1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

CHAPTER ONE

While the impact of web or online result processing and checking system is appreciated, the advent of
mobile

communication technology has changed the face of Information Technology (T). Mobile technologies are

becoming more embedded, ubiquitous and networked with enhanced capabilities for rich social
interactions, context

awareness and internet connectivity" (Ajayatuma and Francis, (2015). Mobile phones are highly effective
means

of disseminating information to students since they have it and take it almost everywhere they go.
According' to a

Survey carried out by Pistilli and Bowen (2012) using 3900 Purdue University students, showed that 68%
prefers

mobile apps because they are faster while 70% are of the opinion that nobile apps are easier to use
when compared

to a web platform. In this work, we combined the use of web-based system and advantages offered by
mobile

applications in addressing the problems of result processing and result checking in (public universities,)
It tends to pirm-

bring course registration and result checking to the doorsteps of students and as well make result
processing and

publishing easier for lecturers and staff of Records department. Due to the sensitivity of student's
results, we added

a second authentication layer that uses time-based one-time password (TOTP). The TOTP is sent to users
via SMS.

HRELATED (Abel, U.O. and Abu, M, 2013) Studied the "inadequacies invòlved in the manual method of

compiling students' result in secondary schools in Nigeria". They critically examined the methods of
result

processing and checking in in some secondary schools. They identified the problems and proposed a
new system
which combatted some of the problems. (Christian C., Lev T. and Eugenia T.2013)."Observed that the
number of

applicants seeking admission into Nigerian Universities, every year increases by leaps and bounds
although the

Universities lack the commensurate facilities to meet the challenges of admitting the high number of
applicants. She

reasoned that this has made the admission officers have to manually evaluate every candidate's data
against the set

admission requirements to screen the applicants in order to select the number of candidates that their
universities can

accommodate. (Obiniyi, A. A. and Ezugwu, E. A.2010). Highlighted that the "end-of-course grades
assigned by

lecturers are intended to convey the level of achievement of each student in the class".

Met

There is need to use an efficient method in carrying out these grading. Except this is done, a lot of wrong
decisions

will be made. They agreed with (Christian C., Lev T. and Eugenia T.2013). That the processing of results is
found

to be rather tedious, especially when carried out manually, and when the number of students is large".
Manual

processes take a lot of time and has greater chances of leading decision makers astray. The use of
computers has

eased these processes and has helped turming out more accurate reports.(Eludire, A. A. 2011) used the
structured

system analysis and design methodology in designing and implementing an integrated result processing
system in a

networked environment. Many International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology reviews on
result

processing show that majority of universities in developing countries still process and check their results
manually.
They are slow in adapting to new technologies because of infrastructures and maintenance. (Orobor A. I.
(2015)

adopted the cloud computing model in its proposed student result computation system design. He
solved the afore-mentioned problems of high cost of infrastructure. His model offered a novel
framework for student result

computation as a cloud computing service. This work provides a web and mobile-based portal that
improved on &

security lapses discovered in the way results are presently being managed in public institutions of
developing

cOuntries like Nigeria. The enhanced system provides an easy-to-use portal that is reachable and easily
accessible to

Students, lecturers and management staff and is more secured. It makes result collation, processing,
approval,

publishing and checking easy.

Student's Examination result is one of the most important elemnents in schools. These data must be
processed under

citcal management, while requiring simple operations for processing the examination results. The need
for student

to have access to their result on time and accurately cannot be overemphasized. Scores from
examination taken by

student need to be returned to these student to enable them know their performance in the various
courses written.

AISO, Students need to know what courses they failed in order to retake the exams. Staff in charge of
student result

processing is burdened with a lot of other academic works like lecturing, research, marking of exams and
attending

to other administrative task. These other duties tend to affect the timėly, efficient'and accurate
processing of results.

The effort expended in the process of registration of students and computation of their examination
results 1S

awesome. Quite worisome is the fact that these processes are carried out every academic session,
putting the
Operators in a continuous and ever demanding cycle. The computation of examination results and
registration of

students is obviously an object centered activity, the student being the dominant object in this case.
Hence, the need

to evolve not just a computerized process, but an object-oriented software design and implementation
that will

effectively and efficiently capture all the important objects associated with the registration and
examination result

processing within the University and the interactions among the objects. This genuine and noble desire
necessitated

the design and development of an Undergraduate Registration and Examination Processing System
(UREPS).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Manual Result Processing Sometimes the delay in declaration of results cause heavy losses to the
students, as

generally they cannot join further studies or appear in competitive exams because of the non-availability
of

examination result in time (Mohini & Amar, 2011). Some of the fimitations-of the existing system are as
follows:

Repetition of Work: There is repetition of work in the existing system because the same data is record in
different

branches of the examination. This leads to data duplications, and the institution to purchase papers
spends huge

amount of money. In existing system, managing of students' record is very tedious. Retrieval of students'
records

through manual registers, maintaining of records and data reconciliation etc. are very time consuming.
Tempering of

student Records: In manual school management system, there are chances of tempering with student's
records.

Sometimes fake results are prepared and there is no online verification of the results. This leads to
unfair practices
and it nars the credibility of an institution. A number of problems associated with student academic
record

management include improper subject registration, late release of students' results, inaccuracy due to
manual and

tedious calculation and retrieval difficulties/inefficiency (Eludire, 2011). In most cases, the data
generated by

academic institutions are usually stored in non-delineated files for use by different departments/units
within the

institutions with the same data appearing on several of these files. This means that a simple change of
address would have to be process in two and probably three or four places, depending on the number of
other files on which these

data appears. The development of database concept is the answer to these problems where the amount
of redundant

data is reduce and the possibility that data contained on a file might be inaccurate because they were
never updated.

Other problems associated with course system management include improper registration, late release
of students

results, inaccuracy due to manual and tedious calculation. and retrieval IISER International Journal of
Scientiic o

Engineering Research To proffer solution to the setback associated with manual system of result
processing, an

application called Student Academic Record Management System using Microsoft Access to handle the
task ot

Creating, storing, accessing and maintaining files and database records is develop. According to Eludire,
(20), the

cnoice of Microsoft Access was because it is simple, easy to code, and available with forms and reports.
It is also

accessible in terms of distribution with versions of Microsoft Office. MS Access version 2003 was chose
for the

implementation. Some previous works that haye been carries out in this area to address the problem of
manual result

processing are the works by Moses (2008), Ukem and Onoyom-Ita, (2011).
In this work, Moses (2008) employs Microsoft Excel Spread sheet program to build an Intelligent
Knowlcdge- Based

System (IKBS), making se of various programming facilities provided by that application (Excel). The
central

iSsue here is that the programming is hardcoded into the cells, and cell referencing is use to monitor and
track

students' performance. The system has been report to be working fine. However, it appears to be rather
restrictive,

and calls for substantial expertise in programming. Similarly, in the work by Ukem, and Onoyom-Ita,
(2011), Adobe

Dreamweaver an Integrated Development Environment is use to create the Graphic User Interface and
to write the

codes. MySQL, a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), is use to create the database tables
and data.

Personal Home Page Pre-Processor (PHP) is use to communicate with and manipulate the database. This

application, though tested and found to be working as expected, has however not been put to use
widely. A

computer software application is develop in Java programming language in the form of a database,
employing

MySQL RDMBS to facilitate the automated processing of the results (Ukem, & Ofoegbu, 2012). The
developed

software performed well and produced expected results on completion. With it, it was possible to
compute Grade

Point Average and Cumulative Grade Point Average for each student based on examination scores
entered. The

application was successfully developed, tested, and found to be working as expected. It is capable of
storing and

processing student's results with high speed and accuracy, and presenting output in certain required
forms. It is easy

to use due to the use of a GUI rather than command line approach, reasonably secure, and enforces
data integrity
resulting from the use of a relational database management system. With this application, the
processing of students

results can be automated largely, thereby reducing processing time and increasing accuracy.

The outlook of the work is to make the application web-enabled, which would greatly enhance its use.
Users could

then access the application from anywhere via the Internet, and be able to carry out their work,
students with proper

authorization would be able to view their results on-line. According to Ukem, and Ofoegbu, (2012), the
issue of

security also looked into, with a view to improving it so that users would have greater peace of mind
knowing that

their data would not be compromised.

Education and the Nigeria Perspective There is no gainsaying the fact that education is very vital to the
pace of

SOcial, political and economic development of any nation. This is why most nations of the world strive to
devote

sizeable proportion of their Gross National Income to develop the educational sector. In Nigeria,
between 7.6% and

9.9% of our annual expenditure is devoted to education, Management of secondary education refers to
the process of

planning, organizing, directing, staffing, coordinating and reporting on secondary education system.
(Durosaro,

2000).

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research work is to design a research automated result processing system that will
increase through

put and reduce the response time involved in processing students result. The objectives of the study are:

2.

To provide a system that readily provides results for deserving students.

To implement an application that aid quick generation of error free results for students.

3. Toprovide an avenue to aid the management in the making prompt decisions,

To measure the performance and efficiency of the proposed system against existing systems.

5. To provide an advice engine based on the current status of the student result with respect to his/her

academic pursuit.

6. To produce a visual representation of the performance of students' general performance at the end of
every

academic semester.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The research work will help in a good number of ways to ease the delay in manual examination
processing. The

software developed will help schools management to achieve efficient Information Management
System. There

are many other advantages, and some of them are listed below.

1. The system will be interactive and will have a database where student's particulars, courses offered,
user

authentication details are stored. Access to the system will be through user authentication, where each
user

of the system will be prompted to input his/her user name and password to which access will be granted
if

it matches with the ones in the database.

2. The mark sheets will be saved in Microsoft Excel file format. This will be uploaded into the system

automatically. The result will then be computed from which the raw score and the senate format can be

generated. With this system, the processing of student's result will be done accurately and with fewer

errors.

3. It will be protected from physical or natural hazards and there will be an increased speed in the
processing

of Students Result. The system would be approached in a modular fashion with each module performing
a
specific task. These modules will then be combined to form the complete system.

4.

In the aspect of the software development, Jaya Programming Language will be used for designing the

software interface, MySQL as the database server and ADache Tomcat as the web server. It will be

designed and tested on Windows XP Operating System.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This research work will concentrate on course registration and examination processing system, as well
as couse

adviser unctions provided in an automated format which enables the course adviser, the Head of
Department, seen

here as the enroller and the validator respectively, as well as the student to interact with the application
effectively,

This work will also use Information Management Technology department as the organization in question
for 1ts

development. The system developed will only cover registration of students, course registration, result
processing.

advising functions, course creation and mapping and security of students' record functions.

1.6 Limitations of Study

In the course of this design, some factors led to constraints in the effective actualization of the project.

1. The duration for this project was too small for the study to be carried out in a more complex scope.
There were

some other programmes like exams, to be attended to which curtailed the time spent on the project.
The above

constraint led to limiting the application functionalities.

2. The limited resources available for carrying out this project posed a major constraint. There was much
work to be

done but, 1limited cash was available. The available related materials in this research topic were
insufficient and

some of the respondents were unwilling to supply useful information.

3. There is not sufficient knowledge in the programming languages chosen for this work which led to
involving

upper hands at an expense. This is the processing of result in a sufficiently rapid manner so that the
results of this

processing are available in time as at when needed. The processing goes on, it is applied to the master
file and result

is obtained from the system on demand.

4. It concens the facilitation and management of transaction oriented applications (such as result
generation)

typically for data entry and retrieval. Automated transaction processing has been used to refer to
processing in which

the system responds immediately to users request.

1.7 Definition of Technical Terms Information System:

It is a collection of procedures, people, instructions and equipment to produce information in a useful

fom.

Technology: It is study of techniques or process of mobilizing Resource (such as information) for

accomplishing

objectives that benefits man and his environment. Information: Information can be defined as the
process of

gathering, transmitting, receiving, storing and retrieving data or several items put together to convey a
desired

message. Computer Network: Computer Network is a system that connects two or more computers
together using a

communication link. Databases: A systematically arranged collection of computer data, structured so

that it can be

automatically retrieved or manipulated. It is also called databank. File Transfer: Any kind of computer
file can be Sent Via the Internet from one Internet user to another. Table of accounts on spreadsheets,
design bya graphic artists,

music sound files etc., can all be exchanged in this way.

Database Table(s): It is a collection rows and columns where in the database which are used for logical
data storage
and retrieval in the database.

Database Management System DBMS): This is the sofware that performs the task of database
management.

Transaction: This is a group of operation (database operations) that must be executed as one.
Encapsulation: This is

the concept of hiding specific behavior and attributes from a user, Class: This is the prototype from
where an object

can be created. Object: This is an instance of a class that which bas hoth attributes and behaviors.
Inheritance: This

1s the one of the features of Object Oriented Programming (0OP): that gives it the capabilities or
properties of a

class. Entity: This is an object with a set of properties that makes it easily identifiable.

Attributes: There are the properties of an entity. They provide information about and entity and also
differentiate

one entity from anther.

Relationship: This refers to the association among entities.

Entity Relationship Diagram: This is the pictorial representation of a database. It lists the various
components of a

database and depicts the relationships between components in the database.

Programming Language: This is the language used to give instructions to the computer.. Structure Query

Language (SQL): This is a very high level programming language that is used to query the database Java

Programming Language: This is an object oriented programming language that is used to develop
different types of

software application. Programmer: Someone who can read, understand one of two programming(s) and
has the

ability to develop software applications using some programming languages.

Application Programming Interface (API): This is a class library that provides a collection of classes which
the

programmer may take advantage of when programming.

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC): This is a Java API for communicating with different database systems.

Method: This is a data member of a class which is used by the objects of such class for performing its
actions.

Constructor: This is a method like construct that has the same name as the class. It is also used to create
an object.

Java platform 2 Standard Edition (J2SE): This is the technology platform used in developing standalone

applications

Java platform 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE): This is the technology platform used in developing enterprise

applications (web based applications). Java platform 2 Micro Edition (J2ME): This is the technology
platform used

in developing mobile applications (software for mobile devices). An Enhanced Online Result Processing
System for

Computer Science Department, Federal Cooperative College, Ibadan (FCC).

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

CHAPTER TWO

There were three fundamentally distinct education systems in Nigeria in 1990, namely the indigenous
system,

Quranic schools, and formal European-style education institutions. In the rural areas where the majority
lived,

children learned the skills of farming and other work, as well as the duties of adulthood, from
participation in the

cOmmunity. This process was often supplemented by age-based schools in which groups of young boys
were

lnstructed in community responsibilities by mature men. By the 1970s, education experts were asking
how the

System could be integrated into the more formal schooling of the young, but the question remained
unresolved by

1990. Western-style education came to Nigeria with the missionaries in the mid-nineteenth century.
Although the
first mission school was founded in 1843 by Methodists, it was the Anglican Church Missionary Society
that pushed

Torward in the early 1850s to found a chain of missions and schools, followed quickly in the late 1850s
by the

Roman Catholics. In 1887 in what is now southern Nigeria, an education department was founded that
began setting

curricula requirements and administered grants to the mission societies.

The education system focused strongly on examinations. Frederick (1916), first governor of the unified
colony, set

up a school inspectorate. Discipline, buildings, and adequacy of teaching staff were to be inspected, but
the most

points given to a school's performance went to the numbers and rankings of its examination results.

This stress on examinations was still used in 1990 to judge educational results and to obtain
qualifications for jobs in

government and the private sector. As more information is made available in a variety of formats and
media and in a

variety of locations, the need to manage information/data efficiently becomes more and more critical.
Both staff and

public users want access to stored information and want to access it more efficiently. It is the University
Policy to

improve both the efficiency and effectiveness of course registration and result processing operations
and services

through the implementation of an integrated automated database

2.2 Computer Systems and Other Related Concepts

The introduction of computer into information technology has massively improved the information need
of

organization; the success of this machine is dependent on the knowledge base. Therefore, one can be
prompted to

ask aloud what is a computer". Funk (1980), defined a computer as an electronic device that can
perform
automatically and at a high speed a sequence of logical operations according to instructions given to it
inform of a

pre-arranged program. Anigbogu (2000) defined a computer as an clectronic device capable of accepting
data and

instructions, processing the data based on the instructions to generate results or output in such a
manner that is yet to

be equaled by any other known machine to mankind. Chimezie (1990) stated that "Computers are
looked upon as

obedient servants who are ever ready to free man from tedious procedures and produce results as
compared with

human computing time". Obilikwu (1995) described computer as a machine that is capable of accepting
input data,

store and process the data based on instructions given by the computer user and in this way produce
expected results

Eeay caled output. These definitions of computer would lead us to answer the question "what 1s a
program?" In

ns deinition Obilikwu (1995), defined a prooram as a sequence of instructions given to the computer to
pertorm a

M SpeCITic operation. From Encarta Encvclonedia comnuter program is a set of instructions that directs
a computer to

petorm some processing function or combination of functions. The above definitions of computer clearly

demonstrated the limitless area of operations of computer in as much as such task is programmable.
Computer 1s

5 applicable in virtually all areas. of human endeavor ranging from Agriculture, Education, Business,
Sports,

Entertainment, Medicine, Construction and Military etc. French (1992). in his book titled" computer
Science" fourth

caiuon, he relates the relevance of computer to management and stated that "a company needs
information in which

to base decisions concerning the current operations and future plans, It requires the information to be
timely and
accurate". He then cited the example of the use of computer in the area of management control to
production and

stated "production must be able to respond quickly to changes in demand and other circumstances. To
do so requires

the provision of up to date information this is accurate and timely", Aluko (1991), stated that "in
virtually any job

whether clerical, technical, business, or professional; whether it is a banking, medicine, education etc.

Computers are useful tools" and that computers are tools with which we calculate, measure, assess,
store, retrieve,

regulate and monitor information". Hence, the blood and life - wire of any system is information. A
typical system

(Education, Management etc.) cannot survive without good management information system (MIS).
Management

Information System (MIS) are information systems, typically computer-based, that are used within an
organization.

The concept of Management Information System is a complex variable although Murdick (1971),
simplified it when

he said "there is probably no more challenging and diversified subject than management theory, system
theory and

computer science'". Admission processing system, result processing system, course registration system
is typical

information processing system or organizational information system on candidates' admission and

performances.

World Net describes an information system (1S) as "a system consisting of the network of all
communication

channels used within an organization, and includes software and hardware". It may also be defined as a
system that

collects and processes data (information) and provides it to mangers at all levels that use it for decision
making,

planning, program implementation and control. The aim of information system to admission,
registration and result
processing in universities is improving the quality and accuracy of information provided to all involved as
well as

assisting universities in compiling and reporting information. The information system (IS) has common
data set on

admission, admittance regulations of different universities and admission procedures. Computerization

is a social

process for providing access to and support for computer equipment to be used in activities such as
teaching,

accounting, writing, designing, circuits, file processing etc. Computerization entails social choices about
the levels

of appropriate investment and control over equipment and expertise, as well as choices of equipment.
Dunlop and

Kling (1991), by the early 1990s, computing and telecommunications accounted for half of the capital
investments

made by private firms. However, paper (1980) Feigenbaum and McCorduck (1983) and Yourdon (1986)
stated that

the most fervent advocates of computerization have argued that the actual pace of computerization in
schools,

factories and homes is too slow. Taylor (1980), classified computer-based education include both
computer- assisted

instruction programs that interact with students in a dialogue and a broader array of educational
computer applications such as simulations or instruction in computer programming, There is major
national push for extended

application of computer based education at educational levels. For example, in the mid-1980s private
several

colleges and Universities required all their freshmen students to buy a specific kind of Micro-computers
and others

1 invested heavily in visions of wired Campus'", Kling (1983) avers that computer-based cducation has
been

promoted with two different underlying ideologies in all levels of education, Some educators argue that
computer-
based instructional approaches can help fulfill the traditional values of progressive education: the
simulation of

intellectual curiosity, initiative, and democratic experiences. For examples, (1984) has argued that
computerized

universities are qualitatively different than traditional universities: College students with micro
computers in their

dorm rooms will be more stimulated to learn because they will have easy access to instructional
materials and more

interesting problems to solve, Papert (1979), argues that in a new computer - based school cultivate,
students will no

longer simply be taught mathematics. These visions portray an enchanted social order transformed by
advanced

Computing technologies. Other advocates are a bit less romantic, but not less enthusiastic. For example
Cole (1972),

states because of the insatiable desire of students for more and more information at a higher level of
complexity and

more sophisticated level of utilization, more effective means of communication must be used.
Computers can

provide a unique vehicle for this transmission'". Hence, it is important to note that computer-based
education goes a

long way in helping the students as well as the staff to effectively make use of the computerized course
registration

system. It also helps in convincing the stakeholders of the importance and need for adopting the
computerized

admission, registration and result processing system as it provides effective and accurate handling of
student's files.

Therefore, a computerized course registration system is usually a system, which is implemented with a
computer to

achieve the utmost efficiency and desired goals. In well developed countries, where education systems
are

computerized; course registration system should be and/or is one of the modules contained in the
college portal. A
"College Portal" therefore is personalized software that captures the entire education business process
and makes all

operations accessible via the web, thus allowing schools to effectively serve all stakeholders, students,
lecturers,

administrators and parents. It provides many functionalities including Admissions, Registration, Financial
Services

(transactions- processing), Exams & Records, Grading, Staff Management, Facility Management, Student
selfcare

(My- school), Alumni Records, Library and College shop, etc. and supports workflow and Messaging and
provides

other collaboration tools and advanced reporting engines. Russell, M. (1987), dealt extensively on the
need for the

use of computers on such database system like computerized course registration system. In the words
of Dimori

(2003), at the center of any information system is a database, which is any collection of related
information grouped

together as a simple item. The term can also apply to the ways in which information is catalog used,
analyzed, stored

and used manually. Russell was also of the view that without a computer, effective handling of
Candidates' records

cannot be achieved effectively. According to him, "The oxford University has more than ninety- six
thousand

student's records. No person would precisely remember the details of these records", The computer is
the most

possible application to retain an unlimited number of records with the utmost curent updating
possibilities. This is

true as can be seen as posited by Eloba (1992), Computer in school record keeping, Technical Education
Today,

Vol. 3 No 182. "That at a department with over a thousand candidates, with the use of computer, all
qualified for
admission only 100 candidates need to be chosen. With the ranking of the scores or grades of the
candidates, the Management Is in position to choose best candidates with the best results with ease and
on tume" with the use or

Pcel Again, many computerized systems have become more than tools they are environments that
people

sometimes find hard to change and so on.

future

Kling and Suzanne (1988), argue that we have much to learn about

uses and consequences of computerization by carefullv examining past and present experiences.
Knowing ully well

ow the University program is being run (manually), studying the past and present experiences energize
the idea ot

computerization of the board or the program. Also, Kling, (1994) illustrates that systems being
computerized offers

Cxeitng possibilities of manipulating large amount of information rapidly with litle effort to enhance
control, to

create insights, to search for information, and to facilitate cooperative work between people.

2.3 Result Processing and Associated Concepts

Z.3.1 Processing Practically all naturally occuring processes can be viewed as examples of data
processing systems

where "observable" information in the form of pressure, light. etc. are converted by human observers
into electrical

SIgnals n he nervous system as the senses we recognize as touch, sound. and vision, Even the interaction
of non-

Iiving systems may be viewed in this way as rudimentary information processing systems. Conventional
usage of the

terms data processing and information systems restricts their use to refer to the algorithmic derivations,
logical

deductions, and statistical calculations that recur perennially in general business environments, rather
than in the
more expansive sense of all conversions of real-world measurements into real-world information in, say,
an organic

biological system.

The importance of high-speed data processing and communication to moderm society and economy can
scarcely be

exaggerated. Thomas Friedman, in The World is Flat (Farrar, 2005) argues that they have wrought a
more profound

revolution change in communication and trade than did the Gutenberg printing press and have changed
the world

permanently in far less time. The proliferation of PCs, PDAs and cellular communications, the ubiquity of
the

internet and the accelerating development of software that allows all of these technologies to interact
on a common

communication framework have "flattened" our world, in Friedman's parlance, by literally erasing the
significance

of geography and national boundaries in the conduct of commerce and trade. Together with the
emergence of the

leadership and management practices to take advantages of these flatteners", and the collapse of
political and

economic barriers that accompanied the end of the cold war, what Friedman calls the "triple
convergence" has

literally "changed everything". Friedman's observations are supported by the words of the CEO of
Hewlett Packard,

that the world is entering "an era in which technology will literally transform every aspect of business,
every aspect

of life and every aspect of society.

2.3.2 Problems Associated with Data Processing

There are problems with data processing with respect to Computer. The problems are the same as those
problems

encountered when using Computer. The major problem is hardware failure which may be caused by
power (supply
of current).

2.3.3 Formats of Result

Result must be communicated to the person who wishes to use it. It can be communicated in a number
of ways for

example:

a. By word of mouth (e.g. telephone) by sight (e.g. witnessing or observing something) even by touch,
smell or taste.

b. On paper

i. as a report

Ii. as a set of figures

Iii. as a diagram or chart

Iv. as a photography or picture

In a form that is not human sensible that in a form that humans cannot use without the help of a
computer or special

equipment. Microfilm and microfiche are examples of this and computer files of magnetic disks, or
magnetic tapes

are others. The communication of the information would. in these cases, be communications between
machines and

humans would then have to use a machine such as a computer or microfilm reader to obtain access to
the

information they want. Information and organization are unified. Information is communicated so that
decisions can

be taken.

2.4 Computer Systems and Result Processing

Computers are a key features of the electronic office, and it is important to be aware of the reasons why
they

process information better than a manual system. The functions of computers in information or data or
result

processing include:
1. To process information or result more quickly.

2. To handle bigger volumes of processing.

3. To undertake complex processing.

4. To process information more reliably i.e. with less chance of error mistakes.

5. To process information at less cost than a manual system.

6. To improve the scope and quality of management information.

2.4.1 Result Processing Stages

Whatever method, or combination of methods, is used it will be seen that result will pass through the
same basic

stages in the processing cycles. The result processing stages are: Input (act of receiving result for
processing)

Sorting (arranging result in a desired order to make processing quicker and easier).

Processing (operating on result in order to obtain desired result). Storage (filling away of result for later
use). Output

(result of processing). Control (regulating the different result processing functions to ensure that the
result is being

processed effectively).

2.4.2 Modes of Result Processing 1. Batch Processing: It is a technique by which items to be processed
must be

coded and collected into groups or batches prior to processing. A batch consists of eitner a convenient
number of

records or a collection of records relating to a given period, i.e. daily, weekly, monthly, etc. accumulated
until a

sufficient number are present to justify mass updating of master file.

2. Real - time Processing :

The processing of result in a sufficiently rapid manner so that the results of the processing are available
in time to

influence the current activity or process being monitored or controlled. The processing is applied to the
master file
as they happen and result is obtained from the system on demand. 3.On-line Processing: It concerns the
equipment

which is connected or reengaged and functioning with the CPU and main program e.g. teletype units,
consoles, card-

reader, OCR readers, VDU etc. it is at least a one-way communication between operators at terminal
and the CPU.

4. Time-sharing Processing: The system interacts with many users, giving each of them fast individual
attention on

a time slice basis. Multiprogramming is necessary in a time-sharing system (Murdick, 1971).

METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1

3.2

Introduction

CHAPTER THREE

The data collection instruments used were questionnaire, interview method, electronic/online methods
and

observation/examination of documents. This study adopted the Delphi method (questionnaire-based

data quality

methodology) in data collection. The Delphi method is used for the elicitation of opinions of experts [71
These

experts (academic and non-academic staff in different fields) which are divided into eategornes suen ds

Information Professionals (IPs), Information Consumers (1Cs), and the Independent Experts (Es)
answered

questionnaires from which we provided a summary of the experts' forecasts in tables. A methodology is
a system of

methods used in a particular arca of study. It is a body of practices, procedures and rules used by those
who work in

a discipline or engage in an enquiry. It is in other words, a set of working methods. Methodology

involves a process
whereby the existing or current system is studied to identify the information requirements.

It is used to refer to a specific series of steps or procedures which governs the analysis and design of a
particular

project. It also includes the techniques and methods which are used to collect and analyze information.
The types of

methodologies includes: Prototyping, Object Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology (O0ADM),.
Expert

Systems and Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM). Prototyping: A prototype
typically

implements only a small subset of the features of the eventual project (Osuagwu 2008). Object-Oriented
Analysis

and Design Methodology (0OADM): OOADM is adapted from Michacl Gora's application of O0ADM in
DBMS

application. It can used to analyze problem requirements, design a solution to the problem, and
implement a solution

in a programming language or database.

An Expert System is a knowledge-based Information System that uses its knowledge about a specific,
complex

application area to act as an expert consultant to end user Structured Systems Analysis and Design
Methods

(SSADM): Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) is an integrated set of
standards which

guides the analysis and design of computer systems. For the interest of this work, SSADM will be
employed. The

steps involved in the analysis of the to-be-system with regards to SSADM are explained below.

Problem ldentification

There is the necd to present a clear picture of the problems which calls for the design ofa new system;
these are

invariably the problems of the old system. The manual system of result processing was tedious and
tasking The
system was discovered to be slow and as such, resulting to delays in the açademic processes. Also, it was
obscrved

that results computation was characterized by errors. These problems call for the need for a more
efficient of the

process of result processing through a method of automation.

3.3 Method of Data Collection A thorough investigation of the current system was made in order to
obtain

detailed fact about the application arca to be re-designed Investigation also covered looking at the
functional

requirement of the present system and finding out whether the requirements and objective of the
present system are being achieved. In the investigation proper, several methods of data collection were
employed which incudes

interviewing of office representatives,

adopted to ensure the validity of data collected and relevance of the result after prooessing the data.

3.3.1 Interviewing

In view to nvestigation, office representatives. fiual venr course adviser. nN well as undergraduate
students who are

evaluation/inspeotion of formns and direct observation, These methods

potential users of the proposed system were interviewed. This method yields the nost profitable result
as it is

obtained by physical contacts; hence a first-hand Knowledge of the various processes involved is
obtaincd by

Speaking to the operator of the systen, The essential clennent of the interview is obtained directly and
in A short tine

than whcn other methods are employed since the interviewer is vith the interviewed, This immediate
feedback gives

the opportunity to ask ambiguous questions and hence, obtain detailed responses

3.3.20bservation method of data collection

1. The volume of work carried out

Enables the researchers to witness a firsthand operation of the old system or manual system. Dircct
observation

the surest method of learning as a scientist and this method was richly enmployed, During the
obsorvation, we had a

feel of:

2. The course registration processing

3. The school filling system

3.3.3 Evaluation and Inspection of Documents

3.4 Problems of the Existing System

Close examination of some documents was carried out and it proved to be an important method in the
course of the

investigation. Through the inspection, some deductions and inference, which are of immense benefit to
this rescarch,

were drawn.

Due to the manual means being used by the university, in keeping information about student's
examination

processing, a lot of problems are encountered which includes:

1. Students overtly or covertly register more credits units

2. Results hardly come out on time for students to know the courses to register for the next senmester
in case of any

carry-over.

3. There is no uniformity in the mode of course registration.

4. Loss of vital documents as the filing system is manual

5. Illegal removal of forms by fraudulent staff leading to insecurity.

6. Takes a lot of time to retrieve a particular student's results.

3.5 Analysis of the Current System

When a student is admitted, he/she has tò undergo some registration processes. The current couis
System of the university is a manual one. This makes the system so tedious and time consuming. Here,
Students

to visit all the registration offices with a form for them to soon. Once these forms are signed, 1t prove

student has been registered. This process takes some months to be completed and

possess a lot of stress to both staff

cud students nvolved. ln the manual system, the registration forms are documented in a file cabinet.
Each time the

Student form is needed, a search oneration is conducted on the fle cabinets to locate a particular
student' s coursSe

registration form. So, after the semester ex amination. results are processed and entered into the
students

3.6 The Organization and Its Environment

Federal Cooperative College Tbadan (FCC) is one of the greatest schools of technology in Nigeria, and it
is being set

Up with the objective of providing the best services to its students by keeping pace with technology.
Thus, they

would not only like to provide the traditional student services, but they also keep detailed records on
their students

in order to customize their services to the students' and their own needs. (FCC) as a tertiary institution is
faced with

meeting up with the educational requirements of providing quality and standard education to its
students.

3.7

Analysis of the Proposed System

With the investigations identified various operational and logical problems, the research therefore
conchudes that it

1S neceSsary to set up a new system. The proposed system must be able to fulfill the under listed
expectations.

Functionality: It must successfully support the user's requirements. Specified hardware, software and
business
routine must enable the staff effectively undertake their processing tasks.

Accuracy: The problem of inaccuracy and data entry error should be easily checked and remedied

Efficiency: It must be able to meet functional requirement within a specified time.

Elimination of duplication error: The new system should provide room to eliminate the duplication
problem,

which the current system is known for.

Economical: It should be highly economical, demand minimum storage and minimize redundant data
stored by the

system in order to reduce the problems associated with data redundancy.

User friendliness: The system should provide comfortable environment for work. It should produce a

comprehensive output.

The new system should be able to eliminate the voluminous paper work of the existing system and
produce timely

management report. It should have a clearly defined content of the past records of every student.
Furnished Information which on analvsis and comhined with comparative studies will improve the quaity
of the

accommnodation policy.

3.1 SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

1ms enapter explains the methods and procedures on how the proiect was conducted, It involves
explanation on how

the data was collected, tools that were used to build the system, how it was implemnented and finally
tested

The following are some of the methods that were used to collect data from the organization.

These include:

~ Interview

~Questionnaires

~Observation

> Record inspection

3.1.1 0UESTIONNAIRES

The efficiencies and inefficiencies of the current system were reviewed by issuing questionnaires. This
helped

understand the specific needs of the system, the functionalities and features to be implemented on the
new system

such as online examination result processing, as well as other important features to enhance the
system.

The questionnaires were issued to the senior personnel of the Office of the Director of Studies

officers, as well as those from the examination coordination section.

3.1.2 INTERVIEWS

Interviews were conducted with the academic staff from the Office of the Director of studies especially
from the

examination section and found out features the school needed in the new system. These interviews
were held to

verify the information collected using the questionnaires since there was room to probe for further
information

during the interview.

OBSERVATION

This method of data collection was involved collection of obseryable facts 1ike the process recording
Studo

marks, filing marks, recording of marks in report cards.

3.2 EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPE

The principle objective of the evolutionary prototype was to deliver a working software system to the
end users. An

initial implementation based on user requirements which were best understood and had the highest
priority

developed. It was then exposed to the users for comments and feedbacks, and then refined the model
through many

version until an adequately system was developed. Lower priority and unclear requirements were only
implemented
when they were demanded by the users.

3.3 SYSTEM TOOLS

The website will require the proprietor to have;

1. Desk top computers of at least Pentium II processor

2. At least 128 amount of RAM

3. Windows XP service pack xx: operating system

4. Internet explorer only as your internet browser.

5. Software: Wamp server 5.Xx, MySQL,

6. Compact disks for storage and backups.

7. Printer

3.4 SYSTEM DESIGN

The system was designed and implemented using Dream Weaver 8.0, Cascading style sheets for
designing the

interface and PHP framework alongside Java Seript, as server side scripting language. MySQL was used
for

designing the database and implementing it.

3.5 TESTING

This involved testing the system to check whether it fulfilled its required features that had been

Proposed by the users.

Ihe system would be able to give a user an immediate feedback within a certain period of time.

To ensure complete system functionality the following two types of testing will be employed:

3.5. USER TESTING

A random number of potential users (teachers) were selected to test the system and comment on

Its usability. The users offered feedback to the developers on what was improved upon.

3.5.1 FUNCTIONALITY TESTING

Using real input data, finished system was tested for conformance to requirement specifications
that were set up.

3.6 VALIDATION

This helped to provide the final feedback from the users about the new system.

Validation of the system was externally done where the system was taken to these users, and gave them

Questionnaires or conducted interviews go their response about the newly designed system.

6.0. REFERENCE

[1). Ajayatuma and Francis, (2015). Design and implementation on of result processing system for
tertiary

institution in Nigeria intentional joumal of computation and infornmation technology, (06), 130-158

[2]. Abel, U. O. and Abu, M. (2013). Relevance of computer processing (DARC) Algorithm for Tertiary

Institutions, Journal of Computer Science 14(3) 63-69.

[3). Christian C., Lev T. and Eugenia T. (2013). "Secure and convenient computerized transcript system
Design

Project".

14J Obniyi, A. A. and Ezugwu, E. A, (2010). Desion and Imnlementation of Students' Information System
for

tertiary institutions using neural networks; An open Source Anproach International Jourmal of Green
Computng,

1(1), 1-15.

[S]. Eyo O. U and Ofoegbu F. A., (2012). "A Software Application for University Students Results
Processing :

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 35 (1), 2012.

[6]. Eludire, A. A. (2011). The Design and Implementation of Student Academic Record Management
System.

Research Joumal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 3(8), 707-7 12.

[7]. Orobor A. I. (2015) A Novel Framework for Student Result Computation as a Cloud Computing
Service

American Journal of Systems and Software, 3(1), 13-19

[8]. Barrett,'S. (1999). Information's Systems: An Exploration of Factors Influencing Efective Use. Journal
of

Research on Computing in Education, 32(1), 4-16 Orobor A. I. (2015) Barrett, S. (1999).

[9]. Akinmosin J. (2014), "Automated Students Result Management System Using Oracle's Database,
Forms and

Reports", Journal of Information Engineering and Applications. Vol.4, No.l1, 2014.

[10]. Ezenma A. A., Emmanuel B, &Choji D. N., (2014). "Design and Implementation of Result Processing
ystem

for Public Secondary Schools in Nigeria", International Journal of Computer and Information Technology,
3 (01),

2279 - 0764)

[1]. Moses E. E., (2008). "A Real-Time IKBS for students results computation" International Joumal of
physical

Sciences (Ultra scientist of physical sciences) 20(3).

[12]. Bharamagoudar S. R., Geeta R. B. and Totad S. G., (2013), "Web Based Student Information
Management

[13]. Anigbogu, S.0. (2000). Computer Application and Operation First Edition. Awka: Optimum Press
(Printers,

Publisher and Designers).

[14]. APTECH Team (2005): Java Simplified – 1. Aptech Limited, Mumbai, India. Blementhal, S.C. (1999).

Management Information System New Jersey: Hall Inc., Eaglewood. Brian K. Williams and Stacey C.
Sawyer.

Using Information Technology:

15]. A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications, MeGrawllill Irwin, Montreal, 2003, E,0,
Ukem

and E. O, Onoyom-Ita.

[16]. "A Software Application for The Processing Of Students Results'", Global Jounal of Pure and Applied

Sciences Volume 17 No. 4 (2011). Eloba., P.C(1998),

[17]. Computer in School Record Keeping Technical Education, Ikeia, Lagos State: Ekon Press, F, A
Obegbu

"Development of a Computer Programme to Caloulate Students GPA and CGPA Using Java'", A final year
projeot

in the Department of Physics, University of Calabar, Nigeria, 2009,

[181. French, C.S (1992), Computer Science. Fourth Edition DOUBLE PRECISION Aldine Place, London,
WebNtar

Publication, Ltd.

[19]. G. Curtis and G. Longworth, Guide to Software Engineering Paradigm (1998). Kola Adeyemi and
Austine

Osunde. "An Assessment of the Academic Achievement of Students in Two Modes of Part-Tìme
Programme in

Nigeria" in the International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, July 2005, Moses ,
Ekpenyong

[20]. *A Real-Time IKBS for Students Results Computation', International Journal of Physical Sciences
(Ultra

Scientist of Physical Sciences) Volume 20, Number 3(M), September - December, 2008, Murdick, D.
(1971).

Management Theory of Computer. Pg 32., Osaula, E.C. (1978).

[21]. Introduction to Research Methodology, Ikeja, Lagos State: Ekon Press, Ox ford Advance Learner's
Dictlonary

of Current English. Patrick, C. E. (1990). Computer Application. Abia: M, C. Publication Ltd. Popoola, R/T.
(2004).

[22]. Timesharing and multiprogramming. Ibadan: J&T Publishers. Richard, M. (2000). Creating database
using

Microsoft access. Mumbai: Krish publication. Shimon, M. (1989). How to Use VISUAL BASIC 6.0. First
Edition.

U.S.A, Indianapolis, Indiana 46290.

[23). Division of Macmillan Computer Publishing. An Enhanced Online Result Processing System for
Information

Management Technology Department, Tata (1995). Database Management Systems.

[24]. Tata Consultancy Services, Nariman Point, Bombay, India. Vossen, G. F. (1991), Data Models,
Dtabase

Languages and Database Management Systems. U.S.A: Adison - Wesley Publishing Company.