Indus Valley Civilization
An Overview
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Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, flourishing in the
Indus River basin, in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. It existed from around 3300 BCE to
1300 BCE and was known for its advanced city planning, architecture, and social structure.
Major Cities
1. **Harappa**: One of the largest cities of the civilization, located in modern-day Pakistan.
2. **Mohenjo-Daro**: Known for its advanced drainage system and Great Bath, this city is also in
Pakistan.
3. **Dholavira**: Situated in modern-day India, Dholavira had a unique water storage and
management system.
4. **Lothal**: A port city in India, famous for its dockyard and maritime trade links.
Society and Culture
The Indus Valley people had a well-organized society. Their culture emphasized art, crafts, and
urban planning. Pottery, jewelry, and tools found at excavation sites reveal their artistic skills. The
society was likely egalitarian, as homes were uniform in size and structure.
Economy and Trade
The Indus Valley Civilization had a thriving economy based on agriculture, craftsmanship, and trade.
They traded goods like cotton, grains, and pottery with distant regions, including Mesopotamia. The
civilization used standardized weights and measures, indicating a well-regulated economy.
Decline and Legacy
The exact reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization remain uncertain, but possible
factors include climate change, flooding, and shifts in the river courses. The civilization left behind a
legacy of advanced urban planning, which influenced later cultures in the region.
Key Takeaways
- The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's first urban civilizations.
- Known for its advanced city planning, including drainage systems and standardized buildings.
- Major cities include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, and Lothal.
- Its decline remains a mystery, but its influence is still recognized in archaeology and history.
