ right, and a radius of 537 m.
Determine the location of PC station.

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Geometric Design
A freeway route has a horizontal curve with a PI   1224 '00 ''  12.4
at sta 11+01.86, an intersection angle Δ of
12°24’00’’ right, and a radius of 537 m. 
T  R tan  
Determine the location of PC station. 2
  537 m   tan  6.2  
 58.33 m
PC  PI  T 
1101.86  58.33
 1043.53  sta 10  44 

CIVIL ENGINEERING
HORIZONTAL CURVE FORMULAS

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Geometric Design
A one‐lane rural road includes a 10°
curve extending for 700 ft. The road
is 15 ft wide with 9 ft wide
shoulders. The design speed for this
road is 45 mph. Determine the
minimum required length of spiral
transitions between the curve and
road.

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Geometric Design
A one‐lane rural road includes a 10° Radius of curvature, R  curve length  700
 4010 ft
  10 
curve extending for 700 ft. The road  
 180 
is 15 ft wide with 9 ft wide
3.15V 3
shoulders. The design speed for this Spiral transition length, LS 
RC
road is 45 mph. Determine the
minimum required length of spiral V = 45 mph. Use C = 2 since the speed
transitions between the curve and increase to 45 mph is almost double the
road. normal one‐lane speed of 25 mph.
1.6  45 mph
3

LS   36 ft
 4010 ft  1 3 
ft
 sec 

CIVIL ENGINEERING
TRAFFIC FLOW RELATIONSHIPS
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Geometric Design
A car travelling at 15 m/s accelerates
uniformly at a rate of 1.5 m/sec2 until it
reaches a speed of 20 m/s.

What is the distance covered in reaching

the speed of 20 m/s?

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Geometric Design
A car travelling at 15 m/s accelerates Use the velocity‐acceleration‐distance
uniformly at a rate of 1.5 m/sec2 until it formula and simplify it.
reaches a speed of 20 m/s.
2 2
 m  m
What is the distance covered in reaching v22  v12 
20   15 
s  s
the speed of 20 m/s? d 
 2  1.5 2 
2a m
 s 
 58.3 m

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Geometric Design
A driver with a reaction time of 0.5 sec
is driving a car down a 5% grade at 89
km/h when a deer runs into the road
0.04 km in front of the car. The road is
dry with a coefficient of friction of 0.7.
Determine the minimum distance the
car travels from the moment the deer
appears until the car comes to a stop.

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Geometric Design
A driver with a reaction time of 0.5 sec  km  m
km   89  1000 
h  km  m
is driving a car down a 5% grade at 89 speed  89   24.72
h s s
3600
km/h when a deer runs into the road h
0.04 km in front of the car. The road is Stopping distance has two parts: reaction and
dry with a coefficient of friction of 0.7. braking distance. Distance covered during
Determine the minimum distance the reaction time is (0.5)(24.72) = 12.36 m.
car travels from the moment the deer
For braking distance, use the energy equation.
appears until the car comes to a stop.
 24.72 
2
v2
d   47.91 m
 2  g  f  G   2  9.81 0.7  0.05
Total distance = 12.36 + 47.91 = 60 m

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Geometric Design
A crest on a section of highway consists of a
vertical curve with a 1500 m radius and a
positive 1% grade followed by a negative 3%
grade. The design requirements are

design speed = 80 km/h

driver eye height (h1) = 1.2 m
stopping sight distance (S) = 300 m
object (to be avoided) = 0.2 m
height (h2)

Determine the minimum length of the

vertical curve needed to satisfy the design
criteria.
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Geometric Design
A crest on a section of highway consists of a A = absolute difference in grades (%) = 1 + 3 = 4
vertical curve with a 1500 m radius and a
positive 1% grade followed by a negative 3% Two requirements must be satisfied.
grade. The design requirements are For stopping distance ≤ curve length,
 4  300 m
2
design speed = 80 km/h AS 2
L   756 m
100    100    2 1.2 m   2  0.2 m 
2 2
2h1  2h2
driver eye height (h1) = 1.2 m
For stopping distance > curve length,
stopping sight distance (S) = 300 m
 200   
2
h1  h2
object (to be avoided) = 0.2 m L  2S 
A
height (h2)
 200   
2
1.2 m  0.2 m
  2  300 m  
Determine the minimum length of the 4
vertical curve needed to satisfy the design  481 m

criteria. Both equations show that S is less than curve

CIVIL ENGINEERING length L. Therefore, L = 756 m.
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Geometric Design
A highway section has a ‐1% grade followed by
a 3% grade. The design requirements are

design speed = 50 mph

stopping sight distance (S)= 430 ft

Determine the minimum length of the vertical

curve needed to satisfy the design criteria.

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Geometric Design
A highway section has a ‐1% grade followed by A = absolute difference in grades (%) = 1 + 3 = 4
a 3% grade. The design requirements are
This is a sag curve. two requirements must be
satisfied.
design speed = 50 mph
stopping sight distance (S)= 430 ft For stopping distance ≤ curve length,
 4  430 ft 
2
Determine the minimum length of the vertical AS 2
L   388 ft
curve needed to satisfy the design criteria. 400  3.5S 400   3.5  430 ft 

For stopping distance > curve length,

 400  3.5S   400   3.5  430 ft  
L  2S      2  430 ft  
 A  4
 383.8 ft
Since S is greater than curve length L, L = 383.8 ft
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Earthwork

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Earthwork
Earthwork is the excavation, hauling, and placing of soil, rock, gravel, or other material
found below the surface of the earth.

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Earthwork
Earthwork quantities for a section of In the region where there is a transition from
roadway indicate a transition from fill to fill to cut, the fill area and cut area are both
cut. The following areas are sealed from triangular in shape on the road cross section.
the print cross sections. The total volume of fill required for this section
of road is most nearly

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Earthwork

CIVIL ENGINEERING
EARTHWORK FORMULAS

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Earthwork

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Earthwork
A table that summarizes earthwork
volumes is now made.

The total volume of fill required for this

section of road is 1452.8 m3 (1450 m3).

The answer is (B).

CIVIL ENGINEERING
EARTHWORK FORMULAS
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Earthwork

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Earthwork

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Earthwork
A jobsite with three cross sections shown
is being leveled. The volume of soil to be
excavated from this site is most nearly

A) 9000 yd3
B) 13,000 yd3
C) 22,000 yd3
D) 66,000 yd3

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Earthwork

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Earthwork

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Earthwork

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Earthwork

CIVIL ENGINEERING
EARTHWORK FORMULAS

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Pavement Design

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Pavement Design
Pavement design involves matching a
project’s strength and durability
requirements to a given material.
This includes the selection of the surface,
base and subbase materials, and the
thickness, compaction and placement of
the materials, for roadway and
transportation uses.

CIVIL ENGINEERING
HIGHWAY PAVEMENT DESIGN

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Pavement Design – Pavement Materials

Typical Concrete Surfacing Layers

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING

Pavement Design – Pavement Materials

Typical Asphalt Surfacing Layers

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Pavement Design
A road leading to a stone quarry is
traveled by 40 trucks, with each truck
making an average of 10 trips per day.
When fully loaded, each truck consists of
a front single axle transmitting a force of
10,000 lbf and two rear axle tandem, each
axle transmitting a force of 20,000 lbf. The
load equivalency factor for the front
single axle is 0.0877. The load equivalency
factor for each rear tandem axle is 0.1206.
What is ESAL for the truck traffic on this
road for 5 years?

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Pavement Design

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Pavement Design

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Pavement Design

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Pavement Design

CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUPERPAVE MIXTURE DESIGN

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Pavement Design
The worn surface course of a high‐volume pavement is being replaced with a design
requiring a total structural number of 6.6. The engineer has decided to replace 6 in
of the surface with recycled‐in‐place asphalt concrete having a surface course
strength coefficient of 0.42, leaving in place 3 in of sound original pavement having
a strength coefficient of 0.3. Under the original pavement are a 10 in cement‐
treated base having a strength coefficient of 0.2, and an 8 in sandy gravel subbase.

What is the minimum strength coefficient for the subbase?

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Pavement Design
The structural number is the sum of the
products of the layer depths (thicknesses)
and strength coefficients.

CIVIL ENGINEERING
HIGHWAY PAVEMENT DESIGN; SUPERPAVE

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Traffic Safety

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Traffic Safety
Traffic safety is a fundamental part of
transportation design and affects multiple
aspects of planning, including capacity
analysis, design standards, construction,
operations, and maintenance.
Traffic safety includes roadside clearance,
conflict analysis, work zone safety and
accident analysis.

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Traffic Safety

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Traffic Safety
Accident data can be obtained from
• police records (property damage only)
• municipal records
• commercial insurance records
• state disability funds
• expected remaining earnings
estimates
• accepted federal standards (e.g.,
OSHA)

The answer is (D).

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Traffic Safety – Analysis of Accident Data

Crash Rate per Million Entering Vehicles (RMEV)

Crash Rate per Million Vehicle‐Miles (RMVM)

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Traffic Safety

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Traffic Safety

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Traffic Safety
A 3100 lbm automobile carrying a 160
lbm driver and traveling at 30 mi/hr
directly impacts a stationary, immobile
wall without braking. The automobile’s
front end crumples backwards 1 ft before
the car stops moving. The deceleration is
uniform. Disregard the effects of airbag
deployment.

Use the work‐energy principle to

determine the average decelerating force
on the automobile.

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Traffic Safety
A 3100 lbm automobile carrying a 160 Use the work‐energy principle to
lbm driver and traveling at 30 mi/hr determine the average force on the
directly impacts a stationary, immobile automobile.
wall without braking. The automobile’s
front end crumples backwards 1 ft before
the car stops moving. The deceleration is
uniform. Disregard the effects of airbag
deployment.

Use the work‐energy principle to

determine the average decelerating force
on the automobile.

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Overview (1 of 2)

Transportation Capacity and Planning Plane Surveying

• Transportation Planning • Elevation Measurement
• Traffic Capacity Analysis • Elevation Measurement: Direct
• Speed, Density, and Volume Leveling
• Traffic Signal Timing and Intervals • Elevation Measurement: Indirect
Leveling
• Latitudes and Departures
• Traverses
• Balancing Closed Traverse Distances
• Traverse Area

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Overview (2 of 2)

Geometric Design
• Horizontal Curves
• Vertical Curves
• Superelevation
Earthwork
Pavement Design
• Pavement Materials
Traffic Safety
• Analysis of Accident Data
• Modeling Vehicle Accidents

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