physics

energy

heat temperature
energy stored inside an obj coldness/hotness of an obj
Depends on mass, temp, material Avg kinetic energy in molecules/particles
(heat capacity)
Measured using principle of Measured using thermometer
calorimeter
Molecules in the obj X how much How fast the molecules move within the
energy that is present each object
molecule
2 bodies- similar heat energy- 2 bodies- similar temperature- different
different temperatures heat energy
Flows from hotter to colder Temp increases when heated,
bodies temperature decreases when cooled

Kelvin- 273= Celsius = -273 degrees

Celsius + 273= Kelvin

Fahrenheit= (1.8 X Celsius) +32

Celsius= (F- 32)/1.8

Scalar- only magnitude no direction

Vector- both direction and magnitude

Energy- ability to do work

Kinetic energy- energy produced by an object when it’s in motion

Gravitational potential energy- amt of energy stores in an obj due to its height

(height increases- gpe increases)

Chemical potential energy- stored energy

Elastic potential energy- objects that can stretch under a limit

Thermal / Heat energy- present in the thermal store- total kinetic energy of atoms of a substance dur to
its internal energy- energy stored in an object bc of its temperature

Conservation of energy- energy cannot be created nor destroyed it can only change from one form to
another (total input energy= total output energy)

Dissipated energy- amount of waste energy released into the surroundings during energy transfer
simple pendulum

C, A, B

Point A - kinetic and potential energy is the same

Point B/C- kinetic energy=0 potential energy- formula

Thermal Expansion

material is heated at constant pressure- temp increases- gain kinetic energy and thermal energy-
transfer to neighboring particles- expand- volume increases- density decreases- rise up

least in solids- less energy to overcome intermolecular force of attraction

most in gases- enough energy to completely overcome the intermolecular force of attraction

happens in all states of matter- solid/liquid/gas

Conduction

thermal energy (heat) transferred through a medium from its hotter part to its colder part until they
both are at the same temp.

mostly/only occurs in solids

thermal conductors (materials that allow heat to flow through it) - metals - donate electrons(free)
leaving behind a positive ion which starts vibrating and thus hotter the metal, more k.e - moving
vibrations from hotter parts to colder parts (the molecules collide with neighboring molecules causing
them to vibrate faster)

thermal insulators (materials that do not allow heat to flow through them)- non-metals and gases- trap
air and doesn’t allow inside/ outside molecules to move in/out (for example- sweaters- small holes to
trap thermal energy and heat)

testing conduction of materials

use different material strips and stick drawing pins using wax and then put it over a Bunsen burner and
whichever material melts the fastest and the drawing pin falls down first - best conductor of heat and
vice versa

Convection

Process by which heat is transferred from one place to another by the movements of heated particles of
a fluid

-when particles with a lot of heat energy in a liquid or gas move and take the place of particles

with less heat energy.

-when it rises, it cools and becomes denser again, so it sinks.

convection current- movement of particles in a fluid due to thermal energy that is provided

particle model- when heat energy is provided- fluid particles- gain heat energy- start moving rapidly-
spread out- less dense- rise up replacing more dense particles that sink- they again gain heat energy and
expand- less dense and rise up replacing heavier objects - continuous process until all particles are at
same temperature

Radiation

when thermal energy is transferred by infrared radiations (type of electromagnetic radiation)- involves
waves

dull, matt, rough, black -good at absorption and emission

shiny, white, silver- poor at absorption and emission - reflect back radiated energy

- flat objects radiate heat energy faster compared to a fat object

-glossy objects radiate heat better

experiment- measure the temp of each side in a Leslie’s cube from a fixed distance using thermometers
(same kind), heat the cube using hot water/hotplate, continue to measure the temp every 30 seconds
for a specific amt of time (5 min), plot a graph for the temp change on each side and then compare each
side’s temperature

 radiators actually transfer most of their heat to a room by convection, not radiation.
 heat is lost from a house from roofs, doors (gaps), windows- conduction
heat energy also leaves the house through walls, roofs and windows- radiation
convection currents can transfer heat energy in the loft to the roof tiles- from hotter region to colder
region- from house to the roof
 reduce heat loss -- carpets, curtains, draught excluders, reflective foil, double glazing of windows
(air or vacuum minimizing the rate of conduction and convection), cavity wall insulation (insulating
material between bricks and the inside walls- bad conductors reducing heat loss by conduction), loft
insulation
 the more layers we wear, the warmer air can be trapped and the warmer we will remain (wool,
scarves, gloves, sweaters)

Evaporation-

process where liquid turns into gas in the form of water vapor

occurs at any temperature (room temp) - slower process compared to boiling

increased energy present and occurs rapidly

bubbles formed at the bottom- rise up

no cavitation and acoustic effect

particles move slower

Boiling (complex physical process) -

rapid vaporization of any liquid

when the temp of liquid > boiling point of the substance

bubbles do not form at the bottom- doesn’t rise up- happens throughout the liquid

formation of bubbles

particles move faster

density

-density is defined as the amount of mass present in a given volume (mass per unit volume)

-unit- grams per cm cube

-mass is directly proportional to density- both increase/ decrease

-volume is indirectly proportional to density- one increases other decreases and vise versa

density of a regular solid

find volume, mass= top pan balance, use density formula

volume of irregular solid- final and initial volume of water before putting it inside and after

density of a gas

1. fil the balloon with the gas

2. submerge the entire balloon in a container
3. then fill the container with water causing balloon to rise and measure the height
4. remove the balloon
5. measure the amt to displaced water- measure amt of water required to fill the measured height
with the balloon
6. volume= volume of water that is added

(volume= volume of water and balloon- volume of water- larger beaker)

7. weight the balloon with the gas using an electric scale (sensitive scale)
8. find mass of empty balloon
9. mass= mass of gas and balloon- mass of empty balloon
 floating- if object is less dense than substance

sinks- if object is more dense than substance

upthrust- force that pushes object pushes upwards in a fluid

factors-

denser the fluid, more upthrust

upthrust is equal/greater than weight- obj floats

obj is less dense than fluid- floats and vice versa

Archimedes principle- when a body is immersed partially or completely in a fluid, it experiences

apparent weight loss which is equal to the fluid that gets displaced due to the object that gets immersed
in the fluid

weight= mass x gravitational force

gpe= mgh

ke= ½ X mass X velocity square

density= mass/volume

speed= distance/time

efficiency= (total output-useful energy/ total input energy) X 100

volume= length x breadth x height

volume of cylinder= pi x radius square x height