SEB Y5 – Genetics test 2, study questions
1. Who were they (what did they do)?
a) Hugo de Vries
b) Hermann Joseph Muller
c) G.H Hardy
d) Wilhelm Weinberg
e) Carl Correns
f) Erwin Baur
2. Explain the following terms:
a) mutations
b) populations
c) mitochondrial DNA
c) chromosomal DNA
d) plasmid
e) lac operon
f) allolactose
g) lac repressor
h) CAP
i) cAMP
j) mutagens
k) antioxidants
l) operon
m) recombinant DNA
n) endosymbiotic theory
o) CRISPR (CRISPR-Cas9)
p) cloning
r) gene therapy
s) telomeres
t) restriction enzymes
3. Further elaborate on the following statements:
a) mutations are sudden
b) mutations are unregulated
c) mutations are unique
d) mutations are permanent
4. State different mutagens (at least 2 for each):
a) biological
b) chemical
c) physical
5. Compare and contrast gene-chromosome-genome mutations.
6. Explain what happens in the following types of point mutations:
a) inversion
b) deletion
c) insertion
7. To each of the following types of chromosomal mutations draw what it would look like:
a) duplication
b) deletion
c) insertion
d) translocation
8. What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiations? Give examples for each.
9. What´s the difference between polyploidy and aneuploidy?
10. i) What causes the following genetic disorders?
a) Down syndrome
b) Turner syndrome
c) Klinefelter syndrome
d) XYY syndrome
e) Triple X chromosome
f) Patau´s syndrome
ii) What are some of the symptoms of these disorders? (at least 1 for each)
11. What are:
a) silent mutations
b) missense mutations
c) nonsense mutations
12. What proteins are present in lac operon and what are their signal molecules?
13. State 2 specific examples of extranuclear inheritance.
14. i)What is a population?
ii) Compare and contrast panmictic and autogamic populations.
15. Explain the terms allele frequency and genotype frequency. Provide equations for calculating both
(allele and genotype) frequencies.
16. State the conditions for H-W law.
17. Provide a) fluctuations
b) usage of H-W principle.
18. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetic material.
19. Explain how come mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother and not from the father. Describe
the concept of mitochondrial Eve.
20. Name the techniques for genetic engineering.
21. What is gene therapy? What is the purpose of it?
22. How are telomeres and aging related?
23. Name at least 5 GMO (name the organism and state what genes were added/altered)
24. Example:
Calculate the expected genotype frequencies in the following cases while the population is in equilibrium
and H-W conditions are met. The allelic frequencies of dominant allele are as follows:
a) A – 0,57
b) B – 0,20
c) C – 0,83
d) D – 0,98
25. Example:
Imagine a population with 22,5% homozygotes (AA). If the population is in the equilibrium under the H-W
law, what are the frequencies of the other genotypes?
26. Example:
Albinism is rare disease linked to recessive allele. In a population of Caucasian people of North America,
albinism is present in 1:30 000 cases. What are the allelic and genotype frequencies, if the population is in
equilibrium?
27. Example:
In Cletheronongenys gapperi (mice), there are known 3 genotypes MM, MJ and JJ on the locus for
transferrin (blood protein). In a population of mice from NW Canada, 34 individuals were MM, 66 were MJ
and 12 were JJ. Calculate the genotype and allelic frequencies and find out whether the population was in
equilibrium.
28. Example:
A couple decided to start a family. One of the parents-to-be suffers from albinism and the second one has
normal pigmentation. The couple is curious about the risk of their child having albinism as well (calculate
the risk). Albinism is recessive somatic disease with the frequency of 1:30 000 cases.
