Salely PRcau tons fer kbrbng Wih

Concrete
Llear he 4gpropniale lexonalpreegtve
Equpnanl bandt anelke!
Bools and gloves : Polech
he atbn 6f chemjcals h the cammot
trom
sed io cont reke hom (ausng skn trntohei
or Chemical barns.Akal res haot book e
gloves are ideal. far resstng hse chemital
rmtatao
hom Saley
chemizlsgeagl, Rrnot dask.
andl toncreke <ye
ShadeaprookIgl are ideal for his pupoe
"Fate Prolectioo : P95, N-95 or R95mast
prevent lueg problens cauwedbyconehe
heler
dúsk'ohalat oo
Ful Length pants andshas :
2.2 le he roper Tool
o rede he amouot ok resprabe
concrek clutio he ait, use tools desgoed
speifrcay or alsB oort enron meolt.
. klheneur possible cse cehausk veotlakd
such as hard heled athng saw ek
boal, hhed witha
enzply toak
- Jou can alss tamp doun dasfandredr
coater sugply to hep
Inbaladob
 9énplby zhe Proer euboi'gue engur s
and hand ng
lse proper g.Bendng over andl Mngeay
to avoid hurla back. ryoget
conciek slabs can beavyoac wrh youy
a partner fo itla
méchanital aistne
4Have kasbna skatons Aualeble
Ste should
Aste
he havegene ral washing ap
should heae statons shulnekidek
sathons avarlablehaotons should
woki,deas touels ano on alkalne soep.
clean
inmedialy afkr cposure heps
hs
kasing
preven P Sn nritaton and bnns
Saley Peauton for wostiog
Conrek Conshuctio Ste
1. . klearaddtional PPE
.A hayel hator helnel
.Boots
Ear plugs
2. Exercse Cauhon around concnek bucket
and omXeS
3. Communicak. proactrvgly wrh eur team
nantaio Salkty lat shects (Gps.)
hat all emplayeei Can aces anad tetan
dlear lahe lng on ang haordons matas
Communiak cleasy about he bazods
of working wrth concele
 4.Slau alex! and igilbol
s. Relhable ommercial Conirek wok am
Dgnamic loncrek pumpig
 .4 INTRODUCTION TO
3.1
INDUSTRY CONSTRUCTION
Construction is an industry that includes the erection.
maintenance, and repair of buildings and other immobile
structures, and the building of roads and service facilities that
become integral parts of structures and are essential to their
115e. In its most widely used context, construction covers the
processes involvedin delivering buildings, infrastructure and
industrial facilities, and associated activities through to the end
of their life. Construction includes structural additions
and
alterations but excludes the building of mobile structures such
planning,
as trailers and ships. It typically starts with repairs
covers
financing, design, execution, builds, and also
and maintenance and improvement work.
3.2 SAFETY ISSUES IN CONSTRUCTION
Safety issues at construction site involves safety during
excavation, scaffolding, formwork, working at
material handling and stacking, housekeeping works. The heights,
recomendations mentioned for safety in construction is
based on Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA).
Major Safety Issues at Construction Site
The major areas considered for safety considerations at the
construction site are:
1. Excavation work at Construction
2. House Keeping
3. Scaffolding Issues
4. Working at Heights
3.2.1. Safety Issues with Housekeeping atConstruction Site
Housekeeping practice in a construction site means keeping
the work area neat, orderly and avoid slip and trip hazards.
Poor housekeeping can result in
Slipping wet or dirtysurface
Accidents from falling objects
Presence of loose objects on floors, platforms and
stairs.

Good Housekeeping practices in Construction site

Proper maintenance of the building area are and the
working equipment is the primary safety practice. This
ensures that the building, equipment and the
machinery are safe and efficiently working.
Regular cleaning during the work shifts
Proper waste disposal
Unused materials can be removed
Proper inspection of the work area by a
person competen
 The access and exit for the construction site must be
safe and clear
General safety signs must be erected and placed in
order
There must be safe and neat storage spaces for the
materials and the plant
Maintain a neat and orderly workplace environment.
3.2.2. Safety Issues in Working at Heights
The major safety practice that is to be provided when the
workers are at heights are to provide sufficient fall protection.
Greatest fatalities in the construction industry are caused due
to falls. The major reasons involved in falling are:
Unstable working surfaces
Failure to use fall protection equipment and
accessories
Human errors

SafetyPractice when Working at Heights

Use of aerial lifts or elevated platforms to provide safer
working surface
The holes in the floors must be covered
Personal fall arrest systemsor safety net systems must
beused
Provide guard rails
be installed
Warning lines or control lines can
training of the workers regarding safety
Proper
working practice
about the useand maintenance
Make workers aware
Personal protective equipment(PPE)
of condition of the equipment
Check the working
working at heights.
3.3
TRENCHING WORKS
EXCAVATION
SAFETY ISSUES FOR
AND
Serious hazards can be providedto the workers involved in the
trenching and excavation works. The major risk is
cave-ins which is severe than any excavation during the
issues. Before
entering the trench, it must be assured that adequate
protections are providedto prevent the cave-in
issues associated with the same are hazardoushazards.
atmosnkOther
falling loads and safety issues from the mobile equipment.
Safety Practices in Excavation and Trenching Works
The sides of excavation work must be sloped and
benched for easy movement. This avoids further
collapse. A slopenot steeper than land half to 1is safe
for any form of soil.
The sides of excavation must be supported.
Theside of the excavation and the
working area must
be separated by nmeans of a shield.
Protective barricades can be used to avoid falling of
soil or rock over the workers. Any other
form of protection can be provided. equivalent
When the mobile equipment or machines are
adjacent or near the edge of excavation,working proper
warring system have to be provided.
Keep the workers away during the
loading and
unloading of the heavy materials. This protects
from falling materials or any the lite
As the trenching progress, spillage.
OSHA recommends ue
professionals check the air quality levels during the
to
cave -ins. Presence of depleted
theworkers towear oxygen levels will asN
respiratoryprotectionequipme
depending on the severity of hazardous atmosphere.
 3.4 SAFETY ISSUES WITH SCAFFOLDING
WORKS

Scaffolding is a temporary frame used to support people

and material in the construction or repair of buildings
and other large structures. Improper scaffolding works
will result in hazards. Fall hazards are occurred if the
scaffolds are not properly erected or used. As per OSHA
about 2.4 million construction workers work over
scaffolding. Following the safety practices during
scaffolding workshelps to preventinjuriesand fatalities.
Every scaffolding must be erected with strong foot
bearing plates to avoid collapse.
Safety Practices in Scaffolding Works
The scaffolding must be erected on a solid footing
with proper foot bearing plates
The scaffolding used must be strong and rigid
The scaffolding must carry its dead weight and
almost 4 times the maximum load coming over it.
This mnust be carried without any form of
displacement or settlement.
Scaffolding must not be supported by means of
boxes, loose bricks or any other unstable objects
Any repair or damage to the scaffolding accessories
like braces, screw legs, ladders or trusses have to be
repaired and replaced.
Access to the scaffolding is provided through
ladders and stairwells
The natural and synthetic ropes used in suspension
Scaffolding must not interrupt with heat Or

electricity producing sources.

 A minimum of 10 feet have to be maintained
lines
between the scaffolding and the electric
Scaffolding construction must be inspected by a
competent person. The unit must be erected
moved or dismantled with the guidance and
supervision of this competent perSon.
 Cutting/Severing Hazards
There are many types of cutting hazards, but the three most
common are contact with a moving sharp-edged part, Contact
with arotating part, and contact with a
moving part.
The first type of cutting hazard is contact with a moving
sharp
edged part. This can happen when the operator is using a
machine with a blade, such as a bandsaw. If the blade is not
properly guarded, clothing or skin can come into contact with
the blade and be cut.

The second type of cutting hazard is contact with a rotating

part. This can happen when the operator is using a drill press
or lathe. If the chuck or bit is not properly secured, clothing or
Skin can come into contact with the rotating part and be cut.
 part
The third type of cutting hazard is contact with a moving
This can happen when the operator is using a power saw or
drill. If the blade or bit is not properly secured, clothing or skin
cut.
can come intocontact with the moving partand be

Stock

t-Cuting
Tool

To avoid these hazards, always make sure that the blades on

our machines are properly guarded and that the chucks and
bits on our drill presses and lathes are properly secured. If the
operator is usingapower saw or drill, make sure that the blade
or bit is not worn or damaged. Also, always wear proper
protective clothing, such as gloves, when using any type of
machinery.
 SAFETY IN ARC-WELDING (CUTTING)
Arcwelding is a type of welding process
to create heat to melt and join
using an electric arc
metals. A power supply creates
an electric arc between a
consumable or non-consumable
electrode and the base material using either direct (DC) or
alternating (AC) currents.

Welding Machine (ACor DC)

Electrode Holder

iiltillitiAlisiiulis

Arc

Electrode

Work Cable
Electrode Cable

tools & Equipment Safety

Welding should be properly
ground
All welding machine
/earthed connection must need.
 Welding machine switch board and fuse should be
proper
Do not Over load and heat welding machine.
If any abnormal sound, then call the expert and get it
rectified
Electrode holder insulation is must.

Personal Safety
Welder has to protect eyes from - welding infra - red
rays, ultra violet light, flying sparks, spatter, hot slag
partial, and hot electrode stub.
In helmet and head screen special filter glass must be
fitted.
Welder must wear lather apron, Hand glove, Leg
guards, Safety boots.
Welder must protect from welding fumes, Gases,
dusts.
All welder must aware about Health protection and
ventilation.

List of Recommended Welding Safety Gear:

Earplug or muffs when the noise is high

Leather safety boots
Leather gloves.
Safety glasses or a welding helmet with a cover plate:
the cover plate's opaqueness is important and
dependent on the kind of materials being welded.
Respirators for protection from the toxic perfumes
C
Do not operate the welder if any of the clothing is wet.
A person who uses a pacemaker is advised not to do
the welding.
 Radatlon
Zonizng kadlalen lgh rgy)
Jonizing racaters is transmited by mdoak
ead,
materialk and certain egupmeots .ese
rada tors can penetale thraygh many mote rial
Hsagpe of raclatin that is abk t
disnpt atoms and molecules on ahich heypass
hrough gving Tise to ions and tee radiekt
Types af baizing Apha Rays
Reclatraos -Beta Rays
Guamma Ray
Jonizing radiation Can bove various beats
eMect:
.Rediatlop sicknes occer afer
averg hgh dese of radiation. 1 nomaly leads
b death
Egosure fo moderabe dose. can ead to
7ada ton tamors
.oher eMecls are changes inin dhe.
he heichtay
matenial CDNA)
ºAoo- lonizing Kashalioo Cho engy)
Ihe non îanizing vachatons are.ckehemeehc
Tadhatlon oih alower heguocy.hy have. not
enough enengy to pul elechoo om an orbit but
an ocite the clecon
UV Ray tom welading on
lasers ete

Type of Meo lonting Vsibe lgbt: lampi, fabe

Radlathons bfar. heat lanpi,
clchical beahers ek
Redio ccaves:plashe sealyi's,
gnal haayer etc
micro coavs :eedhomggett
20Qves
Jhe non ionizing 7adtatoo can have anous
hea th efech
.Hgh aparane level can eatyp the boayfoe
-Bobnged epaane can .cause. healh damggs,
oohe coavelength, he enezgg kvel and
dependlg
ofgenchaton. Like iodlamatrajs of he
dagh and dad
yes,skio buns, tumors
ertily.
Be hormfl efleds Gaused to buman beiong and
hein posure to
oher hing being due tobiobgical
radhato s calecl as efects of
radiatton.
 Aeuk ec!
efect ofradatoo
on heuron body Chrooic lect
*Bcule 9lecl Aeale eleh are oberved
due to aute. close. Aa acule rachaton alre
B dehred ar a large aloe ckheredodluring a
Shorl peiod of tne.
he auute radlatin ynploms
Blood foming Crgan (Bone Marreu)-yochon:
she symplaos plernal beeolng atoa
tnc hdefever
backrial inhedon and
estoiotestral trael Sndhome :he sympton
nclude nausea lomiling diahea jdehydatan
elecholtc imbalane cefz.
.fenbal Neryous gsten
cause damage to neue Gndrame
celld.
:Ihey mqy
mptoms nclu k
lossof co ordinaton, Coatassioo,shockelc
Ma redness and hair loss
IV.

v. Rdlanged or permanent suppessg of of

mensuahon h c0omen
w.VI. Prnanen! sterilaaton vesul in
ibkrtilifey
 Chronic Hecd ihey ave cbseuedde to
velathety
chranic dose is aa.over a long
chronic adose. Aradiatin received
emall amounl of bekr egaigpd
body s iell or
perlod oftime.he
chronc dase an an. acube dase.
to olerae a
a ad o
enougt thne to aplare
he bodyggls cells wik oew, beaHhy cels his s
non
do se eeied as ocpatiopal
he tyoe of
parere
Radloactie klasle
Muclear waste or kacioacthve waste is
compored ol vadionachde:
kadionuclide: Ao arcoble oro ofa chenna/
asitbreats
elerment hal reeoiesraahabon,
more shble .
aowo and becomes
fsonprodue!
Radlo adve kasle
(onensls of actiniees:

Alac leaycoaske is sgrcgafea'ihto kevral

classifcatont
A Low evel klaste lLw)
2 Ialermedhale tevel klaske nu)
Hiet keue/ klaske CHLA)
 4Lou Level hlasle (lLH)
"hey contain very low conreshaton of
radloacvitu hese waske doesnot veguiie
Shielalng ing normal
.the 0 olune ofhandlng ond tronporte
nuclear oaste is LL
"Jhe LLW asually tnelades malerial
sed to bandle he hny rasoatve porsol
nucleay reactor.
Lolermedrale evel
medum Zevel klaske
klaste CILN) oe
4 requrs shËeladng but needs. lite or
noR provislon tor heat dsipatan dung it
hanaling and taasportoton
tpicaly chemicalslaage,esinn,
mekal fael caddng andoher proaduk hom
riactors,
.1! const'tubes 7) voleime ofthe
nucear waste
w- tgh Level klaste CHLw)
. High level waste bas a laroe amount of
rado actwily onds hermaly hot.
"I conshtaks 31 volume o/ total nulear
wasle.
"hey are 95/ radoactive
 Dispasal of kasloactve hasle
Disposal of Low kevuel raslioactue haske C)
.NkarSantkre dispasal: Dispasalio a fatly
consisting of engineerd chaneltor vaull:
Cooshactedon he groLunesurtace or ypto a
feo melers beloo ground le vel
.Disporal of htermedale lenlhaske (Lu)
-Dsposal could be by emplaement
facihty conshackd in aves, euit or Silss
at least a feo tonpes of meles bebw groud
level cpto afew hunared mee s belou gound
level.
m. Dispasral of Hig Leve/ lare CHLD
eolkgical Dgparal Dpasal in a faitty
tnels, vauls orSilas in a
Conshaced in
particulargolegrcal fornahon at kas t a
eco hundred mekrs beloa ground level
Sach a auig Could be deslgned to atpt
bonh evel rahoachue coasle he chspas /
.Degp Bore holesi s a similao congpt bo
basie geolggycal dlposal faciblyhey
kilomelers deep vather han buncheds ofmele.
Shey shoald be prouided coth farther solateo
fon ground oater .hcy cao be creale d io
mang cases clase lo pouerplants
 iloto space we cQn compleely memove

wase fom bogphere.heyare lermd as

nionte sorage. space he medhod coatain
many tecboical risk and problensht mo
s elatvey cortly han all other nehod
Radiaten : kaskaloo s a vey gene raltem.
uscd to aeevike ony poesshal hansot
energy tougb space ora maleriad acgyt
a source. Sght isound ancd radocoves are
all acampesof radhatoo
Conthol Measures ofLRadiatioo
. Reducng he Ekgarare
Trme Recduce he tne spent neor he
SouNe frachiah Ïn
Distante: herease the.asone trom h
Source fracliahon
Shicldng: Pave shralelyg maleral belaum
you and thesoune of radhadon
Jplameol canguenl ersonal bugiene
Do nol dsmantle racdhio actue soars
.leave
iotact.
he pakages ofrachio achve makrial
 .Pae warming gns
.2se peitc pesond palkethue egugmeat
Block he areaj àround a radhtactue
Source.

Elecke tHazmd
An ekh bazardis a corgeraur conchten
pbere a worker in or deer make khcal
ontait oih enerzed egupmenl or a onaete
Basicaly ielkchic bazard tan.be
calgonzecl nto g
he hisl and mast ommongy recagnized
barend is ekchie 'shock
Jhe second ype of bazard is ebchco !
arc burms
Be hrid pe ss he efeihble
klaste
m.
obich inchde presure ionpactiGrng portcks
ton vapourized cordackors
Some tmes a persona bdy -an fhenol
Conduahr plelbcheity- mskaleny beomet pard
of he eketrc icuil. hrs can cause an ekete
shock. Kben a porson receties a shok ,eechicakg
foas betaea pavts of/ he booy or torongh he
bady to ground or he earh.
An Are lask is an
at,usualg cauied by acciskntal(oo terÝ
betueen hve conaluctos.Zemyera ture at the arc
berminals can reach or ccceeds 3s000 o
four times the fenpe rata re ef he Sunt surkaa.
She an and gases suoundng he ac are
nstanly beated anc he onduetor s are vapeurii
Cassing a pressure oave Cale an Arc Blas.
Person lectly
drty epaed oan re Flask andArc Bu
evests are sabje cled to hiral akge born
blin chasshock ,blasd ehecl and heavg los.
he bigh temperalura of he ar and he moln
and vapourised melals gunky goite any famade
malerials.

Polecion aganst eleche shoct.

"De-enegizing elechncal
inspectio or repair egujp ment betore
. Kecping ekchic toot prpery maiolaned
.&ercising auton when work1ng near
geresn5
energized nes
.sang apprapmale proketne egujpmeot
 .9round all elechic equipmenl and the
woIk piece
Male sure all elechical connections are igst,
clean and dy
Keep dy
.keep cables and connechori in gpod condhtin
.Avord open-ctrarit voltage
Foloa re sgnized alety standla
Clect of Shocks on thamao bode
.Ashock can cause cardrac arrt
.AAshock can caue bans to ssue and orgons
Ashock ain atlect the. nervous sysero
Ashocl can case muscle spasms
Acheck can have other cnezpcted consegants
.A.choct can tause talling te coorkers abo
àshock onebvaled ciork srae sucs
periente. f6lds can faI
as plat form s ,ladders or Stadea%
in erious injung or
reralting
ectital tazard Protertroni
lnsalathoo
H. broundtng
W. .
Guarling
AlecticalPolecton devia
Fuses and Cirawt breakers
VI. ersanal Poketne oupment
 Plasta oy,rubber coverings hal dosol
tonduc! eleçhreiy.hese msulaton preuent
Iive comes fom coming tb contut caihco1hpepk
hus prolecting them hom ekchral shoct
D. Givcundng,
is anothe methocl efprdechng
mc shock. Hoeer is normal
a secondary prolectve masue.Jheground
rekrs to a ondutve boy, asualy eah ond
neans a ondu ctive. connech on,weher ioteodo
or aciden tal, by abeh an eleec crurl or
eguipmet is onnecled to earth or he
groandplan
m.Gruanding.
A tape: of nsulaton hat uses
varlous
shuctint cose ol hve ekohical ponts
to
Ihese shuckres jnclude.
" Boxes
Sceens
" Coers
"Partitions
. Cechrcal Protectio Dever
.Gound Faul! Circuil hleiiplers CGFC)
Delecls heoihrence ib Carent between
Could happen phen ekekical eguipmnt s nt
workng coreely.egüijproents.
workes iand'not GiFCl are desgped to protect
 .Fuses and Crca breake
he ases and crcuit breates apd wlend
onductort ano
primariy or he potedon o
peralas.
Hatmighl create hacardr forbazardbus
hs also qpen he. cuit cnder certar
gisundfaull conoGione
L.Personal Bolectrve Eguypeot
.Fool Prolectisn:he ool avear mus be morted
'ifilis gproved for ekehical asort.
EH
EH-Elechical hazard rolec tioo) condattve hardtat
.HeadBolelion:hsulated oon s the hpofyour
mest be csed. Doo t store anyhing
hot while aeaingi2 masl ke
.Hond Pro lectoo :kubber tosulatog gloves
caslhed by he kel ofuolhag
used.hg, are argay
and prokcton thg proid.
otoduhon to Consuctlon Thasby