Numerical problem of design of singly reinforced beam

A reinforced concrete beam is supported on two walls 250mm thick, spaced at a clear
distance of 6m. The beam carries a super-imposed load of 9.8 KN/m. design the beam using
M20 concrete and HYSD bars of Fe 415 grade.

Solution

The minimum depth of beam is based on limit state of serviceability requirements.

As per IS 456:2000 cl no 23.2.1 (a), for simply supported beam l/d=20 and for balanced
section, pt ,lim 0.96%

Also for Fe 415 steel, fs=0.58x415=240 N/mm2

As per IS 456:2000 cl no 23.2.1(c) and fig 4 of IS 456:2000 modification factor=1.

Therefore, l/d=20x1;  d  l / 20  6000 / 20  300

This is the minimum value of d. actual value of d, based on bending may be more than this.
Now from experience, assume d=l/15=400mm

Therefore, overall depth= effective depth+ clear cover + diameter of stirrup +0.5(diameter of
main reinforcement)

=400+25+8+0.5x20=443mm 450 mm

Assume b=250mm

Therefore, try a trial section of dimension 250x450.

Load Calculation

Self-weight of beam (DL)= 0.25x0.45x1x25=2.8125 KN/m

Super-imposed load (LL)= 9.8 KN/m

Therefore, total load, w =(DL+LL)=(2.8125+9.8)=12.6125 KN/m

Design load, wu =1.5x w =18.9187 KN/m

Calculation of effective span

As per IS 456:2000, cl no 22.2 (a), the effective span of a simply supported beam is lesser of
the following two.

Clear span+ the effective depth of beam or slab

Or centre to centre distance between supports.

Clear span =6m

Effective depth of beam, d=450-25-8-0.5x20=407mm

Therefore, clear span + effective depth of beam=(6+0.407)m=6.407m

Centre to centre distance between support=(6+0.25/2+0.25/2)m=6.25m

Lesser of two=6.25m

Therefore, effective span =6.25m

Calculation of BM and SF

wu l 2 18.9187 x6.252
Maximum BM =   92.376 KN  m
8 8

wu l 18.9187 x 6.25
Maximum SF=   59.12 KN
2 2
Computation of effective depth, d

For M20 grade of concrete and Fe 415 grade of steel

M u  0.138 fck bd 2

92.376 x106
Therefore, d=  365.89 mm
0.138 x 20 x 250

Now assumed depth was =407mm

Therefore, required< assumed

So, the section assumed is safe from bending moment point of view.

Since the available depth (407mm) is greater than required depth (365.89mm). So the section
is under reinforced.

Calculation of steel reinforcement

The reinforcement for an under-reinforced section is given by

0.5 fck  4.6M u  0.5 x 20  4.6 x92.376 x106 

Ast=  1  1   bd  1  1   (250 x407)
fy  fck bd 2  415  20 x 250 x 407 2



Ast=740.88mm2

740.88
%pt=100  0.728% < pt ,lim
250 x407

740.88
Therefore, using 20 mm dia, no of bars required =  2.35 3.

(20)
4

Provide 3nos 20 diameter bar.

Shear Reinforcement

As per IS 456:2000 Cl. No. 22.6.2, the critical section for shear is at a distance of ‗d‘ from the
face of the support.

So, shear force at that distance, Vu =59.12-18.9187(0.25/2+0.407) = 49.05 KN.

Vu 49.05 x103
Nominal shear stress,  v    0.482 N / mm2
bd 250 x407
 
(20)2
3x
% pt at support = 100 x 4  0.926%
250 x 407

As per IS 456:2000, table 19, the design shear strength of concrete,  c for %pt=0.926 and

M20 grade of concrete,  c  0.61 N / mm2

Since  v  c , no shear reinforcement is necessary. However, minimum shear reinforcement

as per cl no 26.5.1.6 of IS 456:2000 should be provided.

Asv 0.4 2.175 Asv f y

  Sv 
bSv 0.87 f y b

As per cl no 26.5.1.5 of IS 456:2000, maximum spacing of shear reinforcement least of the

following

(a) 0.75d or (b) 300mm

Hence provide 2L-8 mm diameter @ 300mm c/c throughout the length of the beam.

Check for Development length

As per cl no 26.2.1 of IS 456:2000, the development length L d is given by

 s
Ld 
4 bd

 bd =1.2 N/mm2 for M20 grade of concrete.

For deformed bars conforming to Is 1786 these values shall be increased by 60%.

 s 20 x0.87 x415
Ld    940.23 mm
(4 bd ) x1.6 4 x1.2 x1.6

Now as per cl no 26.2.3.3 (c) of IS 456:2000, at a simple support and at points of inflection,
positive moment tension reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter such that L d computed
for fd does not exceed

M1
 L0
V

M1
The value of in the above expression may be increased by 30% when the ends of the
V
reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction.
 M1
Ld  1.3  L0
V

3 bars are available at supports.

o.87 f y Ast 0.87 x415 x(3x314.15)

xu    189 mm
0.36 fck b 0.36 x20 x250

M1  0.87 f y Ast (d  0.416 xu )

 0.87 x 415 x(3x314.15)(407  0.416 x189)
 111.73 KN  m

V=59.12 KN

L0= greatest of effective depth of member or 12 

=407mm

M1
1.3  L0  2.863 m
V

M1
Therefore, Ld  1.3  L0
V

2-10 2L-8 @ 300c/c

450mm

3-20 6m

2-10

2L-8 @ 300c/c

Reinforcement Detailing
Two-way Slabs

Numerical Problem

Design a R.C. slab for a room measuring 5mx6m size. The slab is simply supported on all the
four edges, with corners held down and carries a super-imposed load of 3 KN/m2 inclusive of
floor finish etc. Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe 415 grade of steel.

Solution

Computation of loading and bending moment

From deflection point of view l/d=20 for simply supported slab. Let us assume p t = 0.2% for
an under-reinforced section. Hence from figure 4 of IS 456:2000, we get modification factor
=1.68.

Hence l/d=20x1.68 =33.6

and d =l/33.6 = 5000/33.6 =148.8 mm

Providing 20 mm nomonal cover and 8 mm bar

D=148.8+20+8 =172.8 mm

Hence assume an overall depth of 180 mm for the purpose of computing dead load

(i) Self weight of slab per m2 = 0.18x1x1x25 =4.5 KN/m2

(ii) Super-imposed load @ 3 KN/m2 = 3 KN/m2

Total load w =7.5 KN/m2

Hence wu =1.5x7.5 = 11.25 KN/m2

Taking an effective depth of 150 mm.

Effective ly = 6+0.15 = 6.15m

Effective lx = 5+0.15 = 5.15m

ly 6.15
Therefore   1.2  2
lx 5.15

From table 27 of IS 456:2000  x  0.072 and  y  0.056

M ux   x wulx 2  0.072 x11.25x5.152  21.483 KN  m

M uy   y wulx 2  0.056 x11.25x5.152  16.709 KN  m

3 3
For short span, width of middle strip = l y  x6.15  4.61 m
4 4

Width of edge strip = 0.5x(6.15-4.61) = 0.77m

3 3
For long span, width of middle strip = lx  x5.15  3.87 m
4 4

Width of edge strip = 0.5x(5.15-3.87) = 0.64m

Computation of effective depth and total depth

 M ux 21.483x106
d   88.2 mm
Ru b 2.761x103

However, from the requirement of deflection keep D= 180 mm.

Therefore , d=180-20-4=156 mm

Computation of steel reinforcement for short span

fck  4.6M ux 
Astx  0.5 1  1  2 
bd  403.2 mm2
fy  fck bd 

1000 x50.3
Spacing of 8 mm bar S x   124.7 mm
403.2

However, use 8 mm bars @120 mm c/c for the middle strip of width 4.61m.

Edge strip of length = 0.77m

0.12 x180 x1000

The reinforcement in the edge strip =  216 mm2
100

Provide spacing 8 mm 225 c/c.

Computation of steel reinforcement for long span

Asty  327.9 mm2

Spacing of 8 mm bar S y  153.4 mm

Provide 8 mm bars @150 mm c/c for the middle strip of width 3.87m.

For edge strip of width = 0.64m , Ast = 216 mm2

Hence provide spacing 8 mm @ 225 c/c.

Doubly Reinforced Beam

Figure 2.6 Doubly reinforced beam

Numerical Problem

Determine the moment of resistance of an existing beam having the following data: b=350
mm; d=900mm; d  =50mm. Tension reinforcement: 5-20mm HYSD bars (Fe 415);
compression reinforcement 2-20 HYSD bars (Fe 415); grade of concrete M15.

Solution


Ast  5 x (20)2  1570.8mm2 ;
4


Asc  2 x (20)2  628.3mm2
4

T  0.87 f y Ast  0.87 x415x1570.8  567120 N

Cu  0.36 fck xub  f sc Asc  0.446 fck Asc

=1890 xu  628.3 f sc  4203

3
Let assume xu =230mm; hence xu =98.6mm > d 
7

0.0035( xu  d ) 0.0035(230  50)

 sc    0.00274
xu 230

Hence from stress-strain curve, we get fsc =351 N/mm2

Cu = 1890x230 + (628.3x351)-4203=651030 N

This is much more than Tu = 567120 N. Hence take xu = 190 mm.

0.0035( xu  d ) 0.0035(190  50)

 sc    0.00258
xu 190

Hence fsc =347 N/mm2

Cu=572919 N T

Therefore, Mu = 1890x190x(900-0.416x190) + (628.3x347-4203)x(900-50)

476.5 KN-m
 • open well stairs [Fig. 2.11 (d)]
• spiral stairs [Fig. 2.11 (e)]
• helicoidal stairs [Fig. 2.11 (f)]

Fig. 2.11 Common geometrical configurations of stairs

Structural Classification
Structurally, staircases may be classified largely into two categories, depending on the
predominant direction in which the slab component of the stair undergoes flexure:

1. Stair slab spanning transversely (stair widthwise);

2. Stair slab spanning longitudinally (along the incline).
Stair Slab Spanning Transversely
The slab component of the stair (whether comprising an isolated tread slab, a tread-riser unit
or a waist slab) is supported on its side(s) or cantilevers laterally from a central support. The
slab supports gravity loads by bending essentially in a transverse vertical plane, with the
span along the width of the stair.
In the case of the cantilevered slabs, it is economical to provide isolated treads (without
risers). However, the tread-riser type of arrangement and the waist slab type are also
sometimes employed in practice, as cantilevers. The spandrel beam is subjected to torsion
(‗equilibrium torsion‘), in addition to flexure and shear.
When the slab is supported at the two sides by means of ‗stringer beams‘ or masonry walls, it
may be designed as simply supported, but reinforcement at the top should be provided near
the supports to resist the ‗negative‘ moments that may arise on account of possible partial
fixity.
Stair Slab Spanning Longitudinally
In this case, the supports to the stair slab are provided parallel to the riser at two or more
locations, causing the slab to bend longitudinally between the supports. It may be noted that
longitudinal bending can occur in configurations other than the straight stair configuration,
such as quarter-turn stairs, dog-legged stairs, open well stairs and helicoidal stairs .
The slab arrangement may either be the conventional ‗waist slab‘ type or the ‗tread-riser‘
type. The slab thickness depends on the ‗effective span‘, which should be taken as the centre-
to-centre distance between the beam/wall supports, according to the Code (Cl. 33.1a, c).In
certain situations, beam or wall supports may not be available parallel to the riser at the
landing. Instead, the flight is supported between the landings, which span transversely,
parallel to the risers. In such cases, the Code(Cl. 33.1b) specifies that the effective span for
the flight (spanning longitudinally) should be taken as the going of the stairs plus at each end
either half the width of the landing or one metre, whichever is smaller.
Numerical Problem
Design a (‗waist slab‘ type) dog-legged staircase for an office building, given the following
data:
• Height between floor = 3.2 m;
• Riser = 160 mm, tread = 270 mm;
• Width of flight = landing width = 1.25 m
2
• Live load = 5.0 kN/m
2
• Finishes load = 0.6 kN/m
Assume the stairs to be supported on 230 mm thick masonry walls at the outer edges of the
landing, parallel to the risers [Fig. 12.13(a)]. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Assume
mild exposure conditions.
Solution

Given: R = 160 mm, T = 270 mm ⇒+RT22

= 314 mm Effective span = c/c distance between supports = 5.16 m [Fig below].
• Assume a waist slab thickness ≈l20 = 5160/20 = 258 →260 mm.
Assuming 20 mm clear cover (mild exposure) and 12 θ main bars,
effective depth d = 260 – 20 – 12/2 = 234 mm.
The slab thickness in the landing regions may be taken as 200 mm, as the bending
moments are relatively low here.

Loads on going [fig. below] on projected plan area:

2
(1) self-weight of waist slab @ 25 × 0.26 × 314/270 = 7.56 kN/m
2
(2) self-weight of steps @ 25 × (0.5x0.16) = 2.00 kN/m
2
(3) finishes (given) = 0.60 kN/m
2
(4) live load (given) = 5.00 kN/m
2
Total =15.16 kN/m
2
⇒Factored load = 15.16 × 1.5 = 22.74 kN/m
• Loads on landing
2
(1) self-weight of slab @ 25 × 0.20 = 5.00 kN/m
2
(2) finishes @ 0.6 kN/m
2
(3) live loads @ 5.0 kN/m
2
Total =10.60 kN/m
2
⇒Factored load = 10.60 × 1.5 = 15.90 kN/m

• Design Moment [Fig. below]

Reaction R= (15.90x1.365)+(22.74x2.43)/2 = 49.33 kN/m
Maximum moment at midspan:
Mu = (49.33 × 2.58) – (15.90 × 1.365) × (2.58 – 1.365/2)
2
– (22.74) × (2.58 – 1.365) /2
= 69.30 kNm/m

• Main reinforcement
 Mu
R = 1.265 MPa
bd 2
Assuming fck = 20 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,

pt A
 st  0.381x102
100 100

⇒ ( Ast )req  (0.381x102 ) x103 x234  892 mm2 / m

Required spacing of 12 θ bars = 127 mm

Required spacing of 16 θ bars = 225 mm
Provide 16 θ @ 220c/c
• Distributors

( Ast )req  0.0012bt  312 mm2 / m

spacing 10 θ bars = 251 mm
Provide 10 θ @ 250c/c as distributors.

Figure for numerical problem

Numerical Problem
Design the reinforcement in a column of size 400 mm x 600 mm subjected to an axial load of
2000 kN under service dead load and live load. The column has an unsupported length of 4.0
m and effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends. Use M 25
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution
Step 1: To check if the column is short or slender
Given l = 4000 mm, b = 400 mm and D = 600 mm. Table 28 of IS 456 = l = l = 0.65(l) =
ex ey

2600 mm. So, we have

l /D = 2600/600 = 4.33 < 12
ex

l /b = 2600/400 = 6.5 < 12

ey

Hence, it is a short column.

Step 2: Minimum eccentricity
e = Greater of (l /500 + D/30) and 20 mm = 25.2 mm
x min ex

e = Greater of (l /500 + b/30) and 20 mm = 20 mm

y min ey
0.05 D = 0.05(600) = 30 mm > 25.2 mm (= e )
x min

0.05 b = 0.05(400) = 20 mm = 20 mm (= e )
y min

Hence, the equation given in cl.39.3 of IS 456 (Eq.(1)) is applicable for the design here.
Step 3: Area of steel
Fro Eq.10.4, we have
P = 0.4 f A + 0.67 f A
u ck c y sc
3
3000(10 ) = 0.4(25){(400)(600) – A } + 0.67(415) A
sc sc

which gives,
2
A = 2238.39 mm
sc
2 2
Provide 6-20 mm diameter and 2-16 mm diameter rods giving 2287 mm (> 2238.39 mm )
and p = 0.953 per cent, which is more than minimum percentage of 0.8 and less than
maximum percentage of 4.0. Hence, o.k.
Step 4: Lateral ties
The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is determined from cl.26.5.3.2 C-2 of
IS 456 as not less than (i) θ/4 and (ii) 6 mm. Here, θ = largest bar diameter used as
longitudinal reinforcement = 20 mm. So, the diameter of bars used as lateral ties = 6 mm.
The pitch of lateral ties, as per cl.26.5.3.2 C-1 of IS 456, should be not more than the least of
(i) the least lateral dimension of the column = 400 mm
(ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied =
16(16) = 256 mm
(iii) 300 mm

Reinforcement Detailing
Let us use p = pitch of lateral ties = 250 mm.