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Effects of corner cuts and angles of attack on the Strouhal number of

rectangular cylinders

Article in Wind and Structures · December 2003

DOI: 10.12989/was.2003.6.2.127

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Wind and Structures, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2003) 127-140 127

Effects of corner cuts and angles of attack on the

Strouhal number of rectangular cylinders
Chang- Koon Choi†
Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST),
373-1 Kusong-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea

Dae-Kun Kwon‡
Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
(Received October 12, 2001, Accepted June 10, 2002)

Abstract. An investigation into the effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number of rectangular
cylinders with various dimensional ratios and various angles of attack is described. The Strouhal number
given as a function of corner cut size is obtained directly from the aerodynamic behavior of the body in a
uniform flow through a series of wind-induced vibration tests. For a quick verification of the validity of
the Strouhal numbers obtained in this way, they are compared with the approximated the Strouhal
numbers based on Shiraishi’s early research. The test results show that the Strouhal number of the model
with various corner cuts has a fluctuating trend as the angle of attack changes. For each cutting ratio as
the angle of attack increases at each cutting ratio above 15o, the Strouhal number decreases gradually, and
these trends are more evident for larger corner cut sizes. However, a certain corner cut size which is
effective in reducing the wind-induced vibration can be identified by larger Strouhal numbers than those
of other corner cut sizes. Three distinct characteristics of Strouhal number variation can be identified in
three regions which are termed as Region I, II, and III based on the general trend of the test results. It is
also found that the corner cut is effective in one region (Region-II) and less effective in another one
(Region-III) when only the vortex-induced vibration occurs.
Key words: Strouhal number; corner cut; angle of attack; wind tunnel experiment; rectangular cylinder

1. Introduction

The Rectangular cylinder is a kind of bluff body, with a cross-sectional shape that is basic for
civil/architectural structures. The detailed information on the flow around rectangular cylinders is of
special interest and of great importance in the study of the aeroelastic instability of structures. The
main sources of unstable aerodynamic phenomena with regard to a rectangular cylinder are
galloping, flutter, and vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). To prevent or avoid these undesirable
phenomena, the corner cut has been widely accepted as one of the effective aerodynamic
stabilization methods. Many investigations into this reduction method for aerodynamic stability were

† Institute Chair Professor

‡ Ph.D, Research Associate
128 Chang-Koon Choi and Dae-Kun Kwon

carried out by a number of researchers in the past (e.g., Inoue 1984, Koenig and Roshko 1985,
Shiraishi and Matsumoto 1987, Kwok 1988, Nanjo and Ushino 1990, A. Okajima et al. 1991,
Kawai 1993, 1997, Shirato and Matsumoto 1994, Suda 1995, Mastumoto 1999, Kareem et al.
1999). In order to understand the physical mechanism of aerodynamic and aeroelastic instability of
a bluff body, the relation between the flow around bodies with various sectional shapes and their
motion should be established. Because of the complicated behavior of the flow field around bluff
bodies, the mechanism of generation of aeroelastic instabilities is yet to be clarified.
The Strouhal number is an important nondimensional number which is explanatory of aerodynamic
instability phenomena. It takes different characteristic constant values depending upon the cross-
sectional shape of the body enveloped by the flow. Since Strouhal (1878) first reported that the
vortex-shedding phenomenon may be described in terms of a nondimensional number known as the
Strouhal number, many research results have been reported on the Strouhal number (e.g., Vickery
1966, Bearman 1967, Nakaguchi et al. 1968, Washizu et al. 1974, Lee 1975, Okajima 1982,
Shiraishi and Matsumoto 1983, Hasan 1989). In particular, Nakaguchi et al. (1968) found that the
dimensional ratio (B/D) of a rectangular cylinder is one of the major contributing factors to its
aerodynamic characteristics. He also suggested that there is a specific dimensional ratio (B/D) of
rectangular cylinders at which the Strouhal number changes abruptly.
However, the majority of aforementioned studies on the Strouhal number carried out by previous
investigators concerned the effect of Reynolds number variation for circular cylinders, while for
rectangular cross sections, most of these previous studies were limited to one B/D (e.g., a square
cylinder) with a single angle of attack of 0o . The effects of the variation of corner shapes and of
angles of attack on the Strouhal number were rarely studied. Moreover, virtually no work has been
reported in the published literature on the relation between the corner cut and the Strouhal number.
Therefore, the present study is intended to investigate the effects of corner cuts and angles of
attack of rectangular cylinders on the Strouhal number in a uniform flow. Tests on three basic
rectangular sections are performed to clarify the aerodynamic characteristics of the body, or more
specifically to find out the relations between the Strouhal number and the corner cut ratio at various
angles of attack. As the Strouhal number is obtained directly by the aerodynamic behavior of the
bodies through wind-induced vibration tests, this study focuses on the relations between the
Strouhal number and the vortex-shedding phenomenon. Finally, the Strouhal numbers are compared
with the peak amplitudes of vortex-induced vibration of the bodies with corner cuts.

2. Experimental setup and data reduction

2.1. Experimental set-up

The Eiffel type wind tunnel at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) was


used in this study. The size of test section of the wind tunnel is 1 m 1 m and the test zone is 4 m
long. The maximum wind velocity is about 17.0 m/s and the turbulence intensity is 0.15% (uniform
flow state).
The aerodynamic response (displacement) caused by the wind-induced vibration in a uniform flow
was measured through sectional model tests. The test model was set up to have two response
modes, i.e., the across-wind mode and the torsional mode, restraining the movement of test model
in the flow direction (Fig. 1). The fluctuating displacements on the model were measured by using
a position sensors, a low pass filter (cut-off frequency : 20 Hz), an A/D converter, and a computer.
 Effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number 129

Fig. 1 Experimental setup

The sampling rate was 100 Hz ( ∆t=0.01sec.) with sampling time of T=10.24sec. (1024 points in
total) (Choi and Kwon 1998).

2.2. Test models and conditions

The dimensional ratios (B/D) of two-dimensional rectangular cylinders with various corner cuts
used in this test (Fig. 2) are 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The tests were performed under various angles of
attack ( α ), i.e., 0o to 45o increased by 5 degrees steps, and in various wind velocities increased by
0.2 m/s steps. The positive direction of angle of attack is defined as shown in Fig. 2(a). The Reynolds



number of this experiment varied in the range Re=V . D/ ν =6.6 102 ~4.0 104. In this study, the
effects of the Reynolds number and damping were not considered. The analyzed test cases are
summarized in Table 1 and the test conditions are given in Table 2.
From the wind-induced vibration tests, the three important aerodynamic phenomena, namely,
galloping, flutter, and vortex-induced vibration, are observed for all test sections and angles of
attack. When α is larger than 15o, neither the galloping nor the flutter phenomenon occurred but

Fig. 2 Cross-sectional shapes of test models

Table 1 Test cases of wind-induced vibration

a/D
0.00D 0.04D 0.05D 0.06D 0.08D 0.10D 0.11D 0.12D 0.14D 0.16D 0.17D 0.18D 0.20D
B/D
1.0










1.5







2.0







130 Chang-Koon Choi and Dae-Kun Kwon

Table 2 Wind tunnel test conditions

(a) without corner cuts
B/D Mass δb δt fb (Hz) ft (Hz)
1.0 2.08 0.0140 0.0148 4.281 9.245
1.5 1.76 0.0150 0.0163 4.532 9.485
2.0 1.96 0.0170 0.0180 4.313 9.750
(b) with corner cuts
B/D Mass δb δt fb (Hz) ft (Hz)
1.0 2.44 0.0147 0.0152 4.281 9.250
1.5 1.83 0.0155 0.0167 4.532 9.500
2.0 2.04 0.0173 0.0184 4.250 10.25

only the vortex-induced vibration was observed for all the test sections, including the original
section without corner cut. Therefore, the investigation focused on the relations between the
variation of peak amplitudes of vortex-induced vibration and the Strouhal numbers in the range of
angles of attack from 15o to 45o, which is known as the region of vortex-induced vibration (Choi
and Kwon 2000a).

2.3. Determination of the Strouhal number

Generally, a fixed bluff body under wind sheds alternating vortices. Thus, the flow separates from
the body at the upwind corners and advances by cyclically alternating vortices that are formed in
turn at the top and bottom edges and finally swept downstream producing the so-called Karman
vortex sheet. The regularity of such wake effects was first reported by Strouhal who pointed out that
the vortex-shedding phenomenon may be described in terms of a nondimensional number given by
fs D
St = ---------
- (1)
V
where, St is the Strouhal number, and fs , D, and V are the vortex-shedding frequency, across-wind
dimension of the body, and the mean velocity of uniform flow, respectively. It is known that the
vortex-shedding frequency is related to the wake width (Roshko 1954). When the separated flows
detach suddenly from the surface, this results in a widening of the wake, and the longitudinal vortex
spacing will be large, if a constant ratio of the vortex spacing to wake width is presumed. This
would lead to a decrease in the vortex-shedding frequency, and thus to a decrease in Strouhal number.
To determine the Strouhal number of a body, three variables in Eq. (1) must be given. Since the
across-wind dimension of the body (D) is given and the wind velocity (V) can be determined by
the wind tunnel operations, the vortex shedding frequency ( fs ), which is the frequency of
cyclically alternating vortices, is the only unknown variable. Therefore, most previous studies to
determine the Strouhal number focused on determining the vortex shedding frequency. The vortex
shedding frequency is generally determined by the power spectral density based on velocity
signal data.
The central idea of the proposed method is that the Strouhal number can also be obtained directly
by the aerodynamic behavior of the body through wind-induced vibration tests. The signals of the
 Effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number 131

Fig. 3 Procedure of the proposed method to determine the Strouhal number

displacement of the body were first collected from the wind-induced vibration tests, and then the
vortex shedding frequency could be obtained directly by the power spectral density obtained from
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of this signal data (Choi and Kwon 2000b). Once the vortex shedding
frequency is determined as discussed above, the Strouhal number can be calculated directly by Eq.
(1). From a procedural point of view, this method is similar to previous studies because the Strouhal
number is finally determined by using power spectral density of the signal. However, this proposed
method has special merits. The Strouhal number can be obtained in the state of vibration of the
body even though concept of the Strouhal number is derived from the fixed state of the body. Also,
when the aerodynamic behavior of the body is obtained by the wind-induced vibration test, no other
tests such as aerodynamic force measurement, the surface pressure test, and hot-wire test are
necessary to find out the Strouhal number. These merits may indicate that the proposed method is
effective to determine the Strouhal number when the wind-induced vibration test of the body is
carried out. Fig. 3 shows the procedure of the proposed method to determine the Strouhal number.

3. Test results

3.1. Variation of the Strouhal numbers of rectangular cylinders without corner cut

Fig. 4 shows variations of the Strouhal numbers of three rectangular cylinders without corner cuts,
i.e., B/D=1.0, 1.5 and 2.0, under various angles of attack. The Strouhal number increases with
increasing angle of attack ( α ) until it reaches the maximum value at α =15o, and then decreases as
the the angle of attack ( α ) increases up to 45o for all three test models. This trend is similar to
Lee’s results (1975), even though his tests were performed in a turbulent flow. The angle of attack
α =15o has been known as the point corresponding to the minimum drag coefficient of a rectangular
cylinder. The minimum value of the drag is associated with the minimum wake width, and hence
132 Chang-Koon Choi and Dae-Kun Kwon

Fig. 4 Variation of the Strouhal numbers of rectangular cylinders without corner cut

with a minimum longitudinal vortex spacing. This would lead to an increase in the frequency of
vortex shedding, and thus to an increase in the Strouhal number.
It is also observed that the Strouhal number decreases as the dimensional ratio increases from
B/D=1.0 to 2.0 for all angles of attack (Fig. 4). This trend is similar to Nakaguchi’s results
(Nakaguchi et al. 1968) in the range of B/D=1.0~2.0, even though his tests were performed at an
angle of attack of 0o only.

3.2. Verification of the Strouhal number obtained by the aerodynamic behavior of the body

The reduced velocity (Vr ) is a nondimensional velocity expressed by Eq. (2). Introduce eqautions
at this point in which Vr is approximated by a reciprocal of the Strouhal number and the vortex-
shedding frequency ( fs ) is approximated by the natural frequency of the body ( fn ). For a quick
verification of the validity of this approximated Strouhal number, a method based on the Shiraishi’s
early work (Shiraishi and Matsumoto 1983) is used. Shiraishi suggested that the reduced velocity at
the peak amplitude of vortex-induced vibration almost coincides with a reciprocal of the Strouhal
number of the Karman type vortex-induced vibration for the relatively small dimensional ratio (B/D).
As fs can be closely approximated by fn in the case of Karman type vortex-induced vibration (Lock-in),
a reciprocal of Vr can closely represent the Strouhal number, i.e., St ≈ 1 / Vr (Eq. 2).
V 1
V r = -------- ≈ ----- (2)
f n D St
Two test results from Shiraishi’s and this study for six cases, i.e., three dimensional ratios (B/
D=1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) with two cutting ratios (0.00D(no corner cut) and 0.20D) for each B/D are
shown in Fig. 5. In the figure, the Strouhal numbers obtained by tests in this study were compared
with the approximated Strouhal numbers obtained by the reciprocal of reduced velocity (1/Vr)
within the range of angles of attack from 15o to 45o, which is the occurrence region of vortex-
induced vibration of the test models (Shiraishi and Matsumoto 1983). The axes in the figures are
scaled to angle of attack versus Strouhal number. From the results of rectangular cylinders, the
Strouhal numbers obtained by the proposed method and the approximated Strouhal numbers are in
 Effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number 133

Fig. 5 Verification examples of the Strouhal number

good agreements.

3.3. Variation of the Strouhal numbers of rectangular cylinders with angles of attack

Fig. 6 shows the variation of the Strouhal number for the case of B/D=1.0 with different corner
134 Chang-Koon Choi and Dae-Kun Kwon

Fig. 6 Variation of the Strouhal numbers with angles of attack (B/D=1.0)

cuts. The Strouhal numbers in the figure vary from 0.11 to 0.17 for the entire range of angles of
attack (i.e., 0o ~45o). When the corner cut is introduced, the changes of Strouhal number show a
trend that is similar to that of the original section without corner cut. That is, the Strouhal number
of the test models increases as the angle of attack ( α ) increases from 0o to 15o; and reaches the
maximum value at α =15o, then it decreases as α increases up to 30o, and finally has an
approximately uniform value between the angles of attack of 30o and 45o. These trends are common
to all cutting ratios.
For the cases B/D=1.5 and 2.0, the general trends of the Strouhal number variation are similar to
the those for B/D=1.0 (Figs. 7 and 8). When corner cuts are introduced to the original section, the
increasing and decreasing trends of the Strouhal number as the angle of attack increases are shown
more clearly in Figs. 7 and 8. Indeed, the rectangular cylinders with various corner cuts have
relatively larger values of the Strouhal number than those of the original section for all angles of

Fig. 7 Variation of the Strouhal numbers with angles of attack (B/D=1.5)

 Effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number 135

Fig. 8 Variation of the Strouhal numbers with angles of attack (B/D=2.0)

Table 3 The ranges of minimum and maximum values of St

B/D Range of St Remark
1.0 0.11 ~ 0.17
The minimum and maximum values of St
1.5 0.08 ~ 0.16
decrease as B/D increases
2.0 0.065 ~ 0.13

attack, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. It is also observed in the figures that the Strouhal number varies
from 0.08 to 0.16 for B/D=1.5, and from 0.065 to 0.130 for B/D=2.0 for the various corner cut
ratios and in the entire range of angles of attack. As seen, the minimum and maximum values of the
Strouhal number decrease as the dimensional ratios increase (Table 3). These trends are similar to
the results obtained from the test results of the original sections (Fig. 4). This means that the bluff
body of larger dimensional ratio shows more unstable aerodynamic behavior for all the angles of attack.
The three distinct characteristics of Strouhal numbers variation can be identified in three
categories based on the general trend of the test results as shown in Figs. 6, 7 and 8. Region -I :
where the Strouhal number increases as the angle of attack increases from 0o to 15o for all
dimensional ratios; Region-II : where the Strouhal number decreases as the angle of attack increases
from 15o to 30o ; Region-III : where the Strouhal numbers are relatively uniform in the range of
angles of attack from 30o to 45o for each corner cut ratio (Table 4). These trends are more evident
for the larger dimensional ratios. From the results, it is also observed that there exist two angles of
attack of special interest, i.e., α =15o and 30o. At the angle of attack α =15o, the increasing trends of

Table 4 The regions classified by the characteristics of the Strouhal number

Trends of St as
Region Range of α Remark
α increases
Region-I 0°~15° Increase Main galloping region: corner cut is very effective
Region-II 15°~30° Decrease Corner cut is effective for VIV
Region-III 30°~45° Uniform Corner cut is less effective for VIV
136 Chang-Koon Choi and Dae-Kun Kwon

Fig. 9 Variation of the Strouhal numbers for corner cut size 0.20D

Strouhal number as a function of angle of attack abruptly change into decreasing trends and at
α =30o the decreasing trends of Strouhal number change into uniform values. This behavior is
general and not much affected by specific angles of attack, dimentional ratios (B/D) and even
corner cut ratios.
The Strouhal numbers of the models with corner cuts decrease as the dimensional ratio increases
for all angles of attack. As an example, Fig. 9 shows the variation of the Strouhal numbers for
different dimensional ratios with the same cutting ratio, i.e., 0.20D. This trend is similar to the test
results of rectangular cylinders without corner cuts in the range of B/D=1.0~2.0 as shown in Fig. 4.

3.4. The peak amplitude of vortex-induced vibration and the Strouhal number

For an easy evaluation of the effect of corner cuts and that of angles of attack on the Strouhal
number, the variation of the peak amplitude of vortex-induced vibration is compared with the
variation of the Strouhal number of test model. As mentioned earlier, the occurrence of vortex-
induced vibration was observed for all test sections when the angle of attack is larger than 15o
(Choi and Kwon 2000a) but no vortex-induced vibration was observed in the range of angles of
attack from 0o to 15o. Therefore, in this section, the comparisons were made in the range of angles
of attack from 15o to 45o only.
Fig. 10(a) shows variations of peak amplitudes of vortex-induced vibration due to the different
corner cuts at each angle of attack obtained by wind tunnel tests for the test model having B/D=1.0
and Fig. 10(b) shows variations of the Strouhal number at each angle of attack. As the corner cut
size increases, the Strouhal number shows generally an increasing trend even though it fluctuates up
and down (Fig. 10(b)). Since the test models in this study have relatively small dimensional ratios,
the Karman vortex stress will dominate when the test models are subjected to wind. Thus, the flow
separates at the upwind corners and advances generating the cyclically alternating vortices that are
formed in turn at the top and bottom edges and finally swept downstream. Fig. 11 illustrates a
schematic diagram of flow separation and vortex-shedding from the test model. The figure shows
that the flow separation at the leading edge is closely related with the change of the vortex-shedding
frequency ( fs ) and also with the Strouhal number. The basic principle of corner cut effect is two
 Effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number 137

Fig. 10 The Strouhal number for B/D=1.0 with corner cuts

Fig. 11 A schematic diagram of flow separation and vortex-shedding

folds : 1) the minimization of separation width as the separation starts from the front edge of corner
cut and reattaches to the rear edge corner cut, and 2) the resulting decrease of vortex-shedding
interval behind the body (Fig. 11). Therefore, if a certain size of corner cut effectively minimizes
the separation width, a larger Strouhal number will result. However, in the cases of corner cut range
of 0.04D~0.10D, the Strouhal numbers for the angles of attack from 15o to 45o have smaller values
than those of other cutting ratios, including the original section with no corner cut. This indicates
that these cutting ratios (0.04D~0.10D) are less effective for stabilization of the vortex-induced
vibration of the original section (no corner cut). As the effective ranges of cutting ratios at angles of
138 Chang-Koon Choi and Dae-Kun Kwon

Fig. 12 The Strouhal number for B/D=1.5 with corner cuts

Fig. 13 The Strouhal number for B/D=2.0 with corner cuts

attack α = 20o and 25o are 0.12D~0.14D and 0.16D~0.20D, respectively (Fig. 10(a)), from the
viewpoint of the amplitude (Choi and Kwon 2000a), the Strouhal numbers for these cutting ratios
are larger than for other cutting ratios (Fig. 10(b)). This means that the flow separation from the
body is restrained when the effective corner cut size is used, and this results in an increase of the
Strouhal number.
In the cases B/D=1.5 and 2.0, the trends of peak amplitudes and Strouhal numbers are somewhat
different from those for B/D=1.0 at each angle of attack (Figs. 12(a),(b) and 13(a),(b)). Similarly to
the results for the case B/D=1.0, the Strouhal number increases as the corner cut size increases for
each angle of attack. However, the Strouhal number has smaller variation, which is different from
the results for the case B/D=1.0. It has been found that there exist two different regions which
show different characteristics of corner cut effects. The Strouhal numbers within the Region-II
(α =15o ~30o ) are relatively larger than those of Region-III ( α =30o ~45o) (Fig. 12(b)). As mentioned
earlier, a large Strouhal number results from a decrease of the separation width and, therefore, it can
be tentatively concluded that the effectiveness of corner cuts in Region-II may be better than that in
 Effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number 139

Region-III.
As the best behavior of all the cutting ratios are shown at the angles of attack from 15o to 30o
(Figs. 12(a) and 13(a)) for the cases B/D=1.5 and 2.0, the Strouhal numbers in this range of angles
of attack have larger values than those of the original section (Figs. 12(b) and 13(b)). These trends
are well reflected in the results of the Strouhal number; in other words, the flow separation from the
body is restrained, and this results in consequent increase of the Strouhal number when the effective
corner cut sizes are used.
From the results for cases B/D=1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 at the angles of attack ranging from 15o to 45o, it
is observed that the effectiveness of corner cut to reduce the peak amplitude of the vortex-induced
vibration can be identified in two regions; namely, the effective region (α =15o ~30o) and a less
effective region (α =30o ~45o) The effective and less effective regions well coincide with Regions-II
and III that are defined in the previos section (Table 4). Therfore, it can be concluded that there is
an angle of attack for each B/D, above which the corner cut has little effect and the Strouhal
number remains almost constant. This angle of attack is termed as a critical angle of attack. In the
cases B/D=1.0, 1.5 and 2.0, this angle is 30o.

4. Conclusions

The present study investigates into the effect of corner cuts on the Strouhal number of rectangular
cylinders (with B/D =1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) for angles of attack ranging from 0o to 45o in a uniform
flow.
The Strouhal number of the test models increases as the angle of attack(α) increases from 0o to
15o and reaches the maximum value at α =15o, then decreases as α increases up to 30o, and finally
has a generally uniform value between the angles of attack of 30o and 45o . Also, the Strouhal
number decreases as the dimensional ratio increases from B/D=1.0 to 2.0 for all the angles of
attack. These trends are shown for all cutting ratios.
The characteristics of the Strouhal number variation can be distinctively classified into three
categories based on the general trend of the test results; 1) Region-I (up-hill region): where the
Strouhal number increases as the angles of attack increases from 0o to 15o for all dimensional ratios.
This region is known as the galloping dominated region. 2) Region-II (down-slope region) : where
the Strouhal number decreases as the angle of attack increases from 15o to 30o. Instead of the
galloping phenomenon, vortex-induced vibrations start to occur in this region. 3) Region-III (plane
region) : where the Strouhal numbers are relatively uniform in the range of angles of attack from
30o to 45o for each corner cut ratio.
There exist two angles of attack of special interest, i.e., α =15o and 30o at which the characteristics
of Strouhal number variation change abruptly. These two critical angles of attack form the
boundaries of the three characteristic regions of Strouhal number variation and of two regions of
different effectiveness of corner cuts for the vortex-induced vibration. The angle of attack α =15o,
where the Strouhal number reaches the highest point, coincides with the occurrence point the
minimum drag coefficient of a rectangular cylinder. And also, this angle is the dividing point
between the region dominated by galloping and the region dominated by vortex-induced vibrations.
The angle of attack 30o, above which the Strouhal number shows little change, is the dividing point
of the effective and the less effective regions for the corner cut in the region dominated by vortex-
induced vibrations.
 140 Chang-Koon Choi and Dae-Kun Kwon

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