GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

bladder and urethra. The urinary

The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary
functions to maintain fluid,
system is also a purification system for the blood. The system
electrolyte and pH balance and remove toxins from the bloo.

Blood flows into the kidney and urine & blood flow out of the kidney. The blood enters via
the renal artery and exitsvia the renal vein. The urine exits by way of the ureters and flows
to the bladder, urethra and out of the body.
 Urinary System Diagrom

Aorta. tnferior
Veng Cvo
Right Left
Kidney Kidney

Ureter

-Blodder

Urethra

Urinary System Functions

Besides maintaining fluid, electrolyte and pH balance the kidneys also monitor blood oxygen levels.
Theysecrete the hormone erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels. The hormone travels
to the bone marrow to stimulate the production of red blood cells. The kidneys also work to control
vitamin Dsynthesis.

Kidneys
The kidneys are paired organs located behind the peritoneal membrane(retroperitoneal).

Alayer of adipose tissue called perirenal fat surrounds each kidney. The outer layer of the kidneys
consists of a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule.

Each kidney has an indentation called a hilum that opens to a renal sinus where the renal artery, vein
and ureters enter and exit the kidney.

Renal cortex

Hilum
Renal medulla

Renal artery -Renal papilla

Renal vein Renal
pyramids

Renal pelvis Renal

columns
Ureter

Major calyx Fibrous

capsule
Minor calyx

Kidney Anatomy
 1He kidhev is dvided into en outer corticai region and an inner medulla. The medulla contains
conical structures called the renal pyramid.

Areas of the cortex called renal columns extend between the pyramids. The distal tip of the pyramid
ends at the renal papilla. The renalpapillae connect with minor calyces. The minor calyces combine
to torm larger major calyces that combine to form the renal pelvis that extends to form the ureter
A renalartery supplies each kidneywith blood. The renal artery branches extends into the hilum of
the kidney. The kidneys also have a nerve supply.
The Nephron
The functional unit of the kidney is a microscopic structure known as the nephron. The nephron
consists of a renal tubule and a renal corpuscle.

The renal corpuscle is a spherical structure that consists of a capillary network called the
giomerulussurrounded by a fibrous capsule called the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule). The
glomerulus and glomerular capsule is where filtration occurs.
Proximal convoluted
Nephron tubule Peritubular Distal
capilaries covoluted
Eferent
tubule
arteriole
Glomerulus
Cortex Bowman's
capsule ,Collectng
Aflerent duct
arteriole
Rena
PyTamid -Medulla Interlobular arterye
Interobular vein

Loop of Henle

Vasa recta

Thefiltrate from the glomerular capsule flows through the first part of the renal tubule known
as the proximal convoluted tubule. Fluid then moves through the nephron loop. After flowing
through the nephron loop the fluid flows through the distal convoluted tubule.
Fluid (urine) then drains from the distalconvoluted tubule into the collecting duct. Urine from many
nephrons drains into one collecting duct.
The collecting duct merges with other collecting ducts at the renal papilla. Urine flows from the
renal papilla to the minor calyces which combine to form major calyces which combine to form the
Rnol nelvis,. Urine now flows into the ureter and to the urinary bladder, urethra and out of the
body.
The Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
The ureters carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder. The urinary bladder is a hollow organ
that resides in the pelvic cavity
The ureters connect at the posterolateral surface. The urethra carries the urine from the bladder
out of the body. The area on the inside of the bladder between the two ureter connections and
the urethra is called the trigone.

Urine continuously flows from the kidney to the bladder. The bladder acts as a storage reservoir for
urine andcan store up to 1 liter.

DISEASES OFGENITOURINARY SYSTEM

Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer occurs when there are abnormal, cancerouscells growing in the bladder.

Cystocele
Cystocele is the name for a hernia-like disorder in women that occurs when the wall between the
blYdder and the vagina weakens, causing the bladder to drop or sag into the vagina.
Erectile Dysfunction
Impotence, or erectile dysfunction, is the inability to achieve an erection, and/or dissatisfaction with
the size, rigidity, and/or duration of erections. Erectile dysfunction affects milions of men.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
BPH (also referred to as benign prostatic hypertrophy) is a condition in which the prostate gland
becomes very enlarged and may cause problems associated with urination. An increased PSA level
does not indicate cancer, but the higher the PSA level,the higher the chance of having cancer.
Cystitis
Description: Cystitis is an inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder.

Chronic kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is progressive loss in kidney
function over a period of months or years. The two main causes of chronic kidney disease are
diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD has stage 1,2,3,4,5 or ESRD.

Edema
The presence of extracellular water and sodium in cells, tissues, or cavities.
Erectile dysfunction

The inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection adequate for sexual intercourse.
Nephrolithiasis

Stonesor crystalline structures in the urinary tract. Also called urinary calculi and kidney stones.
Nocturia

The condition of being awakened at night by the need to urinate.

Polycystic kidney disease

Agroup of inherited disorders characterized by multiple fluid-filled sacs both within and
surface of the kidneys. These cysts reduce the ability of the kidneys to function properly.
Renal failure

The inability of the kidneys to function properly. Renal failure can be acute or chronic. Uremia
Theexcessive accumulation in the blood of the byproducts of protein metabolism, especiallv urea.
This is a toxic condition.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)_Uropathy

Any condition that blocks a part of the urinary tract, such as a ureter.