RS 38,

Spring 15’

Prepared By:
 Rad Shahmat

[TABLET 101]
This Tablet is not the tablet that you can mix in the water and drink.

It is just a
guideline. Always study the book. Take this note as a helping hand only.

Acknowledgement:

 Raisa Prapti Biswas

 Sazia Afrin Pial
 Nayeem Hossain Rony
 Partha Sanjana Jurasee
 Dyuti Apu
 History of pre-Muslim and Muslim period
Delta:

The land that forms because of the deposition of silt by mighty rivers is
called Delta. Every spring the mountain snow melts and the icy water sweeps
along particles of soil forming into rivers that rush to the sea. As the rivers
reach lowlands, the slow down and deposit those particles building up a
Delta.

Importance of Himalaya:

 Bangladesh is the flattened out land of Himalaya

 Himalayas control the annual rainfall and protects the cold wind from
the north
 Almost all rivers of Bangladesh came down from the Himalayas

Janapada:

In the earliest period Bengal was known to be inhabited by different groups

of people, whose names came to be associated with the area inhabited by
them which is known as Janapada.

There were 8 janapada at that time

a) Vangal: Barisal and coastal areas

b) Radh: West Bengal
c) Vanga: Dhaka, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Vikrampur
d) Samatata: Comilla, Noakhali
e) Harikela: Sylhet, Chittagong
f) Pundra: Bogra, Dinajpur
g) Gour: Birbhum, Maldah, West Dinajpur, Murshidabad
h) Varendra: Rajshahi
Samatata was an important janapada in the trans-meghna region of
Bangladesh in its south-eastern part. The name of its janapada was purely
descriptive and had no ethnic connection

Wari Bateshwar:

 Wari Bateshwar was the first human civilization

 Here the archaeologist found punch mart, coins, hole beads which is
similar to Greek civilization
 From these things it can be assumed that we had good relationship
with the Greek civilization

Sasanka:

 Sasanka was the first independent king of Bengal

 He is the first king of Bengal who extended his territories far beyond
geographical boundaries of that province.
 His capital was karnashubarna
 Sasanka also defeated Harshavardhana
 Sasanka issued a coin of his own name that proves that he was the
independent ruler of Bengal
 This coin had 2 parts there is a picture of Shiva which proves that he
was the follower of Shiva.

On the other part of the coin Sasanka was sitting on a bull which shows
his strength.

Matsyanyayam:

 After the death of Sasanka was followed by a period of anarchy and

lawlessness
 The period was marked by political chaos and confusion
 The Sanskrit term “matsyanyayam” has special significance
 The Kautiliya Arthasastra explains that the term as follows: when the
law of punishment is kept in abeyance; it gives rise to such disorders as
is implied in the proverb of fishes, i.e. the larger fish swallows a smaller
 one. For in the absence of law-enforcing authority the strong will
swallow the weak

Pala dynasty:

 In 1756 , Gopal rules as a hero and declared his independence which is

known as “Pala dynasty”
 Dharmapala who was the son of Gopal wrote about his father Gopal
 At the time of Dharmapala the pala dynasty flourished vigorously
 During Pala dynasty rulers used to follow Buddhist religion
 They ruled for 400 years, 18 generations
 Social harmony was established at that time
 Their specialty was “terracotta art plate”
 At their time first university was established named “Nalanda
University” where about 20000 students used to study over there.

Sena dynasty:

 After Rampal, Vijaysen revolted and successfully established Sena

dynasty
 Sena dynasty stayed for 100 years, 5 generations
 Ballalsen started cast system
 They were good at Sanskrit and literature and sculpture
 They followed the Hindu religion

Difference between Pala and Sena dynasty

Characteristics Pala Dynasty Sena Dynasty

1. Duration Pala dynasty ruled for Sena dynasty ruled for
400 years. 100 years.
2. Religion They were Buddhist They were Hindu

3. Socialism Social harmony were Cast system was

established established
4. Specialty They were good at They were good at
 “terracotta art plate” Sanskrit literature and
sculpture.
5. Generation 18 generations 5 generations

Mahasthangarh:

 Mahasthangarh is the second human civilization found by the

archaeologists
 It refers the existence of urban administrative and cultural centre
throughout the ancient period.
 The fragmentary Brahmi inscription which was sent by the Delhi ruler
Asoka to the province ruler of Bengal
 This inscription refers to relief measures such as distribution of paddy
and money during the time of natural calamities.
 This shows that at that time they have mutual respect between the
administration and people.

Muslim phase-500 years

Independent Muslim rulers of Bengal:

 Fakhr – ud – Din Mubarak Shah
 Shams – ud – Din Ilyas Shah
 Ghiyas – ud – Din Azam Shah
 Alauddin Hossain Shah

Key points about the Muslim rulers:

 Ali Mardan’s title was “Sultan Alauddin”

 Fakhr – ud – Din Mubarak Shah was the first independent sultan of
Bengal
 Haji Ilyas took the title “Shams – ud – Din Ilyas Shah”
  Fiuz shah patronized the saint of islam
 Fakhr – ud – Din Mubarak Shah capital was in Sonargaon
 Sher Shah first introduced postal system in Bengal. It was known as
Ghorar Daak. He used horses in the purpose of Postal system.

Ikhtiyar-ud-Din Muhammad Bin Bakhtiar Khalji:

 Ikhtiyar-ud-Din Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khalji came to India for

better living
 Ikhtiar-ud-Din was the Vice Roy of Qutub-ud-Din Ibeg.
 He actually wanted to attack Bengal
 He asked permission to Qutub-ud-Din Ibeg, but Qutub-ud-Din
refused his proposal because of Ikhtiar’s physical condition as well as
Bengal’s geographical position
 But, after conquered Bihar, Ikhtiar got permission to attack Bengal
 At that time, Laksmansen was informed by Muslim people
 So, Lakshmansen took all initiative and also arranged religious
banquet ceremony called “Joggo ceremony” at Nadia.
 But, Ikhtiar attacked from the North side of Bengal
 He invaded Bengal with only 17 cavalry
 It is said that on hearing the news of his oncoming cavalry, the Hindu
king Lakshmansen fled to east Bengal
 Thus the foundation of Muslim rule was established in Bengal and they
ruled for 500 years
 Ikhtiar-ud-Din issued a gold coin commemorating the conquest of
Gaur inscribed in Arabic and Sanskrit

Fakruddin Mubarak Shah:

 Fakruddin Mubarak shah was the first independent Muslim ruler and
he used to rule Sonargaon and Sylhet.
 He was armor keeper of Bahram Kha.
 He was supported by Ghazis (volunteers for jihad) in his military
adventures.
  During his time Sylhet was attributed to the moral and material
support of Hazrat Shah Jalal
 The famous traveler Ibn Batuta made a detour and named Bengal as
“Dozokhpur Niyamat” which means the land which is full of resources
 Fakruddin Mubarak shah made a royal road from Chadpur to
Chittagong
 During his time all the religion got patronized.

Sultans in Bengal:

 Ilias Shah took possession of Satgoan, made himself master of Gaur

and assumed the title of sultan Sams-ud-din Iliyas Shah.
 Another sultan Giyas-ud-din Azam Shah had foreign policy called
friendship to all. He had a very good relation with Persia, Tibet and all
Himalayan cities. He had a motto that enemy’s enemy is my friend.

Short Interval:

 During the ruling of shah dynasty there was a short interval where a
hindu king Raja Ganesh ruled Bengal.
 He was known as “Danujamardanadeva”
 After the death of raja Ganesh, his son Jodu converted to Islam and
seized the throne of Bengal and named himself Jalal-ud-din
Muhammad Shah.
 He reintroduced on his coins the Muslim confession of faith.

Khan Jahan Ali constructed Satgambuj Mosque in Bagerhat.

Hussain Shah Dynasty:

 Ala-ud-din Hussain Shah was the founder of “Hussain Shahi Dynasty”

 It refers as the golden age of Sultanate of Bengal
 He built mosques and magnificent buildings at Gour and Pandua.
 During his reign the “Chota Sona Masjid” was built at Gaur.
  He and his son Nasir-ud-din Busrat Shah were patrons of Bengali
language and literature
 By all accounts the sultans of Hussain Shahi dynasty identified
themselves as Bengali kings.

Difference between Muslim and Hindu coins:

Characteristics Muslim coins Hindu coins

a) Uses of Muslim coins contained Hindu coins contained
calligraphy “Arabic” calligraphy “Sanskrit” calligraphy
b) Uses of pictures Muslim coins did not Hindu coins contained
contain any faces of God picture of animals to
or animals show their power.
c) Content It contained name of It contained Picture of
Sultans Kings

Shershah Suri and Karrani dynasty:

 Shershah introduced Afgan ruling

 He left his mark in the history for constructing the Grand Trunk Road
from Bengal to Peshawar (Bangladesh to Pakistan)
 The last ruler of Suri dynasty was overthrown by the karrani dynasty
 Sultan Sulayman Karrani paid his allegiance to Mughal emperor Akbar
 The last sultan of Karrani dynasty Daud Karrani who had declared his
independence against Akbar and Akbar himself marched against him
and expelled him from Patna.

Bara Bhuyyan:

After the defeat of Daud Karrani by Akbar the Bengal went under the ruling
of Mughal emperor Akbar. But the authority of Mughal Empire continued to
be challenged by the Bara Bhuyyans, who had been former governors of the
Bengal Soltanate.

The following people were known as Bara Bhuyyans:

  Isa Khan
 Masum Khan
 Kedar Rai
 Raja Pratapadittya
 Kandarparayan

Isa Kha:

 Isa Khan of Sonargaon was the most prominent chieftain who defeated
the Mughals
 Isa Khan although paid allegiance to the Mughal Emperor, virtually
remained independent as the zamindar of vati.
 Akbar sent Raja Maan Singh as the governor of Bengal to lead
expedition against the Bara Bhuyyans
 Maansingh defeated Daud Khan son of Isa khan and pushed him to
Sonargaon
 After the death of emperor Akbar, Jahangir appointed Islam Khan
Chisti as the governor of Bengal
 Dhaka was named Jahangirnagar after the name of emperor Jahangir

Nawab’s of Bengal: (semi-independent)

 Murshid-Kuli khan who was a Subadar changed his title to “Nawab” by

paying extra tax to the Mughal emperor.
 Then Alivardri Khan defeated and killed Sharfaraz khan and became
the Nawab of Bengal.
 Alivardi Khan was succeeded by his grandson Siraj-ud-dowla

British Colonial Bengal (1757-1857)

Why the battle of Palashi may not be said to have been a decisive
battle?
Ans:- The Battle of Palashi can be described skirmish from military point of
view. Basically at that time people were not aware the revolutionary change
was being taken place. In the end the battle of Palashi was a failure due to
not having the proper organization at that right moment and also right
leadership. That’s why the Battle of palashi may not be said to have been a
decisive battle.

Battle of Palashi:

 In 23rd June 1757, Nawab Siraj-ud-dowla was defeated at the battle of

palashi by the English General Robert Clive due to the betrayal of
General Mir Zafar and the conspiracy of Hindu landlords Jagat Seth,
Umi Chand and Roy Durlov and his aunt Ghoseti begum.
 The success of this battle helped Robert Clive to lay the foundation of
the British Empire in India.

Reason for the Battle:

 British didn’t give gift to Siraj-ud-dowla when he succeeded Alivardi

Khan.
 Greed of power of British East India Company.
 Frequent breaking laws by British East India Company.
 Shah Suja allowed the British to do business in Bengal as British
doctors cured him.
 Siraj-ud-dowla didn’t agree with the prince Shah Suja trade policy. He
ordered British East India Company to take permission from him to do
business. But the British didn’t bother. So that influenced Nawab to
take revenge against British.

Reason behind failure:

 Palace conspiracy
 Rainfall damaged the arms
  Young age of Siraj-ud-dowla
 Unorganized army

Results:

 It established a strong foundation of British East India Company in

Bengal and the sun of Bengal independence lay down for 200 years.
 It ended the ruling period of independent Nawab and Sultan.

Battle of Buxar:

 After the battle of Palashi Mirzafar became the Nawab of Bengal and
had to give huge money for the expenditure.
 The British found out that Mir Zafar was useless and Mir Quasim was
elected as Nawab.
 Mir Quasim was Mir Zafar’s Son-in-law.
 He wanted to increase vat/tax and the British became angry. Thus
battle of Boxer occurred.
 Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II joined forces with Mir Quasim.
 It was the last battle where Bengal Emperors could show real courage
on the battle field.
 Mir Qasim was defeated and British supremacy was established.
 This happened in the next battle called the battle of buxar.
 After the battle of Buxar the local leaders lost.
 Then Robert Clive got in charge to collect the tax from the mass.
 This started the dual system.

Dual System:

 Dual System was basically imposed in favour of collecting tax. In this

system the company appointed two people to collect the revenue.
Those people were selected, one from local people and another from
The British East India Company.
Mughals introduced two posts Dewani and Subadari

 Dewan- To collect tax and revenue.

 Subadar- To control the law and order and administration.
 Shah Alam’s administration was weak after Palashi battle, he requested
the British to take charge of Dewani and Subadari. British refused at
first but later on Lord Clive accepted the proposal.
 When the British took charge of Dewan, they appointed Talukdars,
Zamindars or Juddars to collect taxes from common people and give to
dewans and dewans would give it to “British East India Company”

After Lord Clive went back to England, the employees became corrupted and
appointed more people to collect tax and those people would put pressure
on common people to collect taxes.

Reason for Dual System:

 Collecting revenue from the local people as well as other countries

traders.
 First of all, language problem was the main reason for the British
people as they were not habituated with this language and culture.
 Man power problem.

Famine of 1770:

 During 1770 a famine broke out. This was later known as the “Great
Bengal Famine”
 About 1/3 of the population died.

Reason:

 Over taxation
 No rainfall for 8 months
  British restored products or goods.
 Bankrupt

Result:

 The Dual system was abolished.

 In 1773 British East India Company introduced “Regulatory Act”
 The act created the new post of Governor General of fort William in
Bengal and a council of four.
 Then Warren Hastings was the first Governor General of India.
 Hastings prohibited illegal private trade by company official to
encourage fair trading competition and reduced extortion.

The Permanent Settlement act:

 By this act the land became the personal property of the Zamindars.
 This act was first introduced by Lord Cornwallis.
 Owner of the land can sell, buy or lease the land.
 Zamindar couldn’t do any judicial work.
 Zamindar had to pay taxes each year in the last day before the sunset.
That is known as “sunset law”

This was also a failed project. BEI Company also abolished this act.

Reason:

 Ensuring steady sources of taxes without interruption.

 To get the ultimate enthusiasm from the zamindars
 Developing agricultural system.

Result:

 A loyal class Zamindars came out

 The farmers were deprived of land
 New banyan class people came out
 Several peasant movements occurred.
  Farmers were deprived of their land rights

Sunset law:

 In the permanent settlement Zaminders had to pay the taxes every

year, in the last day before the sun set. This law was known as the sun
set law.

Sepoy movement: (1857)

It is the first war of Independence.

 Enfield Rifles greased with the fat of cow and pig.

 Crossing the sea
 Salary, promotion and recruitment problems
 Missionary

Result:

 Queen Victoria took the responsibility of India

 British formed a political party which is Congress (Allan Octavian
Hume)

British Colonial Bengal (1905-1947)

First partition of Bengal:

In 1905 the first partition of Bengal occurred and it was called “Bangabhanga”

Reason:

 British failed to control the administration of Kolkata and Dhaka.

 They decided to apart Bengal.
  Administrative benefit
 Political benefit through divide and rule policy
 Scio and economic development of Muslims

Results:

 Muslims welcomed it as Dhaka would be a capital and would be

economically benefited.
 No support from the Hindu community
 At first the Muslims didn’t supported it but later through the proper
guidance of Nawab Sir Salimullah the Muslims supported it
 Jaminders, Lawyers, Business class people also protested it as their
activities were Calcutta centered
 Swadeshi Movement started
 The new provincial government won the heart of the Bengali Muslims
by appointing a large number of new post in the provincial and
subordinate services
 They appointed Sir Salimullah to control Dhaka and he established
Muslim League to support Muslims.
 Congress leader Gokhte opposed the partition.
 They celebrated that day as national mourning day.
 To protect the partition they introduced Ganesh Puja, Rabindranath
introduced “Rakhi”

Annulment of the first partition:

 In 1911 King George V and Queen Marry visited India.

 The Congress leader convinced them to declare annulment of the
partition of Bengal.
 Muslims became angry at this
 Sir Salimullah asked British to establish a University at Dhaka.

Reason for annulment:

 Hindus opposed it
  Royal classes like Jaminders, Lawyers, Businessmen and also the news
agencies went against it
 Majority of the elite Hindus wanted the annulment and it was safe to
Britain to be in their favor

Krishok Proja Party:

 In 1928 Sher-E-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haq came out from Muslim League
and created his own party Krishok Proja Party.
 After the formation in1937 an election took place in Bengal.
 He won the election but did not get majority.
 The British asked them to form government with the Congress. But
they refused.
 Later they formed government with the Muslim League.
 After one year in 1938 the government collapsed.
 Then another election took place and KPP won.
 This time they formed govt. with Hindu Mohashova. A.K Fazlul Haq
was elected as Prime minister.

Reason for establishing KPP:

 Fazlul Haque observed that both Congress and Muslim League were
leaded by elite class people. So, he formed KPP to support the lower
class people.

Famine of 1943:

 In 1943 another famine broke out

 The govt. was not so strong
 There was a shortage of food.
 World War II
 Disruption of food supply from Burma
 Destruction of 60,000 boats by the British army
  Selling reserved food at high price rate by the British

Result:

 Many people died

 A fight occurred between Hindu and Muslim ministers.
 Fazlul Haq resigned from the post of prime minister.

Two Nation Theory:

 In 1940 Mohammed Ali Jinnah called a general session of all India

Muslim League in Lahore to discuss the situation that had arisen due
to the outbreak of 2nd World war and the government of India joining
the war without taking the opinion of Indian leaders and also to
analyze the reason behind the defeat of Muslim league in general
election of 1937 in the Muslim Majority province. A.K.Fazlul Haque
arrived Lahore on 22nd march and he formally discussed the Lahore
Resolution that run as follows;- There will be two nation based on
religion one for Muslim and other for Hindu. The areas where the
Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the Northwestern and
Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent
States’ in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and
sovereign.
 This Lahore Resolution was espoused by Mohammed Ali Jinnah. This
is known as two Nation Theory
 In 1940 Jinnah tried to establish “two nation theory” based on religion
and culture
 Jaharlal Nehru Refused the proposal but Fazlul Haq and Sohrawardi
fought for Pakistan.

Direct action Day:

 After 2nd world war, British government proposed to handover the

power to an interim government. Muslim League agreed with the
proposal provided that later the country will be divided according to
 Zinnah’s Two Nation Theory. But congress opposed them. So, the
handover process was hanged on. To protest the stance of congress,
Muslim League held a general strike on 16th August, 1946 stated as
“Direct action Day.” Later, it turned out as a massive mass killing,
which is called “Great Kolkata Riot.” It lasted for 4 consecutive days.
 In 1946 Jinnah called on strike, this is known as “Direct Action day”

Consequences:

 All Muslims came to Kolkata.

 Hindus barricaded all the places.
 More than 4000 Muslim were killed in one week.
 Lord Mound Batten decided to divide the nation according to the two
nation theory.
 Radcliff mapped India and Pakistan
 Jaharlal Nehru had an after marital relationship with Mount Batten’s
wife.
 She influenced Radcliff to give beautiful places in favor to India.
 In 1947, second partition occurred.
 Khusbun Singh wrote :”The train to Pakistan”
 Hindus would send dead Muslim bodies to Pakistan and vice versa.

Pakistan Period
Pakistan was born on 14 August. A distance of 1500 miles of enemy soil
created geographical barriers between East and West Pakistan.

Difference between East and West:

 Ethnic build up
  Language
 Tradition
 Culture
 Social behavior pattern
 Economic activity

7 steps towards Independence:

 Language movement (1952)

 Jukto Front elections (1954)
 Anti-Ayub Movement (1958-1968)
 6 points movement by Sheikh Mujib (1966)
All parties students action committee (December 1968)
 Mass upsurge movement (1969)
 Election (1970)
 Liberation war (1971)

Language movement: (1947-1952)

On November 1947, The Pakistan educational conference proposed Urdu as

a national language but it was opposed by representative from East Pakistan.
The Prime Minister Liakat Ali khan trickily opposed the amendment to use
bangle alongside Urdu in the assembly. Despite of his refusal still there were
majority people who talked in Bengal in Pakistan and it was about 56 %
where as only 3% people in Pakistan were talk in Urdu. In West Pakistan the
Bengali Muslim were considered socially inferior because of not practicing
North Indian Islamic Culture. They were not considered fully fledge
Pakistani because of their Bengalines. When students in East Pakistan came
to know about the plan to make Urdu as a National language they held
meetings and demonstration and then formed first language action
committee in 1947. In 1948, Mohammad Ali Jinnah visited Dhaka and
addressed to a large audience that Bengali Language could be used in the
Pakistan but he clearly stated that there will be only one National Language
in Pakistan and it was to be Urdu. Because without having one state
language no nation can remain tied up together solidly. The language
movement which had declined after 1948 reignited when the new prime
minister of Pakistan Khwaja NazimUddin came into Dhaka and addressed a
large crowd at the central green stating that East Pakistan could decide what
would be their provincial language but Urdu would be Pakistan State
language. Student responded it with very angry reaction and the students of
Dhaka University and the number of organization called a Protest meeting.
The meeting sharply rejected the decision and called a general strike on 21st
February 1952. The government imposed a ban on this strike and imposed
curfew. But that couldn’t be able to stop the students. Students from all
institution gather together in the premise of Dhaka University and then
started marching and shouting slogans. The campus gates were armed with
policeman and when they passed the campus gate police used tear gases and
fired into the crowd. For that many were injured and 5 peoples including 9
years old boy were killed. Over the next few days more killing and arrest
occurred. That was how the students, general people sacrificed their life for
the sake of establishing bangle as the National language of Pakistan. This
was actually the movement of 1952 movement.

Timeline:

 Dhirendranath Datta demanded for the first time at Pakistan assembly

to make Bangla as state language.
 1947 December- Action committee made by students to establish
bangle as state language
 1947- Vasani – Awami Muslim League, the birth of Awami League. It
was the platform for students to express their opinion.
 1952, 21st February- One day strike
 1954- Election in Bengal; Coalition (Jukto Front/United Front)
 In 1955 Awami Muslim League omitted the Muslim word and became
Awami League
 21 points were presented by A.k Fazlul Haque in the next year election.
  After 6 week Pakistan suspended Fazlul Haq from the post of Prime
Minister
 1956- Gulam Mohammad (Governor) was appointed in East Pakistan.
He formed a constitution. It was the 1st constitution after 2nd Partition.
 Main feature of this constitution was that Bangla became a state
language.
 In Pakistan, Iskandar Mirza came into power.
 Huge fight occurred in the parliament between Muslim People and
Tribal people. The speaker Shahed Ali was killed.
 1958- Ayub Khan (Iron Man) suspended Iskandar Mirza and he
convinced all the
 He formulated Basic Democratic Order (BDO)

Jukto front/United Front:

Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Vasani formed the United Front. Jukto front
consisted of 4 parties from the East Pakistan

1. Krishak Sramik Party

2. Awami Muslim League
3. Nizam-e-Islami
4. Gonotontri Dol

Purpose:

The main purposes of United Fronts were that there were no political strong
political party and that’s why they formed this United Front to fight against
the Muslim League. In 1954 the Pakistani govt. called for an election and at
that election Awami Muslim league got maximum vote rather than Muslim
league. United front introduced 21 point included bangla as state language,
rights of the peasant and workers and Nationalize Jute sector.

Impact of 1952 movement on the War of Liberation in Bengal in 1971:

After the declaration by Mohammad Ali Jinnah in 1948 that Urdu would be
the only state language of Pakistan and again reigniting the situation by
khawja Nazimuddin had a very negative impact among not only the students
but also the general people. This led students to go on a strike and violated
the curfew that was imposed by the government. There was an open fire by
the policeman which killed five people and injured many. Over the past few
days many more killings were done. Despite of these over killing mass people
still had the sprit to fight against the government.

In 1954 the Pakistan Government called an election and the main purpose of
the election was to elect a new president. At that time Maulana Abdul
Hamid Khan Vashani formed Jukto Front along with 3 political parties and
the parties were

 Krishok Shromik Party ( k.S.P )

 Nezam - E - Islam
 Gonotontri Dol

In this election Awami Muslim League got majority seats in the parliament.
Reason behind the win Jukto front was because the total individual parties
supporter came together to support one party which made them to get the
majority vote.

Then in 1956 Pakistan became an independent republic and there was a half
hearted compromise between two divergent forces. Another outcome was
the quick erosion of support for and collapse of the Proja coalition ministry.
Although a group of radical Awami leaguers had opposed the constitution, it
was under the new constitution that the Awami League will have both the
power of east Bengal and the centre. After that Suhrawardy became the
prime minister. So it was the first time when East Bengal gains some access
to Pakistan’s Power structure.

In 1958 AYUB khan established the concept of Basic Democracies Order

(BDO) in the constitution. According to this theory there will be 40000
people from the East Pakistan and 40000 people from West Pakistan will be
elected by the local people and this 80000 people will elect the president of
Pakistan. Based on this BDO in 1962 AIUB Khan formed another
constitution.

In 1966 Shekh Mujibur Rahman for the first time introduced the historical
six points.

 Point 1:- Federation as per Lahore resolution

 Point 2:- All power except defense and foreign policy to the
federation unit
 Point 3:- Separate but easily exchangeable currency for each unit
 Point 4:- Federated Unit to have the power of taxation
 Point 5:- Separate accounts on foreign exchange earnings
 Point 6:- Separate parliamentary force for each unit

After that Shekh Mujib was arrested and he was sent to the jail.

In 1968 the Pakistan government give a case against the Shekh Mujib along
with 28 persons were arrested in this conspiracy case. Sheikh Mujib was
already in prison and he was charged with master minding conspiracy with
India but at the end the tribunal couldn’t establish their claim. Then in 1969,
22 January Sheikh Mujib and other opposition leaders got released from the
case due to the mass upsurge.

In 1969 Mass upsurge movement was also known as Anti- Ayub movement.

When the most populist politicians still in the jail the anti regime movement
began to show signs of indolence. In 1969 student action committee came
out with eleven points which was incorporated with the six point program.
Those eleven points mainly included demand for reformation of educational
system, adequate wages for working class, reduction of land taxes for the
peasantry and withdrawal of Agartala Conspiracy case and release of sheikh
Mujib and other political prisoners.

In 1970 Yahya held the first general election in Pakistan on the basis of adult
franchise. In an expression of solidarity Awami League won all but two of the
162 seats allocated to the province in the national Assembly. They also
vanquished all opposition in the provincial legislature capturing 288 seats
out of total 300 declared seats. The Peoples Party of Pakistan came out with
81 seats out of 138 seats in west Pakistan. But the Pakistan was still not in
favor of giving the power to Awami League.

Basic Democracies Order (BDO) :

The basic definition of BDO is to elect president and there will be 40000
people from the East Pakistan and 40000 people from west Pakistan will be
elected by the local people and this 80000 people will elect the president of
Pakistan. Based on this BDO in 1962 AIUB Khan formed another
constitution.
1962- Aiub Khan formed the 2nd constitution. By this time he
legalized BDO.
Anti-Ayub Protest:

Meanwhile a protest occurred. Ayub khan increased the fees of Vocal

Education. One student was killed by the police. This started the anti-Ayub
protest.

1965- Ayub Khan declared another election to avoid Anti-Ayub protest.

Indo-Pak war started.

1966- 6 points Program of Awami League.

1. Federation as per Lahore Resolution

2. All powers except defense and foreign policy to the federated units.
3. Separate but easily exchangeable currency for each unit.
4. Federated unit to have the power of taxation.
5. Separate accounts on foreign exchange and earnings
6. Separate paramilitary for each unit.
1968, January- Agartala Conspiracy case against Mujib and 35 others. Public
demand and pressure forced Ayub to withdraw the case. Mujib was released
from jail on 22nd February, 1969.

Agaratala Conspiracy Case:

The Agartala conspiracy case was instituted in January 1968 and total 28
persons were arrested in this conspiracy case which included 6 Bengali civil
servants and military personnel. Sheikh Mujib was already in prison and he
was charged with master minding conspiracy. In the trail of the case
government side they brought the charge of high treason for involvement in
secessionist conspiracy with India but at the end the tribunal couldn’t
establish their claim. Then in 1969, 22 January Sheikh Mujib and other
opposition leaders got released from the case due to the mass upsurge.

1969- Mass upsurge Movement

 1969 Mass upsurge, fall of AYUB khan and YAHIA came to the power.
This movement was also known as Anti- Ayub movement.
 When the most populist politicians still in the jail the anti regime
movement began to show signs of indolence. In 1969 student action
committee came out with eleven points that contained all shades of
opinion and ideology which was incorporated with the six point
program. Those eleven points mainly included demand for reformation
of educational system, adequate wages for working class, reduction of
land taxes for the peasantry and withdrawal of Agartala Conspiracy
case and release of sheikh Mujib and other political prisoners. This
student led movement which received only peripheral support from
the political parties and also got support from all normal classes of
people. Under these student pressure most of the basic Democrats
resigned and at the end AYUB khan resigned from the President post.
 Student leader Asad was killed on 20 January, 1969.
 An all out student movement quickly turned into violent Anti-Ayub
movement.
  Slogan like Jay Bangla, Bir Bangali Astra Dharo, Bangladesh shadhin
karo became popular.
 Ayub Khan resigned and Yeahia Khan became Chief.

In 1970 cyclone occurred and killed lakh people.

On the same year a new election occurred on 7th December

Raja Iribedi Rai got one seat in election.

Confusion ase- Mujib got 167 seats out of 169 seats in the election.
Nazimuddin got 2 seats.

Zulfiqur Ali Vutto of People’s Party of Pakistan got majority in West

Pakistan.

Operation Searchlight:

The Pakistan army was ordered to launch an operation on Bengali people at

midnight of 25 march. This was termed as Operation Searchlight.Two
headquarters were established for the operation. Major General Rao Farman
Ali was responsible for operation in Dhaka and its suburbs. While Major
General Khadim Raja was responsible for the operation of the rest of the
province. Lieutenant General Tikka Khan was the overall in charge of the
operation.

Places that were attacked:

 Jagannath Hall (DU)

 Jahrul Hall (DU)
 Temple at Ramna Park
 EPR at Pilkhana
 Police Headquarters at Rajarbag
 Ansar Headquarters at Khilgaon
 Shakhari Bazar
 Tatari Bazar
Government in Exile:

Formation- 10th April, 1971 (at Kolkata)

Oath- 17th April, 1971 (at Meherpur)

 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman- President

 Syed Nazrul Islam- Vice President (Acting President)
 Tajuddin Ahmed- Prime Minister
 Captain Mansur Ali- Finance, Commerce and Industry Minister
 A.H.M Kamruzzaman- Home, Relief, Rehabilitation Minister
 General M.A.G Osmani- Commander in Chief of Bangladesh
Independent Forces

There were 11 Sectors in the Liberation war

Forces of the Liberation War:

 Regular Forces
 Irregular Forces
 Independent Forces
 Bangladesh Navy and Air Forces
 Left Groups
 War on cultural Front (Shadin Bangla Betar Center, Concert for
Bangladesh- George Harrison, Instrumental Pandit- Rabi Sharkar)

Regular Forces:

 “K Force” Major Khaled Mosharaf. Later from November he joined

Saleq Chowdhury
 “S Force” Lt. Cornel K.M. Shafiullah
 “Z Force” Major Ziaur Rahman
 Bangladesh Navy and Air Forces
 Mukti Force

Irregular/Independent Forces:
  Mujib Bahini
 Kaderia Bahini
 Afsar Bahini
 Hemayet Bahini

Rajakar and Albadars:

Pakistani government had raised paramilitary forces with the designations of

Rajakars, Al-Badars and Al-Shams

Roles:

 Killed the freedom fighters

 Passed information’s
 Tortured our mothers and sisters
 Killed our Intellectuals