Reftactive

Deflation

Examples of refraction

Convex

Concave

Reflecting surface Caves and concavel

Elies-of carved miman

Terme related to products,

principal snis, center of curvature, radius of

Rules for muiking ray diagrams of spherical

Real and virtual images

Ray diagrams with curved minor where real mugs are formed

Chiperuce of white light into constituenmodfoun

SPEED OF LIGHT IN DIFFERENT MEDIA

In class VIL, we have read that light travels faster in air than in water or
glass. The speed of light in air is 3 x 10 ms, in water it is 2-25 x 10 ms and in
glass it is nly 2 x 10 m s. In the language of Physics, we say that glass is
optically denser than water and water is optically denser than air or air is
optically rarer than both water and glass.

Thus, a medium is said to be deoser if

the speed of light in it decreases, while it is

said to be rarer if the speed of light in it

Increases. But in no medium, it can be more

than 3x10 ms,

REFRACTION OF LIGHT

Light travels in a straight line path in a medium. But when a ray of light
travelling in one transparent medium falls obliquely on the surface of
another transparent medium, it promtravels in the other medium in a
direction different from its initial path.

Light Energy

The change in direction of path of light when it passes from one optically
transparent medium to another, is called refraction of light.
It has been experimentally observed that

(1) When a ray of light travels from a rarer to a denser medium (say, from air
to water or from air to glass), it bends towards the normal as shown in Fig.
5.1.

Azars Grection

Fig. 5.1 A ray travelling from rarer to denser medium hends towards the
normal

(2) When a ray of light travels from a denser to a rarer medium (say, from
water to air or from glass to air), it bends away from the normal as shown in
Fig. 5.2.

Fig. 52 A ray travelling from denser to rurer medium heads away from normal

(3) When a ray of light falls normally on the surface separating the two
media, it passes undeviated (i.e., along the same path) as shown in Fig. 5.3.

81

Fig. 5.3 A ray falling normally on the surface separating the two media,
passes undeviated

Note: When a ray of light passes from one transparent medium to another
transparent medium having the same refractive index, it also remains
undeviated.

SOME TERMS RELATED TO REFRACTION OF LIGHT

(1) Incident ray: The ray of light falling on the surface separating the two
media, is called the incident ray.

(2) Refracted ray: The ray of light travelling in the other medium in the
changed direction, is called the refracted ray.

(3) Normal: The perpendicular drawn on the surface separating the two
media, at the point where the incident ray strikes it, te. at the point of
incidence, is called the normal.

(4) Angle of incidence: The angle between the incident ray and the normal is
called the angle of incidence

(5) Angle of refraction: The angle between the refracted ray and the normal
is called the angle of refraction'.

Fig. 5.4 shows a light ray AO passing from a rarer medium (air) into a denser
medium (glass), XY is the surface separating the two media. AO is the
incident ray, OB is the refracted ray. NOM is the normal at the point of
incidence O, ZAON is the angle of incidence Li and BOM is the angle of

82

Nonna

Denver ratun

Hefracted ray
Fig. 5.4 Light ray is going from a rarer seg denser medium bends towards the
anrmal

refraction 4r. It is clear from the diagram when the ray of light travels from
air to glas it bends towards the normal ie.. insteat moving along its earlier
direction showa the dotted line OC, the ray bends towards the normal and
moves along OB (fe. r <

This c

(read as m

It is k

second t

medium.

For

Fig. 5.5 shows a light ray AO passing from a denser medium (glass) to a rare
medium (air). XY is the surface separating the refractiv two media. It is clear
from the diagram the the incident ray AO bends away from the normal and is
refracted as OB (i.c. Zr> Z

air to wa

It
Si

to glas

medin

EFFE

Nomal

Denser medum glase

Initial direction

Fig. 5.5 Light ray going from a denser into a rarer medium bends away from
the normal LAWS OF REFRACTION (SNELL'S LAW)

Refraction of light obeys the following two laws also known as Snell's laws of
refraction.

Concise PHYSICS-Middle School-8

1. The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the refracted
ray, all lie in the same plane.
 2. For a given pair of media and given colour of light, the ratio of the sine
of angle of incidence I to the sine of angle of refraction r is a constant
ie..

(sin i)/(sin r) =constant This constant is denoted by the symbol µ read as

mew).

( It is known as the refractive index of the second medium with respect to

the first medium. It is given as Speed of light in first medium Speed of light
in second medium For example, if a ray of light travels from air to water,
then the constant mu = (sin i)/(sin r) is the refractive index of water with
respect to air.

It Is given as mu = (sin i)/(sin r) = (3 * 10 ^ 4 * m * s ^ - 1)/(2 * 25 * 10 ^ 8 *

m * s ^ - 1) = 4/3 (or 1-33) Similarly, if a ray of light travels from air to glass,
then mu = (sin i)/(sin r) = (3 * 10 ^ t * m * s ^ - 1)/(2 * 10 ^ t * m * s ^ - 1)
=1*5

Note: The refractive index of air is 1. No medium can have refractive index
less than 1.

EFFECTS OF REFRACTION

(1)The depth of water in a vessel when seen from air appears to be less
Consider a vessel containing water as shown in Fig. 5.6. Its real depth
is AO. But when seen obliquely i.e. at an angle above O from air, its
depth appears to be Al which is less than AO.

Light Energy

Water
Heal dep

Fig. 5.6 Apparent depth of a vessel full of water

Reason: A ray of light OA from the point O at the bottom of vessel is incident
normally on the water-air, surface XY. It travels straight along AD in air.
Another ray OB incident from water on the surface XY, when passes to air,
bends away from the normal BN, and goes along the path BC. The two
refracted rays AD and BC when produced back, meet at I. Thus I is the image
of O.

Thus to the observer in air, the depth of vessel appears to be Al instead of

AO, due to refraction of light from water to air. The apparent depth Al is less
than the real depth AO.

Do You Know?

Real depth/Apparent depth Refractive Index. Since, refractive index of water

is 4/3 so the apparent depth is ¾ * t the real depth.

The change In depth due to refraction can be demonstrated by the following

activities.

ACTIVITY 1

(1)Take a coin and an empty glass vessel. Place the coin in the vessel. Put
the vessel on a table and step back till the coin is just out of your view.
It is hidden from your eye by the edge of the vessel as shown in Fig.
5.7(a).
83

(1)Take an emply beaker and a pencil below th pencil ABC obliquely in the
beaker and it from the side. It appears straight before it

Be seen

Result, sa

Sim

Con at the Dots by they

Water

(0)

He Coin seen when water is added to the vessel

(2)Now pour water in the beaker u ゆめか delayed You will notice that now
the pencil apron horizon be bent as ABD at the surface of water a in
Fig. 5.8(b).

-Boskar
Water

(b)

Fig. 5.8(a).

Fig. 5.8 The pencil in water appears to be Explanation: The ray of light
coming from the ter of the pencil bends at the surface of water as it ee in air
and it appears to be coming from the poim In other words, it is due to
refraction of light fro water to air that the pencil ABC appears as ABD

Fig. 57 A coin in water appears to be raised

(3)Keep your eye in this position and ask your friend to pour water
gradually in the vessel, You will find that when there is sufficient water
in the vessel, the coin becomes visible because then, it appears to be
slightly raised from position A to position B as shown in Fig. 5.7(b).

Explanation: In Fig. 5.7(a), when there is no water in the vessel, the coin is
not visible because the ray of light from the coin travelling in a straight line
does not reach the eye.

In Fig. 5.7(b), when water is poured in the vessel, the coin becomes visible
because the ray of light from the point A of the coin, travelling in a straight
line changes its direction (Le. It bends) at the surface of water and reaches
the eye. Thus, the light ray bends as it leaves water and enters air. The ray
now appears to come from a point 8 instead of A. In other words, the coin
appears to be raised from position A to position B.
84

From the above, we conclude that whe light a light ray passes from one
transpare medium to another, it bends. The direction which light ray bends,
depends upon whethe light travels from a rarer medium to a dense medium
or from a denser medium to a ran duri of a

Of a

Rare

The

Tho

Ret

Medium.

EARLY SUNRISE AND LATE SUNSET

Before sunrise and after sunset, the uppe

Atmospheric layers are warmer than the layes near the earth’s surface. So
the atmospheric layer near the earth’s surface are denser than thos the
above. When the sun is just below the horizon, the light from sun, while
coming towards the e earth, suffers refraction from a rarer to a denset layer
and so it bends towards the normal at each refraction. Due to continuous
bending of light rays at different sucessive layers, the sun can
SU

Th

Concise PHYSICS

Be seen voorizon as shown in rigting is just below the horizon as shown in

Fig. 5.9. As a realises above the horizon in the minutes tefore it in the
morning. Similarly, in the evening, sun is seen delayed by 3 the sum istutes
longer above the horizon after the sun set.

Apparent position

From increase in angle of incidence, the ray of light refracted, on a denser to

a rarer layer, is not reflected ray now travels from the rarer to the denser
layer, so it bends towards the normal. At each refraction bends towards the
normal the observer, an inverted image of the tree is seen. Thus it gives a
false impression of a pool of water in front of the tree (Fig. 5.10).

Heizon

Observer

Earth

Be bes

Poi
Sight fr

Actual position of sun

Atmosphere

Fig. 5.9 Refraction of light from the sun

In the atmosphere

MIRAGE IN A DESERT

Sometimes, in deserts, an inverted image of a tree is seen which gives a

false impression ABD of water under the tree. This is called a mirage.

The cause of mirage Is the refraction of that whe light In a desert, the sand
becomes very hot anspares during day-time and it rapidly heats the layers of
air in contact with it. Therefore, the layers of air near the ground are warmer
(and hence to a rare rarer) than the upper layers. In other words, the
successive upper layers are denser than those below them.

Rection

Whethe

A deme

SET
The uppe

The layee

Heric layer

Than thee

The horian

Owards the

When a ray of light from sun after reflection from the top of a tree travels
from a denser to a rarer layer, it bends away from the normal. As a result, in
refraction at the surface of separation of successive layers, each time the
angle of refraction increases and the angle of incidence of ray going from
denser medium to rarer medium also increases, till a stage is reached when
the

Fig. 5.10 Mirage in desert

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A RECTANGULAR GLASS BLOCK

Fig. 5.11 shows a rectangular glass block PQRS. A light ray AB falls on the
surface PQ. NBM is the normal at the point of incidence B to the surface PQ.
At the surface PQ, the ray AB enters from air to glass, so it bends towards the
normal NBM and travels along BC. At the surface RS, another refraction
Incident my

Plelracted ray-

Alt

-Glass block

Air

Emergent ray

To a dense

Mal at cat

Ing of light

The sun cingle of refraction becomes 90°. On further School- Light Energy

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Fig. 5.11 Refraction of light through a

Rectangular glass block

The ray OR from glass to air (i.e.. from a denser

The ray BC now enters from glass to air, so it bends away from the normal N,
CM, and normal N’RM’ to the face AC and travels along CD. The ray AB is
called the incident ray, BC the refracted ray, and CD the

Rarer medium), so it bends away

To a

Emergent ray.

The emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray AB. Thus, both the
incident and emergent rays are in the same direction, but the emergent ray
is laterally displaced from the incident ray. In Fig. 5.11, the lateral
displacement is shown by CE (x) which is the perpendicular distance
between the incident ray and the emergent ray.

PRISM

A prism is a transparent medium bounded by five plane surfaces with a

triangular cross section. Two opposite surfaces of a prism are identical and
parallel triangles, while the other three surfaces are rectangular and inclined
on each other as shown in Fig. 5.12.

In symbol form, it is represented by the triangle ABC.

Prism

Screen.

Found

Termed

Refracted ray inside the prism is along RS. Thus, for the incidem tay th
emergent ray outside the prism is Rs prism.

On passing through a prism, the ligh bends towards the base of the prism

Inodort say
Glas

Screen

Greer

Red (

Can e

VIBO

Band

White

Conc

Sever

Colo

Fig. 5.13 Refraction of light through a

Do You Know?

The emergent ray through a prism is retind which of the incident ray, but it
bends towards the bur prism because in a prism, refraction occun a inclined
surfaces. On the other hand, in a recan glass block, refraction of light occurs
at the surfaces, so the emergent ray is in direction d incident ray, but
laterally displaced.

10/09/2024 12:40

Pris

Call

CA

Ligh

DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT

Col

C Symbol of prisen

Newton allowed white light from tes yel to enter a dark room through a small
pem all in a window and placed a glass prisnin dit path of light rays. The light
coming out or WHITE gl
SCREEN

Fig. 5.12 A prism

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

Fig. 5.13 shows a prism ABC. A ray of

Light PQ of single colour falls obliquely on the face AB of the prism. This ray
enters from air to glass (i.e.. from a rarer medium to a denser medium), so it
bends towards the normal NQM to the face AB and travels along QR. At the
face AC of the prism, another

86

Aperture WHITE

Wendow LIGHT

Fig. 5.14 Dispersion of light by a prisn Concise PHYSICS-Middle Scho

12:40

Since, refractive index

speed of light in air speed of light in medium

the refractive index of a medium is maximum for the violet light and
minimum for the red light. Therefore, when white light enters the red it splits
into its constituent colours while refraction at the first surface of the prism.
These colours get further separated from each other on refraction at the
second surface of prism.

Mn was received on a white screen. On the screen, a coloured patch like a

rainbow was found as shown in Fig. 5.14. This patch was termed as
spectrum.

Starting from the side of the base of the

screen are in the following order: on the Violet (V), Indigo (1), Blue (B), Gren
(G), Yellow (Y). Orange (O), and Red (R). The order of colours in the spectrund
can easily be remembered by the word

VIBGYOR. Thus, spectrum is the coloured hand obtained on a screen on

passing the white light through a prism. From the above experiment, Newton

concluded that white light is a mixture of seven colours.

Note that the prism does not produce colours, but it simply separates the
colours which already exist in white light. Thus, if white light is passed
through a prism, it splits into different colours. This is called dispersion of
light.
CAUSE OF DISPERSION

To see dispersion of white light.

ACTIVITY 3

The dispersion of white light can be demonstrated by the following activities.

Take a thick cardboard sheet. Make a small hole in it. Allow the sunlight to
pass through it in a dark room. Place a prism in the path of sunlight coming
through the hole and then a white screen behind the prism as shown in Fig.
5.15.

Prism

While

screen

Card board

shaet

Hole

In class VII, you have read that white light of sun is composed of seven
prominent colours, namely, violet, indigo, blue, green, syellow, orange and
red. The speed of light of all colours is same in air or vacuum, but it the
differs in a transparent medium such as glass of the or water. In a
transparent medium (such as glass or water), the speed of violet light is
minimum and of red light is maximum.

Therefore, the refractive index of a transparent medium is also different for

lights of different colours.

Light Energy

More precisely there are a number of colours mixed voh one another but the
prominent colours are seven.

Fig. 5.15 Formation of spectrum by a prism You will see that a band of colours
is obtained on the screen with colours violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,
orange and red in order from the base of the prism upwards as shown in Fig.
5.15.

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seven sectors. Then paint the sectors with the seven colors (violet, indigo,
Mue, green, yellow, orange and red) in order, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.16 A colour dise on rotation produces white colour Rotate the disc
rapidly. You will notice that the dise

appears white. This shows that seven colours violet, indigo, blue, green,
yellow, orange and red being the constituent colours of white light, when
combined produce the white colour effect.

SPHERICAL MIRRORS

Spherical mirrors are made by silvering the part AB of the hollow glass
sphere as shown in Fig. 5.17.

Kinds of spherical mirrors

There are two kinds of sphen

(i) Concave mirror and

(ii) Convex mirror, (i

) Concave mirror: Ac made by

silvering on the o of a hollow sphere sack reflection takes place from hollow
(or concave) surface

in Fig. 5.18 (a).

(ii) Convex mirror

: A conves made by silvering on the such that t the reflection takes pla the
outer convexed for bulgets as shown in Fig. 5.18(b)

(a) Concave Fig. 5.19 Po curvature and Note: T

mirror passes curvature to In other wor to the mirror

Reflecting. surface A Sivered surface

(a) Concave mirror

(3) Radi

curva the s

Thus
Releding Harface

curv

surfa

repre

Cam

(4) Prir

join

cent

PC

exte

Reflecting surface.

Convex minor

Hollow sphere
ting

Sivered surface

Concave mimor

Fig. 5.17 Formation of a spherical mirror

The surface on which silvering is done, is called the silvered surface and the
reflection of light takes place from the other surface which is called the
reflecting surface.

88

Fig. 5.18 Concave and convex m SOME TERMS RELATED TO A SPHER MIRROR

FOCUS AN In el (1) Pole: The geometric centre spherical surface of the man
called the pole of the mirer ks reflection e mid point of the aperture 48 ray of
light the mirror. It is represented by obeys the f (1) The

symbol P in Fig. 5.19. (2) Centre of curvature: The ce

curvature of a mirror is the com the sphere of which the miner part. It is
represented by the syn in Fig. 5.19.

ang
(ii) Th

the

The a

true for th

Concise PHYSICS-Midie

Rays of light

Principal

Conve

(Conver

Falling on a spherical mirror parallel to its principal axis. These rays are
reflected by the mirror obeying the laws of reflection (Le.. angle of incidence
I angle of reflection r). The normal at the point of incidence is obtained by
joining this point to the centre of curvature C. The reflected rays are not
parallel to each other, but they are converging towards a point in a concave
mirror, while diverging from a point in a convex mirror.

Fig. 5.19 Pole, centre of curvature, radius of curvature and principal axis of a
spherical mirror
Note: The normal at any point of the minor passes through the centre of
curvature. In other words, a line joining the centre of curvature to any point
of the mirror, is normal to the mirror at that point.

In case of a concave mirror, the reflected rays meet at point F on the

principal axis [Fig. 5.20(a)]. This point is called the focus of the concave
mirror.

(4)Radius of curvature: The radius of curvature of a mirror is the radius of

the sphere of which the mirror is a part. Thus, it is the distance of the
centre of curvature C from any point of the surface of mirror. In Fig.
5.19, this is represented by the symbol R.

In case of a convex mirror [Fig. 5.20(b)]. The reflected rays do not meet at
any point, but they appear to come from a point F on the principal axis,
behind the mirror. This point is called the focus of the convex mirror.

(5)Principal axis: It is a straight line joining the pole of the mirror to its
centre of curvature. In Fig. 5.19, the line PC represents the principal
axis. It may extend on either side of the pole.

Prinopel as

Focal length

FOCUS AND FOCAL LENGTH

a) Contava mirar (
In class VII. You have learnt about reflection of light at a plane mirror. When a
ray of light is reflected from a plane mirror, it obeys the following two laws of
reflection: (i) The angle of incidence I is equal to the

Angle of reflection r.

Principal axis

Focal length f

(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal, all lie in the same
plane.

Fig. 5.20

(b) Convex mitor

The above laws of reflection of light hold true for the spherical mirrors as
well. Light Energy

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Focus and focal length of a spherical mirror

The focus of a concave mirror is a point on the principal axis at which the
light rays

89

converge) after reflection from the mirror The focus of a convex miror is a
point on its principal asis at which the light rays incident parallel to the
principal axis, appear to meet aher reflection from the mirror

one poution, a very small image of the poper. You will notice that the paper
chans 115.211. This point is the f concave mutor Measure the distance f of I
this point from De with a meire ruler. This distance/puis approximate focal
length of the concave
The focus is represented by the letter F Note: The focus of a concave mirror
is real, while that of a conves mirror is virtual.

Focal length: The distance of the focus from the pole of the mirror is called
the focal length of the mirror. In Fig.5.20, the focal length of mirror is marked
by the distance PF. Thus

In Fig. 5.20, focal length = PF It can be proved (by simple geometry) that
Focal length= x Radius of curvature

or Radius of curvatute = 2 x Focal length. The approximate focal length of a

concave mirror can be determined by the following simple activity.

ACTIVITY S

To Ind the apprsisimate focal length of a cvecare

Take the concave and holdt xach that fas the sun. Now place a piece of paper
in hour of it and at its distance from the mix such that at

RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS SPHERICAL MIRROR 1. The object is kept
in front of

reflecting surface on its left side 2. The object is always kept principal axis
such that in perpendicular to the principal its foot touches the principal aus
3. For constructing a ray diagram,

least two rays of convenience paths can be traced after reflect To construct
the image of an objec to reflection by a spherical mirror, any of the following
three rays can be d
according to our convenience

Convenient rays

(1) A ray passing through the cin

curvature is reflected along ibo path: A line joining the centre curvature to
any point on the st of minor is always normal to it. Tha a tay passing through
the conm curvature is incident normally en spherical mirror. Its angle of
inciden is zero, therefore, the angle reflection is also zero. It means to the ray
gets reflected back along own path (Fig. 5:22

To construct the image formed by a

Fig. 5.22 A nov passing through the centre of nervature is reflected along its
owa path

(if) A ray parallel to the principal axis: A ray of light incident parallel to the

principal axis, after reflection passes through the focus in case of a concave
mirror or appears to come from the focus in case of a convex mirror (Fig.
5.23).

Dance

Cover m

Fig. 525 Any parallel to the principal

ath fer reflectometer paves ve appears

(Hi) A ray passing through the focus: A

ray passing through the focus in case of a concave mirror or appearing to

pass through the focus in case of a convex mirror, gets reflected parallel to
the principal axis (Fig 5.24).

mirror, we take at least two rays incident on the mirror from a given point of
the object. The point where the rays after reflection from the mirror, meet or
appear to meet, gives the

image of that point of the object. REAL AND VIRTUAL IMAGE

If the reflected rays actually meet at a point, the image is real, but if the
reflected rays appear to meet at a point when produced

backwards, the image is virtual. A real image can be obtained on a screen,

but a virtual image cannot be taken on a screen. A real image is inverted, but
a virtual image is erect.

Distinction between reai and virtual images Real Image Virtual Image

A real image is 1. formed when the reflected rays

actually meet at a pout

2. It is inverted 3. h can be obtained

00 a screen.

2. It is erect or upright 3 camot be obtaned on a screen

IMAGES FORMED

MIRROR

A virtual image is formed when the reflected rays meet on producing them
backwards on pro

BY A CONCAVE

1. When an object is at infinity: When an object is at infinity, the image is

formed at the focus. It is a real, inverted and highly diminished image (Fig.
5.25)

Fig. 8.24 &ney posing throught the focus o appearing to pan through the
focus et reflected parallel to the principal ass

Fig. 25 Aval averted and highly diminished Image is formed when the what
inflamity

91

10/09/2024

3. When an object is heyond the centre of curvature: An object AB is

placed beyond the centre of curvature C of the concave mirror (Fig.
 5.26). A ray AD is incident on the mirror parallel to the principal asis.
This ray after reflection passes through the focus F along DA The other
ray AE passing through the centre of curvature C after reflection
retraces its path EA fie, it gets reflected along EA). The two reflociod
rays DA and EA intersect at A’ Thus. A’ is the real image of the point A.
When we take rays incident from other points of the object, we will find
that A’B’ is the umage of All which is between Cand F. The image
formed is real, inverted and omaller in size than the object.

Way, taking rays inciden points of tive object, Bith The irnage fo C of AB
formed is real, inverted and of the that of the object.

Fig. 5.27 A vend, inverted imags of the Janeted at the rentre of y

4. When an object is between the c of curvature and focus: An ohjen is

placed between focus Fand the r of curvature C (Fig. 5.28) of the
concave m A ray AD incidem mirror parallel to the principal a reflection
passes through the point along DA The other tay AE through the focus
F after reflec becomes parallel to the principal along EA’. The two
reflected rays D and EA’ intersect at A. Thus, Ais real image of A. In a
similar way.tak rays incident from other points of the object, A’B’ is the
image of AB femal beyond C. The image thus formed is real, inverted
and of bigger sine thu the object

Fe 526 Anlamverted and smaller inunge is formed between r of curruner and

f‫العما‬

3. When an object is at the centre of curvature: An object AB is placed at the

centre of curvature Cof the concave mirror (Fig. 5.27). A ray AD incident on
the mirror parallel to its principal axis afier reflection passes through the
Focus Falong DA’, The other ray AF incident on the mirror through the focus F
after reflection becomes parallel to the principal axis along EA The two
reflected rays DA’ and EA’ intersect at point A’. Hence, A’ is the real image of
the point A. In the same
Fig. 2X A real dwal magnified image a the son of carvanoy

Concise PHYSICS-Middle

5. When an object is at the focus: When an object is at the focus, the

image formed is an infinity. It is real, inverted and highly magnified (Fig
529)

Fig 3.28 Aral and highly magnified

When abject is between the focus and pole: An object AB is placed between
the pole P and focus F of a concave mirror (Fig. 5.30). A ray AD incidens on
the mirror parallel to the principal axis after reflection passes through the
focus F along DF. The other ray AE passing through the centre of curvature C
of the mirror after reflection retraces its path (Le, it gets reflected as EC). The
two reflected rays DF and EC do not actually intersect, but they simply
appeat to diverge from a point A behind the mirror. This is shown by the
dotted lines. Thus, A' is the virtual 2 image of A, In a similar way, taking rays
incident from other points of the object, A’B’ is the image of AB

Formed behind the mire. The image formed is virtual, croct and of stee
bigger than the object

This a concave murer forms real as well as virtual inseges. The image is
virtual if the object is very close to the mirror before its focus. For the object
at focin or beyond in. the image is real. The virtul image is always magnified
for each position of object hetween the pole and focus of mater. The teal
image is magnified if the object is at focus or between focus and centre of
curvature. It is of same size when object is at centre of curvature. But it is
diminisbed when object is beyonil centre of curvature.
The imags formed by a hath plane ro and spherical error os lateral Inversion
(Le. Use ride of che appars

Innages formed by s concave mirror for

Different positions of

Bon

Fig 530A and bigger magy I Jordband the mirrot

V pe

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Conclusion (1) In concave

T enlarged, object. As the depending upon the positi object is brought from in
towards the mirror, the image is real, till the object is beyond of curvature.
For the object at cem and diminished of erest, diminished or of some
curvature, the image is real, inverted w same size. When object comes clever
up real, enlarged and inven focus, the image is But if object comes still
closer, the becomes virtual, erect and enlargeć.

Images Formed by A Convex Mirror Project AB is

Convex mirror. A ray AD incident on the mirror parallel to the principal axis
after reflection appears to diverge from the focus F along DA,. The other ray
AE passing towar the centre of curvature C. after reflection retraces its path
EA as shown in Fig. 5.31. EA) The two Ge it gets reflected back along
reflected rays DA, and EA do not actually moet, but they appear to meet at
A’ behind the mirror when produced backwards as shown by the dotted lines.
Thus, A’ is the virtual lays incident from the other points of the image of the
point A. In a similar way, taking object, A’B’ is the image of AB.

Fle. 5.31 A virtual, erect and smaller image is formed behind the mirror
between & and P

As the object is brought closer to the convex mirror, the image moves
towards the pole of mirror. Its size increases (but always remains smaller
than the size of the object). It is virtual, erect and diminished, and is always
formed between the pole and focus.

Pasition, size and nature of image formed by a convex adrror

Puitics of the ahjert A

Podtion of the amage

Star of the

Nature of the Insage

Info

Other point

Beteren

Desnished

Vimal and

(2)Lo a convex mirror, the image for is always virtual, erect, diminished
ste situated between the pole and focus, for ta position of the object in
front of the nine As the object moves closer to the minut image shifts
towards the pole and it incre in size. We can verify it by drawing ra
diagrams for differeat positions of the objec The formation of virtual
images by concave and a convex mirror can

Demonstrated by the following activay

ACTIVITY 6

Wanth your face. Ot the image. You will obser Gminished as showe If you me
Fig. 533. Con away from yo image reme admiershed

Do You Kno

Anal image formed by a mirror is alwers tormed

Imags formert of the mirrat, while USES OF A CONCAVE MIRROR

A concave mirts is put to the following

Es: (1) As a shaving mirror. Reflector,

Headinght of a car and other vehicles. The source of light (bulh) is placed at
the focus of the concave reflectne

( Use of concave mirror ass doctor’s head mirror: If a parallel beam of light is
incident on a concave mirror, it converges the beam to a point called focu
(Fig. 5.35). This fact enables us to use it doctor’s head mirror to concentrate
Tight on a small area to be zsamined, like rose, roal ear, teeth, cac

() As a () As a doctor’s head mirror, (iv) To converge solar radiations in a solar

Cooker, and (v) In flood lights as a reflector.

6) Use of concave mirror as a shaving mirror: A concave mirror forms an

erect and magnified image of an object placed close to

This fact enables us to use it as a shaving curr (ii) Use of concave mirror as a

Take a polished steel spoon. The inside surface the spoon is curved inwards
and has a concure the while the outside surface of the spoon is outwards and
has a convex shape.

(1)Hold the spoon in such a way

That the inside surface of the

Spoon (concave side) is closer to you. See image of your face (Fig.5.32). It is
crect and magnified. Now move the spoon away from you, you will notice
that the image becomes inverted

He 532

(2)Now hold the spoon with its outside surface

Concise PHYSICS-Mioidie School-B

Reflector: If a source of ligte is placed at the foess of a concave

Mirror, we get a parallel beam of reflected light (Fig. 5.34). This fact enables
us to use il

As a reflector in torch, searchlight and

Fig. 5.34 Uar of a reflector concass mime as a

Light Energy

Fig. 1:35 Use of a sunceve mirror a dactor’s houd wirrur

(iv) Use of concave mirror in a solar cooker to converge the sun-rays: In a

solar
Cooker a concave mirror is used to reflect the sun- rays so as to converge
them on the cooking maerial placed at the focus of the concave mirror. (v)
Use of concave mirror in flood lights as a reflector in flood lights, the

Source of light (ie. Bulb) is placed between

The pole and focus of a concave mirror so as to obtain a diverging beam of

light. USES OF A CONVEX MIRROR

A convex mirror Is put to the following ases:

(1)As a rear view mirror,

(ii) As a reflector in strees lamps, and (ii) As a vigilance or anti-theft mirror.

(1)Use of convex mirror as a rear view mirror: A convex mirror diverges

the

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Incident light rays and always forms a s‫ الح‬and erect image between its pole
and focus This tact enables mirror by a driver to use it as a rear view to see
all the traffic behind ham approaching the mirror. Fig. 5.3t shows than a
plane minor

00 Use of cover mirrors in street loops: The fact that a diverges the light
enables us to use it as lamps. The lights from rays incident a reflector in
abalb placed in in the street as shown in Fig. 5.37,
Fig. 5.17 Ise of a convece mirror as reflective in sareer ligher

(ii) Use of convex mirror as a vigil mirror: In big showrooms and departmen
stores, convex mirrors are used to have a on the customers entering in as
well as gra out. The mirrors so used are called vigila or anti-theft mirrors.

Fig. 536 Field of view of a convex mirro in wider than cheat of a plane mirror

RECAPITULATION

The change in direction of path of light when it pases from some mansparent
medium te anther, is called

Refraction of light The spood of light in air is 3 x 10 ms la any other

nansparent meduen panch as water, glas, speed of light is less that that in
air. The air is, therefore, apically rares than any other tramparent When a ray
of light travels from a rarer to a demer medium, ir bends towards the
sermod.

Wien a ray of light novels from a domer no a rater mediaan, it beads away
from the nonsal When a ray of light falla normally, on the sariace separating
the two media, the angle of incidence is am it passes undeviated

Rekaction takes place at the two parallel surfaces when light passes througli
a rectangular glass block. The

Emergem tay and the incident toy are in the same direction, bat thes arv
hatendly displaced. When a light ray of single colour paces through a prism,
relcaction takes place at the two inclined surfans a the prison and the light
ray beads towards the third sarface scalled buses of the prisin When white
light passes through a prison, it splis into seven colours namely, violet,
indiges, blue, green, yell orange and red (VIBGYOR) with violet colour
towards the bee at the prism. This coloured hand is calle spectrum of white
ligin

Concise PHYSICS-Middle School

The plating in shine light into the thesis called dispera of light dee The
presbit simply separas the colon which ubaly cala in wir Tigu ofection an The
angle of matct the asgje of collection. Thi need ray and the normal the in the
same plan The acid

Aspherical nerve is a pathoph

Spherical manes and of two types A coscare mimor is sude by silvering the
water surface of the share so thon reflection sakin plat A convex en is made
by silvering the met surtisce of the sphere το

Place to the

The pole of merer is the geometric contne of its spherical surfac

The core of curare of a mirrow is the corure of die spoon of which the
mirroring

The radies of curvature of minion is the vidaus of the sphere of which the
mirror is a pat as of one is the stage line ning kes prided the cost of c

The principal The Facts of a concare memoria point on the pencipal acis se
which me prawipal as most after eflectan fum the marme
The faces of warmer is a poim on the principd as a which the light toys
incident pataltet in the the nottor

Pelesipal axt appear to mout alter reflection imm The focal length of a
spherical minor is the dance Cits focus from the po

Focal kaugth Radius of curvas. R Radius of curvang-2x food longth

The mange formed by a memer is real if the rays after nellaction from a
actually men at a potes. A seal image can be obtained on It is inverned.

The image formed by a mirror is vinual if the rays der selection înan it do not
actually wettapon, hu they meet when they are produced backwards. A
vutual touge can not be obsained on a screen.

A ay pasing though the contre of curvature is inesident normally on the

sphencal imin and seit genreflected

Hack akong its own putk An incident tay parallel to the principal asis after
reflection, passes (incoваме поток от перегs to purs in cooves mirne
through the focus of the minut

A ray pusing through the Secus tin a c A to pain through the locus On a me

Memort is suflected panllel to the principal as Is a concave marmor, the

position and romare of the image formed, depends on the position of chicct.
For the image is always real and invened, whereas for the chjert shed
between

Object sstmaned beyond the focus, the the focer and the pole, the image is
vinaal, envet and enlarged In a conses mirror, the image formed in always
virtual, erect and diminished for cach position of object. It is behind the
mirror hetweets as gode and foca

Situated A concave mine is sed as a durving mirror and as a teflector in

torch, searchlight and headlight of a vehicle

And also an a doctor’s head mirwe A convex mirror is used as a mat view
mimor in fan of a driver and as a reflector in street lamp

Light Energy

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