GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Starter unit
Repaso de las formas verbales
Tiempo Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Present simple I take the bus. I don’t take the bus. Do I take the bus?
He/She/It takes the bus. He/She/It doesn’t take the bus. Does he/she/it take the bus?
Present You are listening to me. You aren’t listening to me. Are you listening to me?
continuous He/She/It is flying to Rome soon. He/She/It isn’t flying to Rome soon. Is he/she/it flying to Rome soon?
Present perfect We have visited Paris. We haven’t visited Paris. Have we visited Paris?
simple He/She/It has visited Paris. He/She/It hasn’t visited Paris. Has he/she/it visited Paris?
Present perfect They have been studying. They haven’t been studying. Have they been studying?
continuous He/She/It has been studying. He/She/It hasn’t been studying. Has he/she/it been studying?
Past simple I watched a film on TV. I didn’t watch a film on TV. Did I watch a film on TV?
We ate in a restaurant. We didn’t eat in a restaurant. Did we eat in a restaurant?
Past You were working last night. You weren’t working last night. Were you working last night?
continuous He/She/It was working last night. He/She/It wasn’t working last night. Was he/she/it working last night?
Past perfect They had read the article. They hadn’t read the article. Had they read the article?
simple He/She/It had read the article. He/She/It hadn’t read the article. Had he/she/it read the article?
Used to We used to study Latin. We didn’t use to study Latin. Did we use to study Latin?
Future simple I’ll sing at the concert. I won’t sing at the concert. Will I sing at the concert?
He/She/It will sing at the concert. He/She/It won’t sing at the concert. Will he/she/it sing at the concert?
Going to You are going to learn Greek. You aren’t going to learn Greek. Are you going to learn Greek?
He/She/It is going to learn Greek. He/She/It isn’t going to learn Greek. Is he/she/it going to learn Greek?
Future They will be sleeping. They won’t be sleeping. Will they be sleeping?
continuous He/She/It will be sleeping. He/She/It won’t be sleeping. Will he/she/it be sleeping?
Future perfect I will have left when you arrive. I won’t have left when you arrive. Will I have left when you arrive?
simple He/She/It will have left when He/She/It won’t have left when Will he/she/it have left when
you arrive. you arrive. you arrive?

0.1 Los tiempos de presente We’ll win the competition for best school project.
Present simple y present continuous • Be going to: para expresar planes e intenciones, así como
predicciones basadas en evidencias (por ejemplo, algo
Uso que está claro o que podemos observar).
Repaso de las formas verbales: ver más arriba That boy is going to pass out! He looks really pale and ill.
• Present simple: para hablar de hechos o situaciones • Present simple: para hablar sobre acontecimientos del
permanentes, rutinas, estados y acontecimientos futuros futuro fijados en un horario, programa o calendario.
que ya están programados. The dance class starts at nine o’clock.
I take the metro to school every day. • Present continuous: para hablar de planes fijados de
• Present continuous: para hablar de acciones temporales antemano, cuando el lugar y la hora ya están decididos.
que están ocurriendo en el momento de hablar o en Are you meeting your friends after school?
un presente más amplio, situaciones temporales en el
presente y planes fijados en el futuro. ¡Atención!
We are staying at my aunt’s house at the moment. • Be going to: refuerza la idea de que hay una
intención.
¡Atención!
We’re going to meet the headteacher next week.
Recuerda que los verbos que expresan estados
• Present continuous: refuerza la idea de planificación,
normalmente no se usan en la forma continua. Por
sobre todo cuando la hora y el lugar ya se han fijado.
ejemplo: agree, believe, belong, depend, disagree, hate,
We’re meeting the headteacher on Tuesday.
hear, imagine, know, like, love, mean, need, own, prefer,
promise, remember, understand, want.
• Future continuous: para hablar de acciones que se estarán
desarrollando en un momento concreto del futuro.
0.2 Los tiempos de futuro This time next week, I’ll be taking my driving exam!
Repaso de las formas verbales: ver arriba • Future perfect: para decir que algo habrá sucedido o no
en un momento concreto del futuro.
Uso Mya won’t have had her baby before I get back from holiday.
• Future simple (will): para hacer predicciones basadas en
Los verbos irregulares: págs. 126-127
opiniones, y para expresar esperanzas y expectativas,
hechos futuros y decisiones espontáneas.

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0.3 La voz pasiva 0.5 Gerundios e infinitivos

La voz pasiva: pág. 103 Uso
• Al usar un verbo seguido de otro, el primer verbo se
0.4 Los tiempos de pasado conjuga en un tiempo determinado y el segundo va en
gerundio (terminación -ing) o en infinitivo.
Past simple, past continuous, past
perfect simple y used to Gerundios
• detrás de verbos como: You should avoid having
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 avoid, can’t stand, don’t caffeine before bed.
mind, finish, like
Los verbos irregulares: págs. 126-127
• detrás de go cuando son I want to go skiing at Easter.
Uso actividades
• Past simple: para expresar un estado, una acción o una • detrás de preposiciones We’re afraid of getting stuck in
serie de acciones que sucedieron en el pasado. the dark.
I waited for 20 minutes but the postman didn’t come. • como sujeto de una Playing video games is my
oración favourite hobby.
• Past continuous: para hablar de una acción que estaba
sucediendo en un momento concreto del pasado o en Infinitivos
un pasado más amplio. • detrás de verbos como: We promised to try harder next
I was washing my hair at nine o’clock last night. arrange, decide, learn, time.
plan, promise
• Past perfect simple: para indicar que una acción ocurrió
antes que otra o antes de llegar a un momento • detrás de adjetivos It isn’t difficult to learn to drive.
determinado en el pasado. • para expresar propósitos I’m writing to complain about
I had finished my essay before my cousins arrived. the product I bought.
• detrás de too + adjetivo y She was too tired to dance.
• Used to: para expresar hábitos, situaciones o estados del
adjetivo + enough This essay isn’t good enough to
pasado que ya no existen.
hand in.
I used to live in New York, but now I live in Chicago.
• detrás de first y last I was the first to finish but the
Present perfect simple y present perfect last to leave.
continuous
¡Atención!
Uso
Recuerda que algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos de un
• Present perfect simple: para hablar de acciones que gerundio o un infinitivo sin que cambie el significado, p. ej.:
empezaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente; de
las experiencias de la vida; o de acciones del pasado que He started reading / to read when he was four.
tienen consecuencias en el presente. Pero hay otros verbos cuyo significado cambia según
I’ve read this book five times! vayan seguidos de un gerundio o de un infinitivo, p. ej.:
Have you ever been to Sweden? I stopped buying plastic products.
• Present perfect continuous: para hablar de acciones que I stopped to do the recycling on my way to work.
empezaron en el pasado y han continuado hasta el
presente; y de acciones que acaban de terminar y tienen
consecuencias en el presente. 0.1 Choose the correct options.
1 They like / are liking their English lessons and want /
I’ve been going to French classes for two weeks.
are wanting to start a club.
¡Atención! 2 Olly doesn’t come / isn’t coming to school today
because he visits / ’s visiting his cousins.
Recuerda que usamos el past simple, y no el present
3 Nina doesn’t realise / isn’t realising that she looks /
perfect simple, para hablar de acciones completadas
is looking at her phone all the time.
que empezaron y terminaron en el pasado.
4 My parents live / are living in a flat while the builders
✗ I’ve lived in London last year.
work / are working on their house.
✓ I lived in London last year.
0.2 Complete the sentences with the correct future
forms of the verbs in brackets. More than one
Los verbos irregulares: págs. 126-127
answer may be possible.
1 Don’t forget to put sunscreen on because it (be)
sunny today.
2 We (not finish) our exams this time next month.
3 This time next week, we (fly) to New York!

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4 you (meet up) with any friends later today? ¡Atención!

5 The exam (start) at 9am tomorrow. Don’t be late! Recuerda que, a menudo, usamos el past perfect con el
past simple cuando queremos referirnos a un tiempo
0.3 Write passive sentences using the prompts.
pasado anterior a aquel del que estamos hablando.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
Mimi wrote a novel last year. She hadn’t written anything
1 our essays / not / give back / to us / yet
before then.
2 this book / publish / last year ?
Sin embargo, cuando hablamos de cosas que sucedieron
3 millions of euros / spend / every year on healthcare
una después de otra, utilizamos el past simple.
4 your phone / repair / next week ?
Callum woke up, made a coffee and checked his emails.
0.4 Complete the text with the correct past tense of
the verbs in brackets. EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
A recent intelligence test (1) (reveal) that elephants are
much more intelligent than scientists (2) (previously / before, when, after, as soon as
think). In the experiment, elephants (3) (have to)
pick up a stick and give it to a researcher. However, the AIM HIGHER Inversión negativa
test (4) (be) as simple as it sounds, as the stick was En el lenguaje formal o literario se pueden poner al
attached to the mat that the elephant (5) (stand) on, principio de la oración unos sintagmas adverbiales
so it (6) (not can) pick up the stick unless it (7) negativos para enfatizar que una cosa ocurrió
(realise) its own weight (8) (prevent) it. Humans under inmediatamente después de otra. Detrás de estos
the age of two (9) (not manage) to complete the test. sintagmas, invertimos el verbo auxiliar y el sujeto.
Barely, Hardly y Scarcely van seguidos de when.
0.5 Rewrite the sentences so that they have the
same meaning, using the word or phrase given. Barely had I opened my front door when the dog ran past me.
1 Natalie thinks she would like to study medicine. No sooner va seguido de than.
(interested) No sooner had he arrived than he had to leave.
2 I wish I hadn’t invited Dan to the party. (regret)
3 Did you post the letter I gave you? (remember)
1.1 Complete the sentences with the correct past
perfect or past simple form of the verbs in
4 My mum said she’ll take us to the airport. (agreed)
brackets.
1 I (be) very tired because I (not sleep) all night.
2 We (just get) to the gallery when it (start) to
Unit 1 rain.
1.1 El past perfect simple 3 they (finish) the exam by the time you
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 (arrive)?
4 She realised that she (take) the wrong keys when
Uso she (try) to open the door.
• Para indicar que una acción había sucedido antes de que
ocurriera otra o antes de llegar a un momento concreto 1.2 Complete the text with the past perfect simple
del pasado. or continuous form of the verbs in the box.
Had you heard of this artist before you saw the exhibition? become ever hear live move not support
not write try
1.2 El past perfect continuous It is hard for us to imagine today, but few people (1)
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 of Vincent Van Gogh until his painting ‘Sunflowers’ was
sold at auction in 1987 for almost $40 million! He is now
Uso among the most popular artists of all time. However,
• Para expresar que una acción larga había estado he might never have become an artist if his younger
ocurriendo antes de una acción breve o de un momento brother Theo (2) him by sending money and offering
concreto en el pasado. encouragement throughout the artist’s life. By the time
Van Gogh was 30 years old, he (3) several different
He was exhausted because he had been running in the park.
careers, including teaching. He (4) in Belgium and
I didn’t go to the party as I hadn’t been feeling well that day. training as a priest for some months when Theo saw
Had they been waiting for a long time when the doors some of his drawings and suggested Vincent focus on
opened? his art. Once Vincent (5) to Paris with Theo’s financial
support and encouragement, he started painting
full time. If Vincent (6) almost 600 letters to Theo,
we wouldn’t know so much detail of his life and the
incredible bond between the brothers.

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Unit 2 2.2 Los modales compuestos

2.1 Verbos modales You should have been listening. consejo sobre el pasado
They shouldn’t have driven there.
We can do this exercise. It’s easy. habilidad
He could have got lost on the way. especulación sobre un
Doctors are able to treat the condition.
hecho pasado posible
I couldn’t swim until I was five.
She can’t have been in town especulación sobre un
You can see the island on a clear day. posibilidad because she’s on holiday. hecho pasado imposible
This research could have surprising results.
They must have seen the film deducción sobre un
The medicine may cause some side effects. because they were talking about it. hecho pasado cierto
Daydreaming might be a good thing after all.
I should have put my keys in my arrepentimiento por
You can’t go to the USA if you don’t have a imposibilidad bag, not in my pocket. una acción pasada
passport.
consejo pasado
You ought to keep your keys in the same place consejo
so you don’t lose them. • Should/shouldn’t have; ought/oughtn’t to have: consejo
You needn’t arrive at school until 8.00am on falta de o crítica sobre el pasado, o arrepentimiento por una
the morning of the trip. obligación o acción pasada.
You don’t have to pay – it’s free. necesidad You should have left your phone at home. = You didn’t
leave your phone at home, but I think that was a mistake.
Uso especulación sobre un hecho pasado posible
habilidad
• Could have, may have y might have: posibilidades pasadas.
• En presente: can o be able to (más formal que can). Paula could have been at the show but I didn’t see her. =
• En futuro: will o going to + be able to. It’s possible that Zoe was at the show but I didn’t see her.
posibilidad especulación sobre un hecho pasado imposible
• Can: expresa posibilidad en el presente. • Can’t have/couldn’t have: cosas del pasado que creemos
• May, might o could: expresan posibilidad en el presente imposibles o falsas.
o en el futuro. Eddie can’t have stolen your camera because he’s the most
honest person I know. = It’s impossible that Eddie stole
¡Atención! your camera because he’s the most honest person I know.
deducción sobre un hecho pasado que es cierto
May expresa un poco más de certeza que might y could.
• Must have: deducciones sobre el pasado.
✗ It can rain tomorrow.
✓ It may/might/could rain tomorrow. = It’s possible
You must have felt very worried when your cat
that it will rain tomorrow. disappeared. = I’m certain that you felt very worried.
Can’t y couldn’t no expresan imposibilidad en el AIM HIGHER Alternativas a los modales
presente. En este caso se usa may/might not.
• Podemos usar it’s possible that en lugar de might para
Para preguntar sobre una posibilidad no se usa may,
expresar posibilidad.
sino might o could. Might es más formal que could.
It’s possible that I will be at home on Tuesday morning.
✗ May this be a good solution to the problem?
• Podemos usar there’s no need en lugar de don’t have to
✓ Might / Could this be a good solution to the problem? para expresar falta de obligación.
There’s no need to bring smart clothes to this office.
consejo
• Podemos usar not allowed to en lugar de can’t para
• Ought to y should: expresan consejo u opinión. Ought to
expresar prohibición.
es un poco más formal.
You’re not allowed to use your mobile phone in the library.
He ought to listen in class.
• Podemos usar be meant to en lugar de should have para
You oughtn’t to spend so much time on your computer.
algo que se esperaba que ocurriera, pero que no sucedió.
¡Atención! The bus was meant to arrive at six o’clock, but didn’t come.
• Podemos usar not be necessary to en lugar de needn’t
No es incorrecto usar ought to en preguntas, pero
have para la falta de obligación.
solemos usar should porque es más fácil de decir.
It wasn’t necessary to bring food because it was provided.
Ought I to leave now?
Should I leave now? • Podemos usar I’m sure it was en lugar de it must have
been para hacer deducciones sobre un evento pasado
que es cierto.
falta de obligación o necesidad
I’m sure it was a difficult day for you.
• Needn’t, don’t need to o don’t have to: expresan aquello que
no es obligatorio hacer.
You needn’t stay until the end of the day. = You don’t need
to / don’t have to stay until the end of the day.
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2.1 Complete the sentences with the correct form

3.2 Los condicionals mixtos y I wish / If only
of can, could, may, might, ought to, needn’t or Usamos los condicionales mixtos cuando la referencia
be able to. Sometimes there is more than one temporal en la oración que contiene if es distinta de la de
possible answer. la oración principal. Usamos I wish / If only para hablar de
deseos y arrepentimientos.
1 run 10km or is that too far for you?
2 I heard it rain tomorrow, so take your umbrella. Forma Uso Ejemplos
3 We hurry because we’ve got plenty of time. If + past • Para hablar If you had seen the
4 Mozart play the piano at just three years old. perfect + del resultado documentary, you would
5 We check the time of the exam before we forget. would / presente que know how badly some
wouldn’t + tendría una animals are treated.
6 The door was stuck but eventually Billy open it. infinitivo acción pasada.

2.2 Complete the second sentence using a modal If + pasado • Para hablar de la If they didn’t live near the
+ would / consecuencia que sea, their house wouldn’t
perfect so that it means the same as the first
wouldn’t tuvo en el pasado have been destroyed in
sentence. have + una situación the storm.
1 It was a mistake to buy these shoes. participio actual.
I these shoes. de pasado
2 I am sure that Polly took my phone. I wish / If • Para expresar If only we hadn’t built the
only + past un deseo del house so close to the sea!
Polly my phone.
simple, past presente o del
3 It’s possible that my dad drove Dan to the station. perfect o futuro o un
My dad Dan to the station. condicional arrepentimiento.
4 It isn’t possible that Jodi failed her driving test.
Jodi her driving test. AIM HIGHER Condicionales invertidos
• En el lenguaje formal o literario, usamos condicionales
invertidos en lugar de oraciones con if.
Unit 3 • Should + sujeto + infinitivo en vez de if + sujeto + present
simple en el primer condicional.
3.1 Los condicionales
If the flight arrives late, you will need to get a taxi.
Forma Uso Ejemplos Should the flight arrive late, you will need to get a taxi.
Cero If + • Para hechos y If you heat • Were + sujeto + to + infinitivo en lugar de if + sujeto +
condicional presente + cosas que, en water, it boils. past simple en el segundo condicional.
presente general, son
ciertas. If they cancelled the show, customers would get a refund.
• Para describir Were they to cancel the show, customers would get a refund.
una acción y su • Had + sujeto + participio de pasado en lugar de if
consecuencia. + sujeto + had + participio de pasado en el tercer
Primer If + • Para situaciones If you visit the condicional.
condicional presente + ciertas o zoo, you will If we had known, we wouldn’t have gone.
will / won’t posibles en el see animals in
+ infinitivo presente o en el Had we known, we wouldn’t have gone.
captivity.
futuro.
Segundo If + pasado • Para situaciones If you saw
3.1 Complete the sentences with the correct
condicional + would / improbables o the show,
conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
wouldn’t + hipotéticas en el you would 1 If you like adventure stories, you (love) this film.
infinitivo presente o en el understand why 2 If we (want) things to change, we have to stop
futuro. a lot of people buying so much plastic.
didn’t like it. 3 I (not go) on a rocket to Mars, even if you paid me.
• Usamos were If I were rich, I
para la primera would buy a big 3.1 Complete the second sentence so that it means
y la tercera apartment in the same as the first sentence.
persona, en the city. 1 You need to drink water to avoid a headache.
lugar de was.
If you don’t …
Tercer If + past • Para situaciones If the show
condicional perfect + pasadas hadn’t been 2 We must leave now so we’ll arrive in time.
would / imposibles o cancelled, they Unless we …
wouldn’t hipotéticas. wouldn’t have
have + lost so much
participio
money.
de pasado

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3.1 Complete the text with the correct conditional ¡Atención!

form of the verbs in brackets.
Recuerda que can nunca va seguido de un infinitivo
Consumer power is stronger than ever before. compuesto.
Nowadays, if customers (1) (not like) the way a shop ✗ You can have paid off the loan quicker.
does business, they (2) (stop) shopping there. In
✓ You could have paid off the loan quicker.
a recent survey by In Kind Direct, more than 50% of
respondents said they (3) (shop) elsewhere if they
(4) (find out) that a shop wasn’t donating leftover 4.3 Las formas causativas
stock to charity. Social media is a valuable tool for • Hacemos la causativa en todos los tiempos con la forma
spreading the word about good and bad retailers. correcta de have/get + participio de pasado.
Whenever you (5) (share) your experiences, you help
We will have the carpets cleaned by a cleaning company.
other people to make informed decisions. If we (6)
(realise) our consumer power sooner, we could have I am going to get my hair cut at the weekend.
stopped the issue years ago.
Uso
3.2 Choose the correct option to complete the • Para decir que alguien hace algo por nosotros, o que le
sentences. encargamos a alguien que haga algo.
1 We would have driven to the beach if we had / • Have es un poco más formal que get en este contexto.
have a car.
2 Marie Curie would be more famous if she was /
4.4 Introducir el estilo indirecto en pasiva
had been a man. Uso
3 She would have won / will win if she played. • Al repetir lo que alguien ha dicho sin citar a esa
4 If only you had listened / listen to the teacher! persona o expresar una creencia o idea generalizada,
podemos usar reporting verbs como say, believe, think,
etc. en pasiva: It is said/believed/thought + that... Es una
Unit 4 estructura impersonal habitual en contextos formales,
ya sean orales o escritos.
4.1 La voz pasiva
It is thought that the actor now lives alone on the island.
• Se forma con be + past participle en todos los tiempos.
It is said that your schooldays are the best days of your life.
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 • También podemos usar un sujeto de persona (en lugar
de it) + reporting verb en pasiva + to + infinitivo
Uso
compuesto.
• Para centrarse en la acción y en quién o qué la recibe en
She is said to have written the novel in just two weeks.
lugar de en quién la realiza.
The bank lent money to many villagers. AIM HIGHER El infinitivo y el gerundio en pasiva
(Activa: se centra en el banco que presta el dinero). • El infinitivo en pasiva se forma con to be + participio de
Many villagers were lent money by the bank. pasado.
(Pasiva: se centra en las personas que reciben el dinero). She hopes to be promoted at work in the next few weeks.
• La voz pasiva es habitual en el lenguaje formal y • El infinitivo compuesto en pasiva se forma con to have
académico. A menudo se usa para describir procesos. been + participio de pasado.
• Si queremos decir quién realizó la acción (el agente), He was angry to have been excluded from the tennis team.
usamos by, pero si se sobreentiende o no es importante, • La pasiva del gerundio es being + participio de pasado.
lo omitimos.
They hated being beaten by the other team.
The baskets were made by workers in India.
• La forma pasiva del gerundio compuesto es having been
The baskets were made in India. + participio de pasado.
Los verbos irregulares: págs. 126-127 We regretted having been given seats right at the back of
the theatre.
4.2 Los modales en pasiva
• Los formamos poniendo en pasiva el infinitivo simple o 4.1 Rewrite the active sentences in the correct
compuesto que va detrás de ellos. passive form. Include by and the agent if
necessary.
Verbo modal Activa Pasiva en Pasiva en past 1 Two teenagers found the ancient coins in a field.
presente perfect
2 The company is going to change its policies because
can/could/should/ of pressure from consumers.
ought to make be made have been made 3 Workers make the clothes from recycled cotton.
must/might/may
4 More than 1 million people have signed the petition.
5 Someone is repairing my phone at the moment.

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4.2 Complete the text with the correct passive form ¡Atención!
of an appropriate modal verb and the verb in
Los pronombres de sujeto y objeto y los adjetivos
brackets.
posesivos cambian.
This is your new bank card. It (1) (sign) before you ‘I’ll give you my keys,’ she said.
can use it. It (2) only (use) with your PIN. Your PIN
She said she would give me her keys.
is secret and (3) never (give) to another person.
Your card is only for your home country and it (4)
• Las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar cambian.
(use) abroad. It is your responsibility to look after your
card, and it (5) always (keep) in a safe place. If Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
your card is missing and you think it (6) (steal), call
now ➔ then / at that moment
us immediately to report the theft.
today ➔ that day
4.3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of tonight ➔ that night
have and get.
this evening / week / year ➔ that evening / week / year
1 I (the money / send) to your bank account
tomorrow. here ➔ there
2 I had to (my hearing / check) last week. yesterday ➔ the day before
3 My dad (his suit / make) by a tailor last year. tomorrow ➔ the next day / the following day
4 Where do you (your hair / cut)? It looks amazing! (three) days ago ➔ (three) days before
5 We (pizzas / deliver) for the party next Saturday. next week ➔ the following week

4.4 Order the words to make impersonal reporting last week ➔ the previous week /
the week before
sentences.
1 than / is / cats / often / that / It / make / better / dogs / preguntas
argued / pets . • Las preguntas se pasan al estilo indirecto con el verbo ask.
2 stole / claimed / It / is / suspect / that / bank / from / El orden de las palabras cambia a sujeto + verbo.
the / the.
3 be / to / at / are / moment / MPs / the / voting / said . ¡Atención!
4 through / The / is / to / prisoner / a / escaped / have / No uses el auxiliar do.
tunnel / believed . No incluyas signos de interrogación.
Las preguntas de respuesta sí/no necesitan if o whether en
estilo indirecto.
Unit 5 ‘Does she live alone?’ ➔ He asked if / whether she lived
alone.
5.1 El estilo indirecto Las preguntas con partícula interrogativa Wh- mantienen
esa partícula en estilo indirecto.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
‘Where is the bus stop?’ ➔
Present simple ➔ Past simple ✓ They asked me where the bus stop was.
Present continuous ➔ Past continuous ✗ They asked me where was the bus stop.
Past simple ➔ Past perfect simple
órdenes, sugerencias, peticiones y consejos
Past continuous ➔ Past perfect continuous
• Para las órdenes, sugerencias, peticiones y consejos
Present perfect simple ➔ Past perfect simple indirectos, usamos un reporting verb + infinitivo con to.
will ➔ would ‘Could you open the door?’ ➔ He asked me to open the door
be going to ➔ was going to ‘Be careful.’ ➔ She told me to be careful.
• Para expresar órdenes, sugerencias, peticiones y
¡Atención! consejos negativos en estilo indirecto, colocamos not
antes del infinitivo con to.
Recuerda que en el estilo indirecto can > could, must /
have to > had to. ‘Don’t look!’ ➔ He told us not to look.
Los otros verbos modales no cambian. • Cuando usamos el verbo suggest para expresar
sugerencias en estilo indirecto, no usamos el infinitivo
con to, sino el gerundio o that + oración. A continuación
Uso
se presentan los reporting verbs.
• Para comunicar lo que ha dicho otra persona.
‘Why don’t you get a job?’ ➔ She suggested that I get a job. /
‘I’ve eaten the cake.’ ➔ Jack says he’s eaten the cake. She suggested getting a job.
• Eliminamos las comillas y los otros signos de puntuación
cambian o desaparecen.

104 Grammar reference and practice

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

5.2 Los reporting verbs Unit 6

• Los reporting verbs van seguidos por diferentes estructuras.
6.1 Las oraciones de relativo especificativas
Estructura Verbos Ejemplos
Uso
verbal
• Definen a la persona, el lugar o la cosa citados en la
verbo + agree / ask / claim / Lucy offered to give
oración principal.
infinitivo decide / demand / offer / Ryan some money.
promise / refuse The teacher who / that influenced me most was Mrs Gray.
verbo + admit / deny / She recommended • Podemos usar that en lugar de who o which.
gerundio recommend / regret / putting the money into • En inglés formal, los pronombres relativos where y when
suggest his savings account. se pueden sustituir por una preposición + which.
verbo + objeto advise / ask / invite / Lucy advised him to • A menudo, omitimos los pronombres relativos who, that
+ infinitivo promise / remind / tell / put his money under
y which cuando hacen de complemento directo de la
warn his bed.
oración subordinada de relativo.
verbo + objeto accuse (of) / blame (for) / They accused him of
The man (who / that) we saw in the car park is my dad’s
+ preposición congratulate (on) / stealing the money.
+ gerundio thank (for) / warn (about) colleague.
verbo + prep. + apologise (for) / complain Lucy apologised for • También podemos acortar la oración subordinada
gerundio (about) / insist (on) not listening to Ryan. relativa cuando el pronombre relativo hace de sujeto
y va seguido del verbo be + un adjetivo, un sintagma
verbo + that + agree / argue / claim / Ryan announced that
oración complain / recommend / he was going to save
preposicional, un verbo en -ing o un participio.
say / suggest / think up for a bicycle. She is the woman (who was) encouraged to apply for the
job.
¡Atención! This is the day (that has been) chosen for the exam.
Algunos verbos se usan con más de una estructura verbal 6.2 Las oraciones de relativo explicativas
sin que cambie el significado.
He admitted stealing the money. Uso
He admitted that he had stolen the money. • Dan información adicional sobre una persona, un lugar o
una cosa que ya se ha definido.
AIM HIGHER Verbo + question word + infinitivo • Estas oraciones van entre comas para separarlas de la
oración principal.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
AIM HIGHER  Preposiciones en las oraciones de
‘How do I print the I didn’t know how to print the
document?’ document. relativo
‘Where can I find the He wondered where to find the • Si una oración de relativo especificativa lleva una
address?’ address. preposición, normalmente va al final.
‘Which chair should She wasn’t sure which chair to sit on. She is the person I wrote the song for.
I sit on?’ • En inglés formal, la preposición va antes del pronombre
‘Should I leave?’ She wasn’t sure whether to leave. relativo. Usamos which para cosas y whom para personas.
She is the person for whom I wrote the song.
5.1 Rewrite the conversation below in reported
speech. Use tell, suggest, ask and reply. 6.1 Choose the correct option.
Izzy I need to get a job. I haven’t got any money. 1 That is the teacher who / which used to teach us.
Josh Why don’t you get a job at the café where I work? 2 I will never forget the day when / who I met my
My boss is looking for people to start next week. best friend.
Izzy Oh, really? Who should I get in touch with? 3 What’s the name of the book who / which you were
Josh It’s probably best if you email my boss directly. reading yesterday?
Her name’s Sarah. 4 The house that / where I live has three bedrooms.
Izzy What’s her email address?
6.2 Complete the sentence with the correct relative
Josh I haven’t got it here, but I can send it to you tonight.
pronoun and punctuation.
5.2 Rewrite the direct speech as reported speech 1 Kendra lives near me. She goes to a different school to us.
using the reporting verbs given in brackets. 2 They are the boys. I told you about them.
1 ‘We can have the party at my house,’ said Bill. (agree) 3 I don’t remember the name of the man. He showed us
2 ‘I will pay for lunch,’ said Mum. (insist) around the museum.
3 ‘Would you like to come swimming with us?’ they 4 I’ve got a friend. His mum is a famous scientist.
asked us. (invite)
4 ‘We didn’t break the window,’ said the boys. (deny)

Grammar reference and practice 105