Unit 2

The effect of intermolecular forces

page 86 - 89
 MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
page 86

•The strength of the intermolecular forces between

small covalent molecules determines the melting
and boiling points.
•The stronger the intermolecular forces the higher
the melting and boiling points because more
energy is needed to break the intermolecular force
in order to change the phase of the substance.
•Polar molecules normally have higher melting and
boiling points compared to non-polar molecules.
 EFFECT OF MOLECULAR MASS:
(page 86 – 87)
•As molecular mass increases melting and
boiling points also increase.
•NB!! Table 4.1 on page 87.
 Thermal expansion
(page 87)
•Change in volume of a substance due to change in
temperature.
•When temperature increases, volume of most
substances increase.
•Volume increase is due to molecules moving
further apart.
•Substances with strong intermolecular forces need
more energy to move molecules apart.
•Thermal expansion is the greatest for gases, then
liquids and lastly solids.
•Thermometers (mercury or alcohol is used).
 Thermal conductivity
(page 88)
•The ability of a material to transfer heat.
•Heat transfers from hot to cold.
•When heat is added, particles start to vibrate
because of gain of kinetic energy.
•Vibrations are carried over to neighbouring particles.
•Metals are good conductors of heat.
•Metallic bond, particles are tightly packed, vibrations
are transferred easily.
•Non-metals are weak conductors.
•Particles are held together by intermolecular forces
and are further apart.
 Viscosity
(Page 89)
•Indication of a liquid’s resistance to flow.
•Ease with which molecules can move past each
other.
•The stronger the intermolecular forces, the
more difficult it is for liquids to move past each
other.
•Length of molecules can increase viscosity.
 Unit 3: The chemistry of water
page 90 - 96
The microscopic structure of water
Covalent bond 2 H atoms to 1 O atom

Polar molecule • O atom attracts the shared electron pairs more

strongly than the H atoms.
• O atom becomes slightly negative.
• H atoms become slightly positive.
• O has two single pairs of electrons.
• Difference in charge distribution.
• Polar molecule.
 The chemistry of water
The microscopic structure of water
 Phases of water
•Ice, water and steam all have hydrogen bonds
between the molecules.
•Strength of hydrogen bond in each phase is
different.
•Solids have strongest hydrogen bonds.
•Ice:
•It is less dense than the other two phases.
•There are hydrogen bonds between the
hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the
oxygen atoms of another molecule.
•This causes an open structure and the
density decreases.
•Water (liquid):
•There are hydrogen bonds between the
molecules.
•Water vapour:
•There are no hydrogen bonds between the
molecules.
 Properties of water
•Specific heat capacity
•Specific heat capacity is the amount of
energy necessary to change the temperature
of 1 g of a substance by 1°C.
•Water’s specific heat capacity:
•is responsible for the moderate climate on Earth.
•helps organisms to effectively regulate their body
temperature.
•Water absorbs a large amount of energy for a
small change in temperature.
 Melting and boiling points
•Strong hydrogen bonds.
•A lot of energy is necessary to break these
strong bonds.
•It is essential for life on earth that water has
a high boiling point, otherwise a high
percentage of water would be in a gaseous
state.
 Density
•Solid phase of most substances is denser than
their liquid phase.
•Ice floats on water and has a lower density
than water.
•In ice - molecules are arranged in a tetrahedron
with many spaces in between.
•When ice melts, regular arrangement of
molecules collapse.
 Density of water and ice
Density relies on the temperature.
 Adhesion and Cohesion
•Forces between two different types of
molecules are known as adhesive forces.
•Forces between the same type of molecules
are known as cohesive forces.
 Examples:

•The concave meniscus of water against glass is

due to adhesive forces.
•Water sticks to dishes when you take them out
of the dish water.
 Surface tension
•Surface tension is due to the cohesive forces of
molecules on the surface of a volume of water.
 Examples:
• A needle can float on water.
• Organisms like insects can walk on water.
• Water droplets form on a leaf.
• Spider walking on water.
 Capillary action (capillarity):
•Tendency of a liquid to rise in a tube as a result
of surface tension.
•Example:
•A straw in a glass of water
 Water as a solvent

•A solute is soluble in a solvent if an

intermolecular force can form between the
particles of the solute and solvent.
•Miscible:
•two solvents with intermolecular forces forms
homogenous liquid.
•Immiscible:
•two solvents with no intermolecular force forms
heterogeneous mixture.
 Give the property of water that is linked to the
description in the left-hand column below.
Description Property

Water striders walk on water. Surface tension

A plate remains wet even when it has been taken out of Adhesion forces
water.

Spherical shape of a water droplet. Cohesion forces

On a very hot day the sand is too hot to walk on, but the Heat capacity
water is cool.

Water boils at 100°C, while other liquids boil at a much High specific latent heat/strong hydrogen bonds
lower temperature.

Icebergs float in the sea. Open structure of water – hydrogen bonding

Water moves through walls, resulting in dampness in Capillarity

some homes.

Aquatic life continues in iced ponds. Open structure of water

Homework for Tuesday 14 April

• Chapter 4 Revision
• Page 98
• Question 1 – 10.