Intonation

English Phonetics and Phonology

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 Intonation
 Intonation can be described as the movements or
variations in pitch to which we attach familiar labels
describing levels (e.g. high / low) and tones (e.g.
falling /rising), etc. (Ranalli, 2002)
 Theintonation of a sentence is its pattern of pitch
changes-high or low/ fall or rise. (Ladefoged, 2010)
 Themodification of voice pitch is known as
intonation

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 Some observations on Intonation
 No language is spoken on a monotone
 Languages have variations of pitch
 English intonation:
 1)pitch patterns of spoken English;
 2)the speech tunes or melodies;
 3)the musical features of English
 Intonation is significant, systematic & characteristic
 Because word/sentence stress involves changes in voice
pitch, speakers continually modify the fundamental
frequency of their voice while speaking in order to stress
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particular words in an utterance.

 Further observation on Intonation
 The modification of voice pitch is known as
intonation.
 A speaker’s intonation pattern cues a listener
as to the type of utterance being spoken, i.e.,
a statement of fact, a question, an
exclamation, etc.
 Intonation is also responsible, in part, for
indicating a speaker’s particular mood.
 Intonation is different from stress, however
there are relations between them.
 Range of intonation varies. 4
 Cont….
 In linguistics, intonation is the variation of
pitch when speaking.
 Intonation and stress are two main elements
of linguistic prosody.
 Intonationis a part of supra-segmental
phonology or Prosodic Phonology.
 Intonation helps to recognize the language
that you hear in the same way as the melody
of a song helps to recognize the song that
you hear. 5
 Importance of Intonation
 Intonation is a layer of meaning beyond words and helps
speakers communicate meaning through the rise and fall of the
voice pitch. The patterns of rise and fall are described as
‘tones’. The different types of meaning intonation
communicates include:
 grammatical meaning e.g. different tones for different types of
questions
 status of information e.g. main or subordinate, finished or
unfinished
 attitude e.g. whether we’re certain or not, have doubts or
reservations
 feelings e.g. whether we’re confident, happy, enthusiastic, sad,
bored etc
 relational e.g. how ‘open’, friendly or ‘closed’ we are towards a
listener, or to communicate empathy or shared feeling. 6
 How Intonation works?
 Like stress, intonation operates on a system of contrasts. But now the contrast is
between the movement of the voice UP (↗ ) or DOWN (↘ ). Intonation can change
the meaning of what a person says even when the same words are used.
Example Communicative purpose and function

It was interesting. You are giving information. You are certain and confident about
the information. This is a statement.

It was interesting (?) This intonation could indicate that this is a question even
though the grammar indicates a statement. It could also indicate
that you aren’t sure or that you haven’t finished yet. Question
or incomplete statement.
It was interesting.. You have more to say. Incomplete statement.

It was interesting . You have some doubts or reservations or you want to qualify
this with more information.
You may also be referring to what has already been said or will
be said.
You want to emphasise this. Depending on the context, you may
It was interesting! feel enthusiastic, happy or surprised. Or you may want to 7
contrast or contradict what someone else has said.
Exclamation.
 What happens if no intonation is used?
 You may mislead your listener or your audience. For
example, repeatedly using high rising intonation at
the end of speech chunks and sentences can be
irritating and confusing. Listeners can also get
confused because they can’t distinguish between
what information is finished and what is not. The
speaker may also give the impression of seeking
feedback or approval and therefore lacks
confidence.

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 Intonation is based on several key components:
 Pitch
 Sentence stress
 Tone

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 Pitch
 Pitch is the degree of height of our voice in
speech.
 Auditory sensation experienced by the hearer.
 An individual speaker does have control over
his/her pitch (Not always) and may choose to speak
with a higher/ lower pitch than normal ones.
 Pitch: High/ Low/ neutral or level
 In Normal speech, pitch is at midlevel.
 Intonation is formed by certain pitch changes,
characteristic of a given language.
 Exact frequency of voice pitch can be measured by
lab instruments not by human ear/ processor. 10
 Sentence Stress
 Sentence stress makes the utterance
understandable to the listener by making the
important words in the sentence stressed,
clear and higher in pitch and by shortening
and obscuring the unstressed words.
 Sentence stress provides rhythm in connected
speech.

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 Tone
 Behaviour or the final outcome of the pitch
 One-syllable words can be said with level tone
or moving tone, however, English speakers do
not use level tones. It sounds unnatural.
 Tone Languages imply meaning: Mandarin
Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese- particular tone
convey special meaning.
 The tones are falling, rising, fall-rise, rise-fall
and level
 Representation of tones. 12
 Forms & Functions of the English tone on
monosyllabic word
3 Simple Tones/ pitch patterns:
 Fall ↘yes ↘ no
 Rise ↗ ̗yes ↗ ̗no
 Level _yes _no
Two complex Tone/ Pitch patterns:
 Rise-fall ➚➘̭yes ̭➚➘no
 Fall-rise ➘➚yes ➘➚no

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 3 Simple tones and Tone languages
 Languages that determine the meaning of a word through
using high or middle or low level of simple tone are tone
languages; English is not a tone language. In tone languages,
the speakers usually use ‘High’, ‘middle’ and ‘Low’ pitch
patterns to determine differences in meaning. For example,
get back to page 122 of your textbook.
 Some of the tone languages are Kono (an West African
language), Mandarin (Chinese)
 Most South and West African languages are Tone language
 Many Native American Languages are also Tone language
 Many other languages of South Asia such as dialects of
Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese are tone language.
 However, Most European Languages including English may find
it strange. 14
 Tone languages Cont…..
 We may pronounce the word ‘ma’ with various pitch patterns,
depending on the occasion. We may pronounce it with high
pitch if we are emphatic, we may say it with a rising pitch in
a question etc.
 In Chinese, the syllable ‘ma’ when pronounced with a falling
pitch patterns means, ‘to scold’.
 • When pronounced with a rising pitch pattern, the meaning
is ‘hemp’, when pronounced with a high level pitch pattern,
the meaning is ‘mother’ as in some dialects of English, and
lastly, when pronounced with a low level pattern, the
meaning is ‘horse’.
 • When pitch patterns are used in this lexical capacity i.e. to
build word and morphemes much as consonants and vowels
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do, they are called tones.
 Complex Tones and Pitch Patterns
 1) Fall-rise Tone
 2) Rise-fall Tone

 Pitch height: Depending on the speaker’s physical structure,

vocal construct, voice modulation, each speaker has his/her
own normal pitch range- a top level which is the highest
normally used by him/her and bottom level that the
speaker’s pitch normally doesn’t go below.

 Extra Pitch height is used but in unusual condition.

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 Forms of Intonation
 There are 5 forms of Intonation:
 1) Falling Intonation (➘)
(The pitch of the voice falls at the end of the sentence.)
e.g. Write your name ↘here.
 2) Rising Intonation (➚)
(The pitch of the voice rises at the end of a sentence.)
e.g. Do you like your new ➚teacher?
 3) Rise-Fall Intonation (➚➘)
(The intonation rises and then falls.)
e.g. Choices (alternative questions.)Are you having ➚soup or ➘salad?
 4) Fall-Rise Intonation (➘➚)
(The voice falls and rises usually within one word.
e.g. Do you think it's ➘al➚lowed?
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 5) Level intonation (__) Yes.

 Usage of Falling (↘) Intonation
 Statements -e.g. I’ll be back in a ↘minute.
 Questions containing a special interrogative word such as What, how, when etc.
-Where do you ↘work? Which of them do you ↘prefer?
 Commands -e.g. Show me what you’ve ↘written.
 Exclamation- How nice of ↘ you!
 Questions Tags that are statements requesting confirmation rather than
questions-He thinks he’s so clever, doesn’t ↘he?
 /➘/-If someone is asked a question and replies ➘yes or ➘no, we are left with
the impression that the Q is answered and nothing more to add. Hence falling
tone implies ‘finality’ in Q/A.
 Falling intonation is the most common type of standard unemphatic
intonation in English.
 It is used for asking and giving information in normal, quiet, unemphatic style.
 Sounds more categorical, confident and convincing than rising intonation.
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 Usage of Rising (➚)Intonation
 Yes-No Questions requiring the answer “yes” or
“no”
e.g.-Do you like your new ➚teacher?
 Statements with an implication-e.g. I will see
➚you.
 Questions tags that show uncertainty and require an
answer (real questions). E.g We've met already, ➚haven't
we?
 Rising intonation in English is a pretty
complicated phenomenon.
 It can express a number of various emotions,
such as: non-finality, surprise, doubt, interest,
politeness, lack of confidence. 19
 Usage of Fall-rise Intonation
 Fall-Rise Intonation (➘➚)
(The voice falls and rises usually within one word.
 The main function of fall-rise intonation is to show that the speaker
is not certain of the answer they are giving to a question, or is
reluctant to reply (as opposed to a falling tone used when there is no
hesitation). It is also used in polite requests or suggestions.
 Hesitation/reluctance:
e.g. So you'd be willing to confirm that? ...Well ... I ➘sup➚pose so.
e.g. You didn't see him on Monday? I don't quite ➘re➚member.
 Politeness-Doubt-Uncertainty: (You are not sure what the answer
might be.)
e.g. Perhaps we could ➘vis➚it the place?
e.g. Should we ➘cop➚y the list?
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 Usage of Rise-fall (➚➘) Intonation
 We use rise-fall intonation for choices, lists, unfinished thoughts and conditional
sentences.
 Choices (alternative questions.)
e.g. Are you having ➚soup or ➘salad? Is John leaving on ➚Thursday or ➘Friday?
 Lists (rising, rising, rising, falling)- Intonation falls on the last item to show that the
list is finished.
e.g. We've got ➚apples, pears, bananas and ➘oranges.
The sweater comes in ➚blue, white pink and ➘black
 Unfinished thoughts (partial statements)- In the responses to the following questions,
the rise-fall intonation indicates reservation. The speaker hesitates to fully express
his/her thoughts.
e.g. Do you like my new handbag? Well the ➚leather is ➘nice... ( but I don't like it.)
 Conditional sentences (The tone rises in the first clause and falls gradually in the
second clause.)
 If he ➚calls, ask him to leave a ➘message.
 Unless he ➚insists, I'm not going to ➘go. 21
 Halliday’s 3 features of Intonation
 Halliday divides intonation into “the
three 3 T’s”:
 1.Tonality (the chunking of speech into
intonational phrases, or tone-units)
 2. Tone (mainly, but not only: fall, rise,
and fall-rise
 3. Tonicity (nucleus placement).

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 Tone Unit/ Tone Group
 A tone unit is the minimal unit which can carry intonation. It can be one syllable
long, but usually extends over a few syllables. (A tone unit can also be called an
‘intonation unit’ or ‘foot group’.)
 a group of words forming a distinctive unit in an utterance, containing a nucleus
and optionally one or more other syllables before and after the nucleus.
 [A tone unit] is a stretch of speech uttered under a single coherent intonation
contour. It tends to be marked by cues such as a pause and a shift upward in
overall pitch level at its beginning, and a lengthening of its final syllable. DuBois
et al (1992:17)
 Intonation units are the same as pause units. A spontaneous utterance is divided
into the following structured units. Each tone unit typically carry:
 1) Is set off by pauses before and after
 2) Contains one prominent syllable to receive the nuclear stress and is precisely
the nucleus of the tone unit
 3) has an intonation contour of its own
 4) has a grammatically coherent internal structure 23
 Ways to identify tone units
 Physical reason- realized through pause, breath
 Cognitive basis-While we are speaking one tone group, we
are planning the next one, and so the tone group carries only
one idea at a time. Thus the pace of the tone groups, and
the information they convey, matches the speaker's thoughts.
 Hence the token through which we identify the tones in
connected speech are:
 1) Pitch
 2) Pause
 3) Speed

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 Examples of Tone Units/ Pause Units
 1.| \those |
 2.| 'give me \those |
 3.| Is it ➚you|
 4.| in a 'little 'less than an \hour |
 5.| and then 'I said my \father was here |
 You can notice, the utterances, used to show
intonation, don’t carry any punctuation as Intonation
and stress are the vocal equivalent of written
punctuation.

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 Tonic Syllable/ Nucleus, Tonic Stress/ Nuclear Stress
 The syllables in the above examples carrying the tone (falling and rising) such as
\those , ➚you, \hour, \father are called tonic syllable (TS)
 Since the TS not only carries tone but also a type of stress, these are also called
Tonic stress (Tone+ Stress)
 ➘➚John is it ➚you (This way is called spelling transcription of intonation)
 Even if most speakers utter these chunk in a single pause/ tone unit, theoretically
it should be uttered in two tone units; ➘➚John and is it ➚ you
 Hence there must be an imaginary boundary / tone group boundary which will be
discussed later.
 We can now see:
 Speech consists of a number of utterances
 Each utterance consists of one or more tone units
 Each tone unit consists of one or more feet
 Each foot consists of one or more syllables
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 Each syllable consists of one or more phonemes
 Structure of Tone Unit in an Intonation
contour
 The structure of the tone unit is as follows. H. Palmer was the first to
introduce 3 (Head, Nucleus and Tail) segments division of a tone unit.
However, the idea pre-head was added further. Although R. Kingdom
suggested 5 parts including ‘body’ (all the stressed and the unstressed
syllables in the scale preceding the nucleus) between ‘Head’ and
‘Nucleus’, although was not much popular. The tonic syllable/ Nucleus
is obligatory and all other parts are optional.
(PH) (H) TS (T)
(pre-head) (head) tonic syllable (tail)
 i) tonic syllable: ‘carries’ the tone; Is an obligatory element.
 ii) head: all stressed syllable (starting from the first stressed syllable)
up to (but not including) tonic syllable
 iii) pre-head: any unstressed syllables before the head
 iv) tail: any unstressed syllables that follow the tonic syllable 27
 Location of Tonic Syllable
 The most common position – on the last
lexical word of the tone-unit
 But, for contrastive purposes any word
can become the bearer of the tonic
syllable
 Thus, the placement of the tonic
syllable represents the focus of the
information

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 Example of Tonic syllable, Head, Pre-head and Tail
in a simple tone group
 1.| \those |
 2.| 'give me \those |
 3.| in a 'little 'less than an \hour |
 4.| and then 'I said my \father was here |
 In the 1st example, the tone unit is a single syllable ‘those’. This is the tonic
syllable and in this cases has been given a falling intonation denoted by \those
 In the 2nd example, the tonic syllable \those is preceeded by a head
‘give me’. ‘Give’ is a stressed syllable, so is the start of the head &
continues upto the TS/ Nucleus \those .
 In the 3rd example, the tonic is ‘\hour’, the head is ‘little less than an’
and the pre-head is ‘in a’.
 In example 4, the tonic ‘father’ is preceded by head 'I said my and pre-
head and then followed by a tail ‘was here’. (in any case, if a word
needs to mark stress within the tail, there is a special symbol –raised dot
. Used before the stressed word) 29
 Tone unit with Tonic Syllable + Tail only,

 ➘Look at it
 ➚What did you .say
 ➘Both of them were .here
 Tonic structure- TS (T)

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 Tone unit boundaries
 Neutral division into tone units:
 Tone unit boundaries correspond to clause boundaries.
 Emphatic:
 • A tone unit boundary occurs in the middle of a clause
(usually at a phrase boundary).
 Examples:
 • | On the Saturday we went on the London Eye | (tone
unit = clause)
 • | On the Saturday | we went on the London Eye |
(marked/emphatic – tone unit boundary between
adverbial and subject)
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 Marking Tone Unit boundary
 Types of Tonic boundary
 Pause type boundary: Pause-type boundaries are marked
with double vertical lines
 Non-pause boundary: Non-pause boundaries are marked
with single vertical lines
 Dotted vertical lines are also used to show the elements
of Tone Unit
 However the boundaries within a passage are more
important than pauses marked at the beginning and end
of a passage.
 Textbook 132 (Peter Roach)
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 Changes of meaning through changes of Tonic boundary/
changes in pitch
 Although there are no rules about how we divide speech into
Tonic units, some words are more likely to go together than
others in order to help make sense of the message.
//we stuck a picture//of an elephant//
 Sometimes the division of speech units can make a
difference in meaning
//we were rather naughty// once// we stuck a picture//
of an elephant//
//we were rather naughty once// we stuck a picture//
of an elephant//
When we want to emphasise words in order to draw
particular attention to them, we can put them into very
short speech units. 33
 Mobility of TS/ Pitch to change the
meaning/ focus
However, the TS can move around depending the
context.
 Per ‘haps it was the middle of January
 Now let's suppose we're not quite sure about the date:
 Perhaps it was the middle of ‘January
 Or suppose we originally thought it was the beginning of
January, and then had second thoughts:
 Per haps it was the middle of January
 And then we began to realise that this was right,
it was the middle of January:
 Per haps it was the middle of January 34
Tone graph

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 Practise dividing utterance into tone units
 Divide the following utterances into tone units
and decide where the tonic or nucleus might fall
in each tone unit:
 1. The first student to finish can go early
 2. Sadly, Maurice has gone away
 3. The person who was watching me left a ticket
behind
 4. Alan couldn't make it so Ken took his place

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 Answers
 1. //The first student to finish// can go
early//
 2. //Sadly// Maurice has gone away//
 3. // The person who was watching me
//left a ticket behind//
 4. //Alan couldn't make it //so Ken took
his place//

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Further Pitch possibilities

 Peter Roach page- 133

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Fall-rise and Rise-fall followed by a Tail

 Peter Roach Page- 136

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 Functions of Intonation

 Without intonation speech will be as though

produced by a mechanical speech device.
Hence we communicate our thoughts through
the following functions:
 Attitudinal function
 Accentual function
 Grammatical function
 Discourse function
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 Attitudinal Functions
 Allow us to express Expresses our feeling,
attitudes, emotions: finality, confidence,
interest, surprise, anger, boredom,
gratefulness, doubt, joy, pain, irony and so
on.

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 Analysis of attitudinal functions
 Fivealternative approaches are proposal by
the analysts to analyze attitudinal functions
and formulate some basic functions of
intonation for the English language
learners.

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Analysis of attitudinal functions

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 How to express a certain attitude

 1-Different voice qualities for different attitudes

 2-Different pitch range in different ways
 3-Different keys: high key, mid key or low key
 4-One may use different facial expressions,
gestures and body movements

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 Four Types of Attitudinal Intonation

 1- Fall Intonation
 2- Rise Intonation
 3- Fall-rise intonation
 4- Rise-fall intonation

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 Falling Intonation
 This is the tone that is usually regarded as more
or less neutral. If someone is asked a question and
the reply is yes or no, it will be understood that
the question is now answered and that there is
nothing more to be said. Thus the falling tone
gives an impression of finality.

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 Examples of falling intonation
 1- |This is the end of the ➘ news|
 2- |I am absolutely ➘ certain|
 3- |Stop ➘ playing|
 4- |I have finished ➘ working|
 5- |Stop ➘ talking|

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 1-Rising Intonation
 This
tone conveys an impression that
something more is to follow.
|I phoned ➚ them| (but they were not
 1-
home)
|You must write it ➚ again| (and this time
 2-
get right)
|I have to leave ➚ now| (because I am
 3-
getting late)
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 2-Rising Intonation
 It can be used while making general
questions
 1- |Can you ➚ help |
 2- |Is it ➚ over|
 3- |Can I go ➚ now|

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 3-Rising Intonation
 This tone can be used while listing things:
 1- | ➚ Red, ➚ brown, ➚ yellow, ➚ green,
and ➘ blue|
 2- | ➚ Peter, ➚ Jack, ➚ Roger, and ➘ Sam|
 3- | ➚ Oranges, ➚ bananas, ➚ mangoes and
➘ apples|

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 4-Rising Intonation
 It may be used while encouraging someone.
 1- |It wont ➚ hurt|
 2- |You will get it ➚ right|
 3- |There is always next ➚ time|

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 Fall-rise tone
 This tone shows limited agreement, response
with reservation, uncertainty, or doubt
 1- |You may be ➘➚ right|
 2- |Its ➘➚ possible|
 3- |If I am not ➘➚ mistaken|
 4- |He may be ➘➚ honest|
 5- |It can be ➘➚ true|

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 Rise-fall tone

 This tone is used to convey strong feelings of

approval, disapproval or surprise.
 1- |It’s ➚➘ impossible|
 2- |You were ➚➘ first|
 3- |All of ➚➘ them|
 4- |He is ➚➘ honest|
 5- |Its ➚➘ true|
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 ACCENTUAL FUNCTIONS

 Theterm accentual refers to accent. Some

writers attach the word accent to stress.
When it is said that intonation has
accentual function, it implies that the
placement of stress is somewhat
determined by intonation.

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 1-FUNCTIONS OF ACCENTUAL INTONATION
 1-The most common position for the placement of tonic
syllable is the last lexical word (nouns, adjectives, verbs,
adverbs) and not the functional words. For contrastive
purpose, however any word may become the bearer of
tonic syllable.
 Examples
 a-|She was wearing a red ➘dress|(Normal placement)
 b-She was not wearing a➘➚red .dress| She was wearing
a ➘green dress|(Contrastive purpose placement)
 a-|I want to know where he is ➘traveling to|
 b-|I don’t want to know where he is traveling ➘➚ to|
I want to know where he is traveling ➘ from| 55
 2-Functions of Accentual Intonation
 Similarlyfor the purpose of emphasis the
tonic stress can be placed in other positions.
 a- |The movie was very ➘boring|
 b- |The movie was ➘very boring|
 a- |You shouldn’t talk so ➘loudly|
 b- |You ➘shouldn’t talk so loudly|

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 3-Functions of Accentual Intonation
 Intonation is used to clear out the ambiguities.
 a-|I have plans to ➘leave|
(I am planning to leave)
 b-|I have ➘plans to leave|
(I have some plans/diagrams/drawings that I have to
leave|)

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 GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS
 The listener is better able to recognize the
grammar and syntax structure of what is being said
by using the information contained in the
intonation. For example such things as
 a- The placement of boundaries between phrases,
clauses and sentences.
 B-The difference between questions and
statements.

58
Grammatical function performed by tone boundaries
 1. Grammatical intonation is used in those sentences
which when written are ambiguous, and whose
ambiguities can only be removed by using differences
of intonation. In the following example the difference
caused by the placement of tone-unit boundaries
causes two different interpretations of sentence.
 A- |Those who sold ➘➚ quickly| made a ➘profit|
(a profit was made by those who sold quickly)
 B-|Those who ➘➚ sold| quickly made a ➘ profit|
(a profit was quickly made by those who sold)
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 2-Choice of Tone
 Another grammatical function of intonation is the
choice of tone on the tonic syllable. For example
rising tone is used with questions. Simply by changing
the tone from falling to raising the possibility of
changing a statement to question is created.
 a-|The ➘price is going .up|
(Statement with a falling tone)
 b-|The ➚price is going .up|
(Question with a rising tone)

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 3-Question-tags and Intonation
 Still another grammatical function of intonation is
related with the use of question-tags. Difference in
falling and rising intonation can cause difference in
meanings.
 a- |They are coming ➘tomorrow| ➘aren’t they|
(The falling tone indicates that the speaker is
certain that the information is correct and simply
expects the listener to provide confirmation)
 b- |They are coming tomorrow| ➚aren’t they|
(The rising tone indicates a lesser degree of
certainty and the question-tag functions more like
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a request for information)

 THE DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
 Intonationcan signal to the listener what is to be
taken as “new” information and what is already
“given”. It can indicate when the speaker is
indicating some sort of contrast or link with
material in another tone unit. In conversation, it
can convey to the listener what kind of response
is being expected from him.

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 1-Attention focusing
 In case of attention focusing tonic stress is
placed on the appropriate syllable of one
particular word in the tone unit. The tonic
stress is placed on the word that is the most
important.
 a-|She went to ➘Scotland|
 b-|He went to the ➘drawing-room|

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 2-Information Content
 Sometimes the stress is placed on syllables in
terms of “information content”. The more
predictable a words occurrence in a given
sentence, the lower its information content will
be. Tonic stress will be placed on words with high
information content.
 a- |I have to take the ➘dog for a walk|
 b- |I have to take the dog to the ➘vet|

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 Exceptions
 In many cases it is still difficult to explain the
tonic placement in terms of “importance” or
“information”. For example in the following
sentences; ➚➘ ➘➚
 a- | Your coat is on fire| (depends ?)
 Your ➘coat is on fire
 Your coat is on ➘fire
 b- | The wing is breaking up|
 The ➘ wing is breaking up
 The wing is ➘ breaking up
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 CONCLUSION
 The mentioned outlined intonation patterns are
certainly not obligatory. The risk with these
approaches is that one might end up making
generalizations that are too broad and will have little
power to predict with accuracy the intonation that a
speaker will use in a particular context. Moreover
generalizations like these are very broad and foreign
learners do not find it easy to learn to use intonation
through studying them. An intonation function is
perhaps the most controversial topic relating
phonetics and so it is not possible to draw any definite
sketch regarding it. 66
Thank you iiii

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