New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Meaning 'recovery' or 'rebirth', referring to

the revival of ancient Greco-Roman civilisation
Renaissance started in the 14th century. Although
the goal was to revive the classical civilisation,
the artists re-invented the old culture on their own.

The School of Athens, a

painting by the Italian
Renaissance artist
Raphael
2

Originated in 14th-century Italy

In the late Medieval Times,
feudal control over people
was loosened. Cultural
development was thus
promoted.

The Cologne Cathedral in

Germany. Gothic Venice in Italy
architecture was popular during the
in the late Medieval Times. 14th century
3 4

Italian city-states flourished in commerce.

Wealthy economic lives provided ideal material

The Crusades promoted
conditions for intellectual studies and cultural creativity.
overseas trade.
Italian trade
routes in the
14th century

The First Crusade

5 6
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Lorenzo de' Medici, de facto

ruler of the Florentine Republic
during the Renaissance Italy was home to the Greco-Roman civilisation and had
Wealthy merchants such many historical sites and artifacts.
as the Medici family
sponsored art and After the fall of the Eastern
scientific developments. Roman Empire in 1453,
scholars who escaped to Italy
brought along Greek and Latin
books, which helped to
Wealthy merchants paid increase the interest in
the feudal lords to get classical civilisation.
charters of autonomy for
the cities. The downfall of Constantinople marked
the end of the Eastern Roman Empire
7 8

Comparison between the painting styles of the

Medieval Times and the Renaissance

The Medieval Times The Renaissance

People believed that human beings were Theme Mostly religious Both religious and human
important, perfect and were capable of
Style Dull colour; flat and More delicate (細緻) and
doing many things.
lifeless people realistic (寫實) with
richer colour; faces and
muscles of the characters
were three dimensional
The Renaissance thinkers and artists re- (立體) and seemed
invented cultures and arts, as well as more real.
promoted classical cultures.
9 10

The Medieval Times The Renaissance Comparison between the medieval and Renaissance
Perspective Lack of perspective Use of perspective and architectural styles
(透視), unable to light and shade to make
show distances (距離) things look near or far The Medieval Times The Renaissance modelled on
and depths (深度) away Gothic architecture ancient Greco-Roman
architecture
• Pointed arches • Ancient Romanesque arch
• Tall pointed towers • Vaulting dome
The Birth of Venus, a • Colourful stained glass • No stained glass window
famous painting in the • No tall columns • Tall columns
early Renaissance
about the Greek myths
11 12
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Important people of the Renaissance period and

their achievements

People were encouraged to strive for

their goals and freedom of expression Name/ Literature Art Science
and creation were supported. Achievement
Dante The Divine
Comedy
Leonardo da Paintings: Mona Sketches of
Vinci Lisa and The Last technological
People questioned the old ways of Supper designs and
thinking and established new thoughts human body

13 14

Name/ Literature Art Science

Achievement
Michelangelo Painting: Genesis for Name/ Literature Art Science
the Sistine Chapel in the Achievement
Vatican Gutenberg Improving
Sculptures: Bible movable-type
characters such as David, printing press
Moses, Mother Mary and
Jesus
Raphael Paintings: Sistine
Madonna and The School
of Athens

15 16

Name/ Literature Art Science Name/ Literature Art Science

Achievement Achievement
Shakespeare Hamlet , Romeo Cervantes Don Quixote
and Juliet
and The
Merchant of
Venice

17 18
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

People challenged the Church's authority.

People had their minds free from the
Church's control and feudalism, Martin Luther started the Reformation.
opposing autocracy.

European explorers made numbers of voyages.

Scholars of different fields revived
classical traditions and achieved New sea routes between the West and the East
greater achievements. were discovered.

19 20

In the 18th century, the Enlightenment,

emphasising rationality, began in Europe.
The Church's control over culture and Promoting revolutions in Europe and
education was weakened. America
Historical development of Europe between
People dared to question and criticise.
the 14th and 18th centuries
Leading to the Scientific Revolution in
the 16th century

21 22

Began in the 16th century and aimed to reform the

Church and deny the authority of the Pope In the late Medieval Times, the Roman Catholic Church
became corrupt.
The Reformation and
The selling of indulgences for raising funds upset people.
the Renaissance
affected each other. The Church often controlled the internal affairs of the
countries. Some monarchs thus aimed to establish their
During the 16th national religions in order to get rid of the control of the
century, serious Church.
conflicts broke out
between Catholics
and Protestants Paintings depicting priests
selling indulgences
23 24
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

In 1517, German Monk Martin Luther posted the Ninety-

Five Theses and criticised the Church. Martin Luther gave several speeches to
deny the authority of the Pope.
In 1521, the Pope excommunicated
Martin Luther.

An artist's idea of Martin

Luther declaring the
Ninety-Five Theses
25 26

The split of Christianity

Protestantism and the Roman Catholic Church
rivaled each other.
As more and more people supported Martin Luther,
Protestantism was formed. Protestantism soon spread to many European
countries and developed different branches.
The Protestants believed that the Bible was
the sole principle of the religion.

They denied the absolute authority of the Church in The Catholic Church was forced to reform
interpreting the doctrines. itself and reached agreements with the
Catholic monarchs.
The Church attacked internal corruption.
27 28

Distribution of The weakening influence of the

Protestant branches Roman Catholic Church
in Europe in 1560
The Reformation was a blow to the authority and high
status of the Roman Catholic Church.

Some monarchs in Europe

took the opportunity to
take away the lands and
properties of the Church.

Pope Francis of the

Catholic Church

29 30
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

The influence of the Church on the countries' politics Since the 16th century, people began emphasising
and economics was weakened. rationality in understanding the natural world. The field
of science experienced fundamental transformations.
It urged the separation of
church and state in
European countries.

Galileo (right) is one of the

important scientists in The
Scientific Revolution.
31 32

Achievements
Heliocentric theories and other new
Astronomy ideas helped the development of
Scientists raised new views and modern natural science.
theories based on detailed observation Medical scientists discovered new
and experiments. Medicine treatments through observation of
human body and experiments.
Newton suggested the concepts of gravity and
Scientists relied on mathematics to laws of motion, also used prism to prove that
understand the rules of nature. Physics light was composed of various rays of colours.
They believed that the natural phenomenon Laying the foundation of modern mechanics
could be explained by mathematical equations. and optics
33 34

Theories suggested by the scientists during the

Scientific Revolution
Scientist Country Discovery Scientist Country Discovery
Copernicus Poland He suggested the heliocentric theory (日心 Kepler Germany He corrected the theory of Copernicus by
(1473-1543) 說). It said that the sun was the centre of (1571-1630) suggesting that the planets were moving
the universe, and our earth was one of the around the sun in elliptical orbits (橢圓軌
planets rotating around the sun. 道).
Bruno Italy He developed the theory of Copernicus by Galileo Italy He improved telescope (望遠鏡) to better
(1548-1600) suggesting that the sun was the centre of (1564-1642) observe the planets. He discovered
the solar system (太陽系), and that there sunspots (太陽黑子), hills and valleys on
were other cosmic systems (星系) in the the moon, and that the universe was
boundless universe. composed of many celestial objects.
35 36
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Impact

It suggested brand new views of the universe. Thinkers started to review the social
system at that time rationally and
People could discover the laws of nature criticise various unfair phenomena.
by rational thinking.
Rationalism was supported.

37 38

In the 18th century, the Enlightenment 'enlightened'

people, who could then get rid of ignorance,
superstition, and prejudice.

Rationality was used to measure the thinking and

behaviour of people, and to observe political,
legal, religious, cultural and educational
During the standards.
Enlightenment,
thinkers often
discussed arts
and current People found the norm of human nature
affairs. by learning from the nature.
39 40

Important people and their ideas

John Locke from Britain, and

Montesquieu, Voltaire and
People strongly criticised the absolute
Rousseau from France
regimes and unreasonable social
systems.
People suggested every human being was
born with the rights to live and to be free.

Montesquieu
41 42
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

People suggested getting rid of any unreasonable They criticised absolute

matters in political, legal and social systems. monarchy and longed for
Human rights and democracy.
liberty were They opposed inequality
supported. and religious
superstitions.

Voltaire advocated freedom of

speech, criticised the monarchy
John Locke Rousseau and the Catholic Church
43 44

Main ideas and influence of the Enlightenment thinkers

Thinkers Ideas Influence
Thinkers Ideas Influence Montesquieu • The republican form (共和 • His ideas
John • All people had basic natural • His ideas were (1689-1755) 體制) of government was were
Locke rights of life, liberty and adopted in the the most ideal political included in
(1632- property. American system. the American
1704) • People formed a government Declaration of • Powers should be separated Constitution
and gave it the power to Independence into the executive (行政), (美國憲法).
protect their rights. There was (獨立宣言). legislative (立法) and judicial • His ideas
a 'social contract' (社會契約) • His ideas (司法) branches to avoid inspired the
between the government and influenced the tyranny (暴政). French to
the people. Enlightenment • People should have political start the
• The people had the right to thinkers of and religious freedom. French
revolt against tyranny. France. Revolution.
45 46

Thinkers Ideas Influence Thinkers Ideas Influence

Voltaire • There should be no • His ideas Rousseau • There was a social contract • His ideas
(1694-1778) oppression (壓迫) and inspired some (1712-1778) between the government and inspired some
religious persecution (迫害) European the people. European
in France. monarchs to • The constitutional monarchy monarchs to
• The constitutional monarchy carry out (君主立憲制) was the most carry out
(君主立憲制) was the most reforms. ideal political system, with reforms.
ideal political system, with • His ideas the monarch carrying out • His ideas
the monarch carrying out inspired the reforms. inspired the
reforms. French to start • People should have political French to start
• People should have political the French and religious freedom. the French
and religious freedom. Revolution. Revolution.

47 48
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

God
An artist's idea
of the 'divine
rights of kings'
King (representative of
People suggested power of God among people)
the rulers belonged
to people and should be
limited.
Taxation Absolute
Power to rule Power to kill
and obedience
services
After the Enlightenment,
enlightened monarchs such as
Frederick II emerged in Europe People

49 41

Changes in the thoughts of Europeans after the

Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
The ideas of democracy, liberty, republicanism, concepts of
overthrowing the tyranny and natural rights, were spread
through the Enlightenment.

It had direct influence on the

American Revolution and the French
Revolution in the 18th century.

A painting of the
American Revolution
51 52

Between the 1760s and late 19th century, there were

great transformations in Western industry, science
and technology. Britain was rich in coal and iron.
Work done by hand came to be done by machines.
The Enclosure Movement had
provided great amount of wool
for the textile industry.

Due to the Enclosure Movement, many farmers

The first industrial rushed to towns for work, and provided
revolution abundant labour force for industrial development.
53 54
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Markets: expansion of domestic

and international trade market
Some British people, who accumulated wealth through The growth of population in Britain provided a huge
international trade, had formed a new capitalist class. domestic market.
The government issued sovereign bonds to raise capital, sold Britain had to raise productivity to meet the high demands
patents to merchants and earned from overseas colonies. for commodities overseas.

Development of
Britain's overseas
Headquarters of the trade in the 17th
British East India Company and 18th centuries
55 56

Division of labour: development of workshops Technology: encouragement of

invention and scientific research
British capitalists established workshops and craftsmen
worked together. The division of labour was developed. Britain passed the Statute
The process raised the production rate and led to of Monopolies to protect
specialisation of tools, favouring the improvement of the interests of inventors.
tools and the invention of machines. The Royal Academy was
established to nurture
scientists.

The Royal
Production in a
Academy was
workshop
established
57 58

Conditions for the Industrial Revolution

Expansion of domestic and The change of power
international trade markets
Sufficient Population
natural growth in towns
resources Steam engine was used to drive
machines in order to speed up
the production.

Accumulation Development of
of private and workshops
Encouragement
national capital
of invention and
scientific research 59 60
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

An artist's idea of the design of a steam engine

The change of power
③ The piston moves ④ The beam and
up and down, the connecting rod
pushing on one end (連杆) connects to
of a beam (橫樑). the piston and the
The production of coal grew greatly and flywheel (飛輪).
became the main fuel for production and ② The cylinder
transportation. pushes on the ⑤ The
piston (活塞). connecting
rod spins the
① The boiler (鍋爐) flywheel.
Electricity becomes the most important source produces steam,
of energy in our daily life. which is sent to the ⑥ The gear wheel spins
cylinder (氣缸). and produces energy for
61
the steam engine. 62

Mechanisation of industry

The production of steel increased, and

became a necessary raw material in the
making of industrial machinery.
The invention of spinning jenny
and flying shuttle enhanced
productivity.
Britain started to use machines to make
machines.

63 64

Mechanisation of the textile industry

in 18th-century Britain

65 66
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

The method of building a McAdam road

Bulgy (隆起) surface
The improvement of the steam Centre line for drainage
engine led the mechanisation
Broken stone or gravel
of transportation.
(砂礫) (1-inch layer) Parallel drainage
ditch (溝渠)

Wireless telegraph and telephones

greatly increased the speed of
communication. Broken stone or gravel
(8-inch layer)
67 68

Main development in transportation during the

Industrial Revolution Main development
Railways • In 1769, a Frenchman named
Main development Nicolas Cugnot (庫格納特)
Canals and • In 1761, there were many canals built in invented the first steam
steamships Britain, for the transportation of coal and locomotive (火車頭).
other raw materials to the industrial towns. • In 1825, Britain built the first
• In 1808, an American named Robert Fulton railway for steam train.
(富爾敦) invented the steamboat. • In 1830, a Briton (英國人)
• The model was used by Britain later to use named George Stephenson (斯
to travel through inland rivers and coastal 提芬遜) made the steam
waters, shortening the duration of sailing locomotive Rocket, and built
• In 1819, the first ship crossed the Atlantic the railway from Manchester
Ocean. 69 to Liverpool. 70

Development of communication devices in the 19th century

Main development
Main development
Roads and cars • In the 19th century, a Scotsman (蘇格
蘭人) named John McAdam (馬克敦), Telegram • In 1837, the first telegraph was invented.
invented a new method of building • In 1836, an American named Samuel Morse
roads and made the road surface more (摩爾斯) invented the Morse code (摩爾斯
concrete and smoother. Transport by 密碼), which used codes to express
land therefore became safer. alphabets and symbols in sending telegrams.
• In 1885, a German named Karl Benz (賓 • In 1844, the first telegraph line was laid
治) invented the first motor vehicle between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore
with single cylinder engine (單汽缸內 (巴爾的摩).
燃機). • In 1866, a telegraph cable was laid between
• In 1886, the first three-wheeled motor Britain and the US.
vehicle was invented. 71 72
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Main development
Telephone • In 1860, an Italian named Inventions such as vaccine against
Antonio Meucci (穆齊) first smallpox promoted medical development.
announced his invention of
telephone in the newspaper.
• In 1876, a Canadian named Bell
(貝爾) improved the telephone
device and applied for a patent Agricultural mechanisation was sped
for the telephone. up to increase outputs.

73 74

A diagram showing how crop rotation works

The factory system formed and enhanced

productivity.
Rapid growth of economy and
technology in Europe and America
Overseas expansion through colonies of
European and American industrialised
countries

75 76

Social aspect

Huge increase in European

Formations of the industrial- population promoted
capitalist class and the working class the emergence of industrial
Poor working and living cities and agricultural
environments of the workers mechanisation, thus
urbanisation.
Common child labour problem

Emergence of labour unions

and labour movements Distribution of British
industrial towns in the 1860s
77 78
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Population of British industrial towns in 1861

London 2,803,989 Socialism was

Liverpool 443,938 suggested to
promote social
Manchester 460,428
welfare.
and Salford
Newcastle 109,108
Leeds 207,165
Birmingham 296,076
Bristol 154,903 An artist's idea of a
Cardiff 32,954 worker's working day
79 80

Some of the factory acts Its scale was broad and it lasted for more than ten
passed in 19th-century Britain years (1789-1799).

'Liberty, equality
and fraternity' as
slogan

Paintings depicting the French Revolution

81 82

Regions that
adopted absolute
rule in 17th-
century Europe
Louis XVI had no
interests in politics
and spent much time
enjoying his life,
letting his queen
take the control.

Louis XVI (left) and Queen

Marie Antonite (right)
83 84
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Foreign wars and luxurious life of the monarchy had

made France poor. The French society was divided into
Income and expenditure of the French three estates, including the clergy, the
government in the late 18th century nobles and the common people. They
had unequal political and social status.
The nobles and clergy had political
and economic privileges.

The common people were upset by

the hard life and social inequality.

85 86

Social classes of the feudal French Social classes of the feudal French
society in the 18th century society in the 18th century
Right to collect tithe
The first estate from the people, No privileges like the
(The clergy) exempt from The third clergy and the nobles
government taxes estate(The despite wealth
The second bourgeoisie)
estate(The Holding important Having to pay taxes to
nobility) positions in the (Craftsmen, the landlords and the
government and the city workers, Church in addition to
army, exempt from poor people fulfilling various
government taxes and peasants) feudal services

87 88

The idea of anti-despotism spread in

the country against the absolute power May 1789: Calling of the Estates-General
of the monarchy.
June 1789:
Tennis Court
Oath
The success of the American Revolution
encouraged French people to start their
revolution. An artist's idea of the
Tennis Court Oath
89 90
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

The voting method used in the Estates-General

Estate Population Number of Vote

percentage representatives 14 July 1789: Fall
of the Bastille
First estate 1% 303 1
(clergy) 26 August 1789:
Second 2% 282 1 Declaration of the
estate Rights of Man
(nobles)
Third estate 97% 610 1
(common
people) The fall of the Bastille
91 92

1793-1794: Reign of Terror

September 1791: Establishment of the
constitutional monarch 1795-1799: Directory
April 1792: The beginning of the November 1799: Napoleon overthrew the Directory and
French Revolutionary Wars established the new Consulate.
September 1792: Establishment of the
French First Republic The Jacobins
executing the
anti -
revolutionaries
93 94

1805-1806: Napoleon
Important events in invaded Prussia and broke
the Napoleonic Wars up the Holy Roman Empire.
1802: Napoleon became the Consul for life and issued
the Napoleonic Code.
December 1804: Napoleon crowned himself emperor
and established the First French Empire.
Napoleon fought many foreign 1806: Napoleon introduced the
wars during his rule. Continental System
(大陸封鎖政策) to stop European
October 1813: Napoleon was countries from trading with Britain.
defeated at the Battle of the
Nations.

95 96
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Important events in
the Napoleonic Wars
April 1814: Napoleon abdicated.

1808-1813: Napoleon started 1814: European countries held the Congress of

the Peninsular War (半島戰爭) Vienna to restore the order of Europe.
to invade Spain and Portugal. 1815: Napoleon returned to
1812: Napoleon started the the throne, but was
Russian Campaign (俄羅斯戰役) to
fight Russia, but suffered great loss completely defeated at the
as the Russian army adopted the Battle of Waterloo. He
scorched earth policy (焦土政策) was then exiled. The
and destroyed all resources while Hundred Days ended.
retreating (撤退).
97 98

Timeline of the French Revolution

1789
• Calling of the Estates -General (May)
• Tennis Court Oath (June)
• Fall of the Bastille (July)
• Declaration of the Rights of Man (August)

Bourbon House Bourbon House

1792 1793
1791 • Beginning of the French • Execution of Louis XVI
• Establishment of the Revolutionary Wars (April) (January)
constitutional monarchy by Louis • Establishment of the French • Beginning of the Reign of
XVI (September) First Republic (September) Terror (June)
99 100

1813
• France was defeated at the
Battle of Nations (October)
1795
• Establishment of the
Directory (October)

French First Republic First French Empire First French Empire

1805-1806 1808-1813
• Invaded Prussia and broke up the •Started the Peninsula War to
1799 1804 Holy Roman Empire invade Spain and Portugal
• Napoleon set up the • Napoleon crowned himself as an 1806 1812
Consulate (November) emperor (December) • Introduced the Continental Started the Russian Campaign to
System to stop European countries fight Russia, but suffered great loss
101 from trading with Britain 102
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

1814
• Napoleon was forced to give up his
throne and the Bourbon House was
restored (April)
• Congress of Vienna (September) Ideas of natural rights, democracy and
republicanism raised in the French
Bourbon House Revolution were included in the
Declaration of the Rights of Man.
1815 The Napoleonic Code was not only
• Napoleon took the throne again used in France, but was also
(February) widely spread all over Europe,
• The Hundred Days ended after the
laying the foundation of the rule of
Battle of Waterloo (June)
• Napoleon was exiled for the second
law in Europe.
time (September) 103 104

Europe in 1816 (after the Congress of Vienna)

The Congress of Vienna

was the first meeting in
modern history in
which great powers
gathered to discuss and
settle the world's
problems together,
establishing the Vienna
System.

105 106

The outbreak of the French Revolution sowed the

European absolute monarchies fell and seeds of revolution over the European continent.
liberalism was spread. Ideas of democracy and liberty were spread.
Napoleon brought new oppressive rule,
which fostered the ideas of
independence and liberation, brought
about anti-French movements.

107 108
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

European
revolutions in
1848-1849 In the mid-19th century, democratic
movements broke out in different parts of
the world.
Italy and Germany started their unification
movements.
Wars of independence broke out in
America and other places of the world.

109 110

Main development of the Main development of the

Italian unification Italian unification
1859: Sardinia fought Austria 1870: Taking advantage of the 1866: Italy fought
and won back some northern French defeat in the Franco- Austria and recovered
territories. Prussian War (普法戰爭) Venetia (威尼西亞).
(1870-1871), Italy sent troops
1860: Sardinia united with to occupy Rome. Hence, the
some kingdoms in central unification of Italy was
1861: Sardinia complete.
and southern Italy. recovered land in the
south such as Sicily
and formed the
Kingdom of
Italy(意大利王國).

111 112

Main development of the German unification

1834 Prussia and a dozen German States formed a tariff- 1867 Headed by Prussia, the North German
free union, which expanded continuously (but Confederation (北德意志聯盟) was formed.
Austria did not join the union). 1870 France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War.
1864 Prussia defeated Denmark and gained back some German states in the south thus got rid of the
northern territories. French control.
1866 Prussia defeated Austria, and took some German 1871 The German Empire (德意志帝國) (1871-1918) was
States. established. The unification of Germany was
complete.

113 114
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Main
development of
the German In 1526, Babur founded the Mughal
unification Empire.

Babur

During the Mughal Empire era, Indian culture

was preserved and absorbed Islamic culture,
creating the New Indian culture.

115 116

Mughal Empire in the

early 18th century

Paintings
Persian miniature paintings merged
Islamic, Indian and Western painting
styles together.

Architecture
Mosques, palaces, tombs and other
buildings fully merged the Islamic and
Indian architectural styles.

117 118

Features of Mughal miniature paintings

Religion
Based on people’s lives, such as
Bright colours influenced by stories from Indian and Persian Sikhism absorbed the Islamic worship of
Indian paintings literature and royal life Allah, the belief in karma of the Hinduism. It
also believed monotheism and reincarnation.
Nowadays, there are about 28 million Sikhs
Display of in the world.
female baring
their stomachs
influenced by
Display of Indian culture
males with
beard
influenced by Flat depiction of people following
Indian culture the style of Persian painting

119 120
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

Literature In 1299, Osman I, who was a Muslim, founded

the Ottoman Empire, which kept expanding since then.
Persian poets migrated to India and
composed outstanding poems in Persian. It
helped spread the Sanskrit classics. Ottoman
Empire in the
Book of Akbar was one of the most early 18th
important works of Indian history. century

121 122

Ottoman Turkish was the official

language of the Ottoman Empire.
Islam was the official religion. The
Common people still used their own
supreme ruler was the sultan.
tribal languages to communicate.
Non-Muslim people were allowed to
Rich in poetic works. Poets used
keep their own religions and were
different languages in their
ruled by the millet system.
writings.

123 124

Absorbed the architectural styles of the Persian Influenced by places such as China, Persia, Egypt
Empire, Eastern Roman Empire and Islamic Arabia. It and Italy
also merged the Christian and Islamic religious arts. Painters learnt from Persian illustrations and
Some were also miniature paintings, but their works were more
influenced by the delicate.
Baroque style Tughra was improved from Islamic calligraphy.
of Western
Europe. Porcelain contained Chinese design and the
elements of arabesque.
Suleymaniye
Mosque Porcelain of the Ottoman Empire
125 126
New World History Express 2 Topic 5 The rise of modern Europe

The corrupted bureaucracy lowered the

The huge population caused
efficiency of the government. People's livelihood
shortages in natural resources and
worsened as the two Empires declined.
food, affecting their economic
developments.

Bengal in the Mughal Empire declared independence.

They refused to introduce advanced Egypt and Algeria got rid of the Ottoman
technology from Europe, thus facing a rule.
technological bottleneck and lagging The central governments were unable to rule
behind the West. their unstable territories.
127 128

The Mughal Empire was invaded by different races, and

needed to deal with the expansion of the British East
Indian Company.
The Ottoman Empire
had wars with Austria
and Russia.

A painting depicting a war

between the Ottoman
Empire and Austria
129