B.

Tech (ECE- Artificial Intelligence)

First Semester
[Link] Type of Course Subject L-T-P Code Credits
1 Basic Sciences Probability and Statistics 3-0-2 BAS 103 4
2 Basic Sciences Environmental Sciences 2-1-2 BAS 104 4
3 DCC Signals and Systems 3-0-2 BEC 102 4
Programming Fundamentals 2-0-2 BAI 104
CAD Modelling 0-2-2 BMA 102
Interdisciplinary Cyber Security Awareness 3-0-0 BIT 101
4 IDC 3
Web Application Development 2-0-2 BCS 102
Applied Mechanics 2-0-2 BMA 105
Introduction to Data Science 2-0-2 BAI 103
5 SEC Electronics Workshop 2-0-2 BEC 103 3
6 AEC Communication Skills 2-0-2 HMC 101 3
Total 21
Second Semester

[Link] Type of Course Subject L-T-P Code Credits

1 Basic Sciences Applied Mathematics 3-1-0 BAS 101 4
2 Basic Sciences Applied Physics 2-1-2 BAS 102 4
Network Analysis and
3 DCC 3-0-2 BEC 104 4
Synthesis
Programming Fundamentals 2-0-2 BAI 104
CAD Modelling 0-2-2 BMA 102
Interdisciplinary Cyber Security Awareness 3-0-0 BIT 101
4 IDC 3
Web Application Development 2-0-2 BCS 102
Applied Mechanics 2-0-2 BMA 105
Introduction to Data Science 2-0-2 BAI 103
5 SEC IT Workshop 2-0-2 BAI 102 3
Soft Skills and Personality
6 AEC 2-0-2 HMC 102 3
Development
Total 21

6
 COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Course Code: HMC 101 Credits: 3
Contact Hours: L-2 T-0 P-2 Semester: I
Course Category: AEC

Introduction: This course facilitates communication skills development by exposing the

students to various nuances of effective communication. The course provides an in-depth
understanding of several key concepts of Communication like importance and functions of
communication, barriers to communication, active listening, group discussions, presentation
skills etc. The course also provides valid inputs on the ethical dimension of communication to
enable the students to be ethical communicators.
The highlight of the course is special emphasis on Professional Communication enhancement
that would facilitate the betterment of students with respect to formal speaking and writing.
The students will also be acquainted with various forms of business correspondence used in
organizations on a regular basis like agenda and minutes of meetings, business letters, reports
etc.

Course Objectives:
 To enable students to evaluate their personal communications styles and improve upon
it.
 To help the students understand the contemporary trends in communication.
 To facilitate the students in becoming aware of different communication theories and
their application.
 To encourage students to develop/create their own unique style of communication.

Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1: Evaluate and analyze their personal communication style while adapting their
communication to better expression of their ideas at workplace.
CO2: Enhance their knowledge of contemporary trends for effective Communication.
CO3: Effective comprehension and application of different Communication theories.
CO4: Synthesis their own unique communication style.

Pedagogy: Apart from interactive class teaching, various individual and group assignments will
be given.

Contents
UNIT-I 08 Hours
Introducing Communication: Importance and function of Communication, Communication
Cycle, Characteristics and Types of Communication, Channels and Medium of Communication,
7 C’s of Communication, Barriers to Communication. Ethics of Communication (plagiarism,
language sensitivity towards gender, caste, race, disability etc.)
UNIT-II 08 Hours
Everyday Communication: Non-Verbal Language (Symbols, Appearance, Paralanguage and
Body Language, Proxemics, Chronemics), Listening Skills (Importance, Barriers, Essentials of
Good Listening),
Communication Skills (greetings, introducing, making requests, asking and giving permission,
offering help and giving instructions and directions etc.), Understanding Telephone Skills
(handling calls, leaving a message, asking and giving information and instructions etc.), Net
Etiquettes.

19
 UNIT-III 07 Hours
Presentations & Employment Communication: Classroom Presentations (purpose, types,
preparing and presenting – use of visual aids/ power point presentations), Group Discussion
(purpose, strategies, guidelines etc.), Job Application (Resume and Cover Letter)
UNIT-IV 07 Hours
Writing on the Job: Formal and Informal Writing, Basics of Paragraph Writing, Email Writing,
Letters at the workplace, Meeting documentations (Agenda and Minutes of meeting etc.), Report
Writing (characteristics, types, structure of formal report).
Text Books
1. M. Raman and S. Sharma. Technical Communication: Principles and Practice, 3rd
Edition, Oxford University Press, 2022.
2. M. Ashraf Rizvi, Effective Technical Communication, Tata McGraw Hill Publications,
2018.
3. Mastering Communication (5th Edition) Nicky Stanton, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
4. Communication Skills (2nd Edition) Sanjay Kumar and Pushp Lata, Oxford University
Press, 2015.
5. Effective Technical Communication: A Guide for Scientists and Engineers. Barun K.
Mitra, Oxford University Press, 2006.
Reference Books
1. Lewis and Hedwig, Body Language: A Guide for Professionals, New Delhi, Response
Books, 2000
2. Sides and H. Charles, How to Write & Present Technical Information, Cambridge, CUP,
1999.
3. S. Kumar and P. Lata. Language and Communication Skills for Engineers, Oxford
University Press, 2018.
4. Hasson, Gill. Brilliant Communication Skills. Pearson Education, 2012.

List of Experiments

[Link]. Experiment Name

1. The Art of Self Introduction
2. Case Study Analysis and Discussion : Understanding Barriers
3. Introduction to Phonetics - Vowel Sounds
4. Phonetics – Consonant Sounds
5. Nuances of Publics Speaking
6. Listening and comprehension
7. Mock Group Discussions
8. Mock Presentation
9. Writing Effective Paragraphs: Using AI for Impact
10. Professional Email Writing

20
 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Course Code: BAS 104 Credits: 4
Contact Hours: L-2 T-1 P-2 Semester: I/II
Course Category: BAS

Introduction: A scientific study of the natural world and how it is influenced by people. It
Surveys environmental studies, examining ecological, socioeconomic, and technological
factors that influence the quality of life on Earth.

Course Objectives:
 Environmental science prepares students for career success in environmental
monitoring and remediation, natural resources and conservation, public health,
industrial environmental management.
 The curriculum is so designed that the students get an in-depth knowledge of the
environment and various issues arising due to mismanagement of resources.

Course Outcomes: Having successfully completed this course, students will be able to:
CO1: Understand the critical issue of water pollution and understand the processes of
treatment of waste water with its conservation
CO2: Understand and evaluate the transnational character of environmental problems, their
sources, sinks and control strategies along with their short-term and long term impacts
to humans. Students will also learn to apply green methodologies to find solutions to
address various environmental issues.
CO3: Understand the interconnected and Interdisciplinary IDC
branches like Toxicology, synthesis and applications of Eco friendly polymers and
demonstrate an integrative approach to environmental issues with a focus on
sustainability.
CO4: Understand about the availability and sustainable use of natural resources and
implement their interpretative skills to evaluate the usage and application of alternate
energy sources for sustainability.

Pedagogy: Classroom teaching which focuses upon relating the textbook concepts with real
world phenomena, along with periodic tutorial classes to enhance the problem-solving ability.

Contents
UNIT-I 07 Hours
Environment Pollution and Control-I
Water Pollution: Brief overview of water quality parameters, Classification of water pollutants
and their sources
Total Hardness and its determination (EDTA method)-(Numericals), Alkalinity and its
determination-(Numericals), DO, BOD and COD their determination
Treatment of Water for Domestic use: Disinfection by Breakpoint chlorination.
Waste-water treatment: Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
Water Conservation and Management, Rain-water harvesting
UNIT-II 07 Hours
Environment Pollution and Control-II
Air Pollution: Types of air pollutants, source, effects, sink & control of common air pollutants
(CO, oxides of nitrogen & sulfur, hydrocarbons and particulates), Photochemical smog, acid rain,
greenhouse effect, global warming, Carbon dioxide sequestration and the concept of Carbon
Credits.

26
Solid and Hazardous Waste Pollution: Classification, waste treatment and disposal methods:
Sanitary landfill, thermal processes, chemical and biological processes, disposal methods for
nuclear waste, nuclear disaster (case study), disposal methods for e-waste.
Green Technology and Green Chemistry: Introduction to concept of Green Technology and
Zero Waste Technology, Green Chemistry & its basic principles, Atom Economy (Numerical),
evaluation of feedstock, reaction types, methods, reagents and solvents.
UNIT-III 07 Hours
Chemical Toxicology and Eco-Friendly Polymers
Toxicology: terminology & toxic effects, chemical interactions, impact of toxic chemicals on
enzymes, Biochemical effects of arsenic, mercury, lead, chromium, & cadmium. Polymers
Introduction: Functionality of monomer, polymerization, degree of polymerization, Number
average and weight average molecular weight of polymers (Numerical). Environmental
degradation of polymers: Biodegradable, Photo-biodegradable polymers, Hydrolysis & Hydro-
biodegradable polymers Biopolymers & Bio plastics.
UNIT-IV 07 Hours
Energy Resources and Management:
Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
Use of alternate energy sources including solar energy harnessing (photovoltaic), wind energy,
hydro-energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biodiesel, power alcohol, biomass energy,
Hydrogen energy
Resource Management-Concept of Sustainable development, Environmental Management
Systems, Environmental Impact Assessment, Pollution Management Initiatives taken by
Government.
Important Environment Laws
Text Books
1. Ranu Gadi, Sunita Rattan, Sushmita Mohapatra. A Text book of Environmental Studies
(with experiments), 5th Ed., S.K. Kataria & Sons, 2024.
2. S. Rattan, “Applied Chemistry”, [Link] & Sons, 2023.
3. [Link], [Link]. A Textbook of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control
(With Energy, Ecology, Ethics and Society) S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd. (India),
2018.
Reference Books
1. Richard T. Wright, Dorothy F Boorse, Environmental Science Towards A Sustainable
Future, 13thEdition, Pearson Education, 2017.
2. E. Barucha, Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses,
Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2019.
3. C.N. Sawyer, P.L. McCarty, and G.F. Parkin, “Chemistry for Environmental Engg. and
Science”, 5th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2017.
4. R. Rajagopalan, Environmental studies from crisis to cure, 3rd edition, Oxford
University Press., 2016.

27
 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
Course Code: BAS 103 Credits: 4
Contact Hours: L-3 T-0 P-2 Semester: I/II
Course Category: BAS

Introduction: Students will learn fundamental rules of Probability, discrete and continuous
probability distributions, and statistical methods most commonly used in various domains of
engineering and management.

Course Objectives:
 To introduce the basic concepts of probability and random variables
 To introduce the basic concepts of two dimensional random variables.
 This course aims at providing the required skill to apply the statistical tools in
engineering problems.
 To acquaint the knowledge of testing of hypothesis for small and large samples which
plays an important role in real life problems.

Course Outcomes: On completion of the course, the students will be able to:
CO1: Recall the basics of probability theory and apply it to determine total and conditional
Probabilities.
CO2: Understand the concepts of Random variable, various discrete and continuous
probability distributions and use it to solve the statistical situations.
CO3: Evaluate the correlation between two variables and analyze statistical data.
CO4: Determine probabilities of making errors in hypothesis testing and draw conclusions
using critical values.

Prerequisite: Basics of permutations & combinations and probability theory.

Pedagogy: The teaching-learning of the course would be organized through lectures,

assignments, projects/ presentations and quizzes. The students would implement programs
using MS-Excel/R/SPSS/MATLAB to develop a deeper insight into the underlying principles
of the concepts taught in theory classes.

Contents
UNIT-I 10 Hours
Concept of probability, additive and multiplicative law of probability, total and conditional
probabilities, Baye’s theorem. Measures of central tendency, dispersion, kurtosis, moments.
Definition and properties of random variables, discrete and continuous random variables,
probability mass and density functions, distribution functions.
UNIT-II 12 Hours
Concepts of bi-variate random variables-Joint, marginal and conditional distributions.
Transformations of one and two-dimensional random variables. Mathematical expectation-
Definition and its properties. Variance, standard deviation, Covariance. Moment generating
function- Definition and their properties.
UNIT-III 10 Hours
Discrete distributions-Binomial, Poisson and geometric distributions with their properties.
Continuous distributions- Uniform, Exponential and Normal distributions with their properties.
Linear Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Rank Correlation Coefficient, Regression. Central
limit theorem.

38
 UNIT-IV 10 Hours
Formation of Hypothesis, Test of significance: Large sample test for single proportion,
Difference of proportions, Single mean, Difference of means, and standard deviations. Test of
significance for small samples: t- Test for single mean and difference of means, t-test for
correlation coefficients, F- test for ratio of variances, Chi-square test for goodness of fit and
independence of attributes.
Text Books
1. Montgomery, Douglas C., and George C. Runger. “Applied Statistics and Probability
for Engineers”, Seventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
2. Sheldon Ross M., Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists,
Academic Press, 6thEdtion, 2020.
3. Rukmangadachari E., and Keshava, Reddy E. Probability and Statistics, Pearson
Education India, 2015.
4. Ravichandran J., Probability and Statistics for Engineers. Wiley India, 2010.
Reference Books
1. Devore, Jay L. "Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences", 8th Edition,
Cengage, 2010.
2. Scheaffer, Richard, Madhuri Mulekar, and James McClave. Probability and Statistics
for Engineers. Nelson Education, 2010.
3. Meyer, Paul L. Introductory Probability and Statistical Applications. 2nd Edition, Oxford
and IBH publishing, 1965.
4. Gupta S.C. and Kapoor V.K., Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, S Chand
Publications, 11th Edition, 2002

List of Experiments
1. Load real-world datasets from sources like CSV files or online repositories.
2. Calculate descriptive statistics like mean, median, and standard deviation.
3. Create histograms, boxplots, scatter plots, and bar charts to visualize data distributions,
relationships between variables, and identify potential outliers.
4. Simulate random outcomes and calculate probabilities for the case of coin flips and card
draws.
5. Simulate experimental probabilities and compare it with theoretical probabilities.
6. Calculate expected value and variance in the context of single random variable.
7. Generate and plot probabilities for events in discrete and continuous distributions
(Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, and Normal).
8. Fit simple linear regression models using built-in functions.
9. Applying the t-test for independent and dependent samples.
10. Use chi-square tests to assess independence or association between categorical variables
in real-world dataset.
11. Testing of hypothesis for sample means and proportion from real time problems.

39
 ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP
Course Code: BEC 103 Credits: 3
Contact Hours: L-2 T-0 P-2 Semester: 1
Course Category: SEC

Introduction: This course introduces the practical concepts about electronic components,
circuits and electronic instruments. This course will familiarize the students with the basic
analog and digital circuits and implementing those using EDA Tools. The course will enable
students to get a good opportunity for beginning their professional career even at the end of
first year.

Course Objectives:
 To give an insight into fundamental concepts of semiconductor devices and identifying
various electronic components.
 To design analog circuits and implement them using EDA tools
 To give the broad spectrum of analog principles and design equations.
 To Familiarize with Electronic and Measuring Instruments
 To analyze digital logic processes and implement logical operations using combinational
logic circuits.

Pre-requisite: Theory of Semiconductor Physics

Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, students will be able to:
CO1: Understand the basic electronics components and instruments.
CO2: Differentiate between various ICs in terms of their identification numbers and
functionalities.
CO3: Disassemble a computer and identify various peripherals and internal circuit
component.
CO4: Design and analysis of Electronic circuits using EDA Tools.

Pedagogy: The teaching-learning of the course would be organized through lectures, tutorials,
assignments, projects/ presentations and quizzes. Faculty members strive to make the classes
interactive so that students can correlate the theories with practical examples for better
understanding. Use of ICT, web-based resources as well as flipped classroom teaching will be
adopted.
Contents
UNIT-I 05 Hours
Review of semiconductor physics, p-n Junction diode, p-n diode characteristics and its
operation, p-n junction capacitances (depletion and diffusion), Breakdown in p-n diodes. Diode
Applications: Clipping and clamping circuits, Rectifier circuits, Zener diode, Zener diode as
regulators.
Bipolar junction transistor: Introduction and types of Transistors, construction, BJT
characteristics in CB, CE & CC mode, operating point, AC/DC Load Line, leakage currents,
saturation and cut off mode of operations, Ebers-moll model.
UNIT-II 06 Hours
Bias stabilization: Need for stabilization, various biasing schemes, bias stability with respect
to variations in Ico, VBE & β, Stabilization factors, thermal stability.

Measuring Instruments: Classification, Absolute and secondary instruments, indicating

instruments, control, balancing and damping, constructional details, characteristics, errors in
measurement.
Ammeters, voltmeters: (DC/AC) PMMC, MI. Electrodynamometer type Wattmeter.

53
 UNIT-III 05 Hours
Electronic Instruments for Measuring Basic Parameters: Amplified DC meter, AC Voltmeter,
True- RMS responding Voltmeter, Electronic multi-meter, Digital voltmeter, Vector
Voltmeter.
Digital Multi-meter: Block diagram, principle of operation,
Electronic Voltmeter: Block diagram, principle of operation,
Digital Frequency meter: Block diagram, principle of operation.
UNIT-IV 04 Hours
Analog & Digital signals, AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR & XOR gates, Boolean algebra.
Standard representation of Logical functions, K-map representation and simplification of logical
functions, Don’t care conditions, X-OR & X-NOR simplification of K-maps.
Combinational circuits: Multiplexers, demultiplexers, Decoders & Encoders, Adders &
Subtractor, Code Converters, comparators, decoder/ drivers for display devices.
Text Books
1. B. L. Theraja, ‘A Textbook of Electrical Technology - Volume I (Basic Electrical
Engineering)”, S. Chand and Company, 2020.
2. Millman and Halkias, “Electronic devices and circuits” TMH, 4th Edition, 2015 (latest
edition)
3. R.P. Jain, Kishor Sarawadekar, “Modern Digital Electronics”, TMH, 5th Edition, 2022.
Reference Books
1. Vincent Del Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Pearson Education India,
2015.
2. Sedra & Smith, “Micro Electronic Circuits” Oxford University Press, 6th Edition, 2012
(latest edition).
3. S. Salivahanan, S. Arivazhagan, “Digital circuits and design”, Oxford Univ. Press, 5th
Edition, 2018.

List of Experiments
Topic 1. To identify various components being used in any electronic circuit such as resistor,
capacitor, various diodes (p-n junction, Zener, LED), transistors (BJT, MOSFET, FET),
breadboard, potentiometer.
 Learn graphical symbols used to represent the various components.
 Find the value of resistance, capacitance by its color code and value mentioned on
the component.
Topic 2. To study the various control on the panel of a typical DSO, Multimeter.
Topic [Link] study the various control on the panel of a function generator and DC power
supply.
Topic 4. To Study the pin configuration of a given IC number.
Topic 5. To Measure the current, voltage & Power using electrical/electronic instruments
Topic 6. To study and verify the truth table of various logic gates on the breadboard.
Topic [Link] design an electronic circuit with discrete components on Breadboard/general
purpose PCB.
Topic 9. To realize schematic of an electronic circuit using any design software
(OrCAD/TINA/ KiCAD/ DesignSpark PCB/ any other available software).
Topic 10. To identify various peripheral devices including a keyboard, mouse, printer, and
flash drive of a computer
Topic 11. To study motherboard and various ports in a computer for interaction with computer
and identify various hardware peripherals like RAM, ROM and Processor

54
 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
Course Code: BAI 104 Credits: 3
Contact Hours: L-2 T-0 P-2 Semester: I/II
Course Category: SEC/IDC

Introduction: Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language with support for

Object Oriented Programming, known for its readability and straightforward syntax. The goal
is to gain knowledge of Python syntax and semantics, learn and apply core programming
concepts, design and write fully-functional Python programs for real-world applications.
Course Objectives:
 To know the basics of algorithmic problem solving for reading and writing Python
programs.
 To develop Python programs with conditions and loops.
 To use Python data structures –- lists, tuples dictionaries.
 To define Python functions and call them.
 To do input/output with files in Python

Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, students will be able to:
CO1: Illustrate the syntax and semantics, control statements and looping structures in Python
programming language.
CO2: Learn and apply essential Python data structures for effective data operations.
CO3: Implement modular programming concepts to design and develop reusable code
structures.
CO4: Explore and apply Python libraries to address real-world challenges.

Pedagogy: Lectures will be imparted along with hands-on lab sessions and the latest real-world
case studies where python can be used.

Contents
UNIT-I 07 Hours
Introduction to programming: Introduction to Computers, Types of Programming Languages,
Algorithms, Flowcharts. Data types, Variables, Assignments, Immutable variables, Numerical
types, Arithmetic operators and Expressions, Comments, Understanding error messages.
Conditions, Boolean logic, Logical Operators, Ranges, Control statements, Loops.
Introduction to OOP: Classes and Objects, Creating Classes in Python, Creating Objects in
Python, The Constructor Method, Classes with Multiple Objects, Class Attributes versus Data
Attributes, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism
UNIT-II 07 Hours
Strings: Accessing Characters and Substrings in a String, Strings and Number System, String
Methods, Basic String Operations, String Slicing, Indexing, Searching, and Manipulating
Strings.
Lists: Introduction to Lists, List slicing, Basic List Operations, Built-in Functions of Lists,
Copying Lists, Two-Dimensional Lists.
Tuples: Creating Tuples, Basic Tuple Operations, Indexing and Slicing in Tuples, Built-in
Functions used in Tuples, Tuple Methods.
Dictionary: dictionary literals, adding and removing keys, accessing and replacing values;
traversing dictionaries.
UNIT-III 07 Hours
Functions, Built-In Functions, Commonly Used Modules, Function Definition and Calling the
Function, The return Statement and void Function, Scope and Lifetime of Variables, Default

58
Parameters, Keyword Arguments, *args and **kwargs, Command Line Arguments, Functions-
Generating Random Numbers.
Recursion: Introduction, Problem Solving with Recursion, Examples of Recursive Algorithms.
UNIT-IV 07 Hours
Files: Types of Files, Creating and Reading Text Data, File Methods to Read and Write Data,
Reading and Writing Binary Files, The Pickle Module, Reading and Writing CSV Files,
Exceptions, Python math, random, os and [Link], date, time, scipy modules.
Python Packages: Simple programs using the built-in functions of packages matplotlib, numpy,
pandas, keras etc.
Text Books
1. Kenneth A. Lambert, “The Fundamentals of Python: First Programs”, Cengage Learning,
2019/ Latest Edition.
2. Allen B. Downey, “Think Python: How to think like a Computer Scientist”, John Wiley,
2016/ Latest Edition.
Reference Books
1. Mark Lutz, “Learning Python”, O’Reilly Publication, 2013/ Latest Edition.
2. Charles R. Severance, “Python for Everybody: Exploring Data in Python 3”, Shroff
Publishers. 2016/ Latest Edition
3. Martin C. Brown, “Python: The Complete Reference”, McGraw-Hill, 2018/ Latest Edition.
4. John V Guttag, “Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python”, MIT
Press, Revised and expanded Edition, 2013 / Latest Edition

List of Experiments
1) Implement a program to calculate the remainder of two numbers using the modulo
operator.
2) Write a program that takes two lists and returns True if they have at least one common
member.
3) Write a Python script to sort (ascending and descending) a dictionary by value.
4) Write Python programs to demonstrate the following: i) input( ) ii) print( ) iii) ‘sep’
attribute iv) ‘end’ attribute v) replacement Operator ({ })
5) Python program that accepts a string and calculates the number of digits and Letters.
6) Write a Python program to get a substring from a given string starting from the 3rd
character to the 5th character.
7) Write a Python program to remove a key-value pair from a dictionary.
8) Write a Python program to read and write to a binary file using random access methods.
9) Write a Python program to handle the exception that occurs when trying to open a non-
existing file.
10) Write a Python program to handle the exception that occurs when accessing an index
out of range in a list.
11) Create a Python class Student with attributes name and grade. Use the__str__ and
__len__ in-built functions to customize the string representation and length of the
object.
12) Create a Python class named Car with attributes brand and model. Create an object of
this class and print its attributes.
13) Write a Python function that takes a list as an argument and returns the sum of all the
elements in the list. Test this function with a sample list.
14) Write a Python function named operate that takes two numbers and an operation as
arguments. The operation can be add, subtract, multiply, or divide. Use lambda
functions to perform the respective operations.
15) Use Matplotlib to plot a sine wave from 0 to 2π.
16) Create a NumPy array containing numbers from 1 to 10. Calculate its mean, median,
and standard deviation.

59
 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
Course Code: BEC 102 Credits: 4
Contact Hours: L-3 T-0 P-2 Semester: I
Course Category: DCC

Introduction: This course introduces the concept of analog and digital signal processing,
which forms an integral part of engineering systems in many diverse areas, including seismic
data processing, communications, speech processing, image processing, defense electronics,
consumer electronics, and consumer products. The course presents and integrates the basic
concepts for both continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems. It addresses
classifications of signals and systems, basic signal operations, linear time-invariant (LTI)
systems, time-domain analysis of LTI systems, signal representation using Fourier series,
continuous-time Fourier transform, discrete-time Fourier transform, and Laplace transform.

Course Objective:
 To provide a strong foundation on signals and systems, which is the foundation of
communication and signal processing.
 To make the students learn about basic continuous time and discrete time signals and
systems.
 To provide an understanding of the application of various transforms for analysis of
signals and systems in both continuous time and discrete time domains.
 To create an understanding of the power and energy signals and spectrum.
 To create strong foundation of communication and signal processing to be covered
in thesubsequent semesters.

Pre-requisite: Inclination to learn mathematics, basic knowledge of differential equations,

electrical circuits and networks.

Course Outcomes: After successful completion of the course, students will be able to
CO1: Understand various types of signals, classify them, and perform various operation on
them.
CO2: Understand about various types of systems, classify them, analyze them, and understand
theirresponse behavior.
CO3: Apply transforms in the analysis of signals and systems.
CO4: Analyze the effects of applying various properties and operations on signals and
systems bycarrying out simulation.

Pedagogy: The teaching-learning of the course would be organized through lectures, tutorials,
assignments, projects/ presentations and quizzes. Faculty members strive to make the classes
interactive so that students can correlate the theories with practical examples for better
understanding. Use of ICT, web-based resources as well as flipped classroom teaching will be
adopted.

Contents
UNIT-I 10 Hours
Introduction: Signals: Classification of signals, Continuous – Discrete time; Even/Odd
signals, Periodic/ Nonperiodic signals, Deterministic/Random signals, Energy/Power signals;
Basic operations on signals: Basic (Continuous/Discrete) signals – unit step, unit impulse,
sinusoidal and complex exponential signals etc.
Operations on signals: Amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, integration
(accumulator for DT), time scaling, time shifting and folding, precedence rule.
Systems (Continuous/Discrete): Representation, Classification – Linear/Nonlinear,

60
Causal/Non- causal, Time invariant/Time variant, with/ without memory; BIBO stability,
Feedback system, system properties from impulse response.
Concept of convolution in time domain, graphical convolution, Cross correlation and auto
correlation of functions, properties of correlation function, Energy density spectrum, Parseval’s
theorem, Power density spectrum, Relation between convolution and correlation.
UNIT-II 10 Hours
Signal Transmission through Linear Systems: Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems,
Differential/Difference equation representation of LTI system and its solution. Impulse response
and Transfer function of a LTI system, interconnection of LTI systems, evaluating impulse
response from the step response. Filter characteristics of linear systems. Distortion less
transmission through a system, Signal bandwidth, System bandwidth, Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF
characteristics.
Fourier series: Fourier series – half range expansions –Parseval’s identity – Transform
integrals –Fourier Integrals – theorem – Sine and cosine integrals. Fourier series for
periodic signals;Properties of continuous time Fourier Series (CTFS), Convergence of Fourier
series, Discrete time Fourier Series (DTFS), Properties of DTFS, Fourier series and LTI system;.
UNIT-III 10 Hours
Fourier analysis of continuous time signals and systems: Deriving Fourier transform (FT)
from Fourier series, Fourier transform of arbitrary signal, Fourier transform of standard signals–
Properties of continuous time FT, problem solving using properties, amplitude spectrum, phase
spectrum of the signal and system. Interplay between time and frequency domain using sinc and
rectangular signals, energy spectral density, parsevals theorem, power spectral density, inter
relation between correlation and spectral density. Limitations of FT and need of Laplace
transform and Z-transform
Laplace transform analysis of systems – Inverse transforms, linearity, shifting, Transforms of
derivatives and integrals – ROC and pole zero concept – Frequency response of continuous time
LTI systems-Transfer function of LTI system, Initial value theorem and final value theorem,
frequency response from pole zero locations, Bode plots, solution of ODEs using Laplace
transform, zero-state and zero-input response, frequency response from pole zero locations,
Laplace Transform of certain signals using waveform synthesis, Relation between Laplace
transform and Fourier transform of a signal.
UNIT-IV 10 Hours
Sampling: Sampling theorem, Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals,
impulse sampling, Natural and Flat top Sampling, Reconstruction of signal from its samples,
Aliasing, Sampling of discrete time signals,
Z transforms – definition – ROC – inverse transforms – properties, Initial value theorem
and final value theorem, Distinction between Laplace transform, Fourier transform and Z
transform, frequency response of discrete time LTI systems, Pole-Zero plot, Causality and
stability, unilateral Z-transform and solution of difference equations, Realization of Discrete
Systems: Structural realization of discrete systems – Direct form– I, Direct form-II, Cascade and
parallel forms
Text Books
1. Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, Prentice Hall,
2ndEdition, 2017 (latest edition)
2. J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing Principles, Algorithms
andApplications”, Pearson Education, 4th Edition, 2009 (latest edition).
3. Simon Haykin and Bary Van Veen, “Signals and Systems”, Wiley India Publications,
2ndEdition, 2007 (latest edition)
Reference Books
1. Michal J. Roberts and Govind Sharma, “Signals and Systems”, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
Publications, 2nd Edition, 2017 (latest edition).

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