Chapter 16 Learning Guide – Religion and Science
Main Idea 1 – Christianity stayed in Europe at the beginning of the early modern era. Islam
began to make its way into Europe through the Ottoman Turks’ conquer of Vienna.
1. Describe the Protestant Revolution. (at least 4 sentences)
2. Martine Luther - Definition:
Significance:
3. What caused the Reformation (you might need to look this up online. Your book is not very
clear)
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Why were Luther’s thoughts important to Christianity?
5. How did the Protestant Reformation Transform Europe:
Politically
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European society
Culture
6. What did Protestantism give to women?
7. Why did Luther’s ideas spread so quickly? Do you think that the Reformation would have
been as powerful as it was if it was not for this invention? Explain.
8. What were French Protestants called? What did Henry IV do?
9. In you OWN WORDS describe the 30 years war. (at least 4 sentences)
10. What did the Catholics do during the Catholic –Counter Reformation? Why would Catholics to
this? Do you think it was necessary for the Catholics to do this? Explain.
11. Look at the map on page 726. What is this map showing (don’t just summarize the description
on the left…even my kids could do that!)
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12. How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity?
1.
2.
3.
4.
13. What were the two critical elements for the missionaries’ success in Spanish America and in
the Philippines?
1.
2.
14. What did Europeans believe that allowed them to conquer the Native Americans? What did
the Natives think? What did the Natives do?
15. Describe the Taki Onqoy.
16. More often than not, Christian traditions mixed with Andean traditions. Describe how the two
were intertwined together.
17. Cofradias – Definition:
Significance:
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18. Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in
Spanish America? (this answer can be found through the entire section of Conversion and
Adaption in Spanish America and An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits)
The political context was different…
In China,
Fundamentally,
19. Why were the Jesuits successful on getting access to China while the Christians were not?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20. Read the quote on page 732. What does the quote mean? What is the tone of the quote?
What is the POV? (POV is WHY is the author feeling the way he does? Is he biased? WHY?)
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Main Idea 2 – Christianity also spread to Africa where it was intertwined with local cultural
customs.
1. Africanized versions of Christianity emerged, such as Santeria and Vodou, in the New World.
From what were these syncretic religions derived and how did the Europeans perceive these
practices?
2. What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era?
3. What accounts for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world,
especially in the mid-eighteenth century in Arabia?
4. Some Chinese Buddhists sought to make their religion more accessible to ordinary people,
which bore some similarity to the thinking of whom?
5. Describe the popular culture that emerged in the cities among the less well educated.
6. Describe the popular culture that emerged in the cities among the less well educated. (at least
5 sentences)
7. A new cultural change was especially appealing to women. What did the bhakti movement and
its practices provide for them? (at least 5 sentences)
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8. From what did Sikhism evolve?
Main Idea 3 – While some Europeans were spread religion. Others remained at home to
discover new things. This was the start of the Scientific Revolution
1. Who were the men that created the Scientific Revolution? What did they do (why were
they important?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. What was the long-term significance of the Scientific Revolution and its applications to the
affairs of human society?
1.
2.
3. Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic
world? (fill in the chart below to answer the question)
Europe China The Islamic World
Europe’s historical China’s historical The Islamic World’s
development… Development… Development…
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Europeans had evolved… The Chinese had evolved… The Islamic world had
evolved…
What position was western What position was China in? What position was the Islamic
Europe in? World in?
In the 16th – 18th centuries… In the 16th – 18th centuries… In the 16th – 18th centuries…
4. What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution?
To medieval thinkers –
Nicholas Copernicus’ argument –
Johannes Kepler’s theory –
Galileo Galilei developed –
Sir Isaac Newton formulated -
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5. What did Enlightenment thinkers share?
6. How did 19th century developments in the sciences challenge the faith of the Enlightenment?
Darwin and Marx believed –
Sigmund Freud –
7. In what ways was European science received in
Qing China –
Japan –
The Ottoman Empire -
