Air standard cycle
HEAT ENGINE
• Any engine that converts thermal energy to
mechanical work output.
• Ex: steam engine, steam power plant, jet engine, gas
turbine power plant, diesel engine, and gasoline
(petrol) engine etc.
• On the basis of how thermal energy is being delivered
to working fluid of the heat engine, Heat engine can
be classified as
Internal combustion engine:
Combustion takes place within the working fluid of the
engine
•Thus fluid gets contaminated with combustion products.
•Petrol engine is an example of internal combustion engine,
where the working fluid is a mixture of air and fuel.
External combustion engine
• Working fluid gets energy from outside through some
heat exchanger (Boiler)
• Thus the working fluid does not come in contact with
combustion products.
• Steam engine is an example of external combustion
engine, where the working fluid is steam.
• Internal combustion engines can be classified as Continuous IC
engines and Intermittent IC engines.
• In continuous IC engines products of combustion of the fuel enters
into the prime mover as the working fluid.
For example : In open cycle gas turbine plant. Products of combustion
from the combustion chamber enters through the turbine to generate the
power continuously.
• In Intermittent internal combustion engine combustion of fuel
takes place inside the engine cylinder. Power is generated
intermittently (only during power stroke) and flywheel is used to
provide uniform output torque. Usually these engines are
reciprocating engines. The reciprocating engine mechanism consists
of piston which moves in a cylinder and forms a movable gas tight
seal. By means of a connecting rod and a crank shaft arrangement,
the reciprocating motion of piston is converted into a rotary motion
of the crankshaft. They are most popular because of their use as main
prime mover in commercial vehicles.
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
1. Greater mechanical simplicity.
2. Higher power output per unit weight because of absence of auxiliary units like
boiler, condenser and feed pump
3. Low initial cost
4. Higher brake thermal efficiency as only a small fraction of heat energy of the fuel
is dissipated to cooling system
5. These units are compact and requires less space
6. Easy starting from cold conditions
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
1. I C engines cannot use solid fuels which are cheaper. Only liquid or gaseous fuel of
given specification can be efficiently used. These fuels are relatively more expensive.
2. I C engines have reciprocating parts and hence balancing of them is problem and
they are also susceptible to mechanical vibrations.
Classifications
1. According to the basic engine design-
(a) Reciprocating engine (Use of cylinder piston
arrangement),
(b) Rotary engine (Use of turbine)
2. According to the type of fuel used- (a) Petrol
engine, (b) diesel engine, (c) gas engine (CNG, LPG),
(d) Alcohol engine (ethanol, methanol etc)
3. According to the number of strokes per cycle-
1. Four stroke and
(a) Naturally Aspirated
(b)Supercharged/Turbocharged
2. Two stroke engine
(a) Crankcase Scavenged
(b) Uniflow Scavenged
(i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port
(ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve
(iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve May be Naturally
Aspirated Turbocharged
Two stroke SI engine
Two stroke CI engine
4. According to the method of igniting the fuel- (a) Spark ignition
engine, (b) compression ignition engine and (c) hot spot ignition engine
5. According to the working cycle-
(a) Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine)
(b) Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine)
(c) Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI Engine)
(d) Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
(e) Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
6. According to the fuel supply and mixture preparation-
(a) Carburetted type (fuel supplied through the carburetor),
(b) Injection type (fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold,
fuel injected into the cylinder just before ignition).
7. According to the number of cylinder-
(a) Single cylinder and
(b) multi-cylinder engine
8. Method of cooling-
(a) water cooled
(b) air cooled
9. Speed of the engine-
Slow speed, medium speed and high speed engine
10. Cylinder arrangement-
Vertical,
horizontal,
inline,
V-type,
radial,
opposed cylinder or piston engines.
11. Valve or port design and location- Overhead (I
head), side valve (L head); in two stroke engines: cross
scavenging, loop scavenging, uniflow scavenging.
12. Method governing- Hit and miss governed engines,
quantitatively governed engines and qualitatively
governed engine
14. Application- Automotive engines for land transport,
marine engines for propulsion of ships, aircraft engines
for aircraft propulsion, industrial engines, prime movers
for electrical generators.
• Bottom Dead Center (BDC): Position of the piston when
it stops at the point closest to the crankshaft.
• –Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC)
because it is not always at the bottom of the [Link]
source call this point Bottom Center (BC).
• Stroke : Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme
position to the other : TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.
• Bore :It is defined as cylinder diameter or piston face
diameter; piston face diameter is same as cylinder
diameter( minus small clearance).
• Swept volume/Displacement volume : Volume displaced
by the piston as it travels through one stroke.
• –Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore.
• –Displacement can be given for one cylinder or entire
engine (one cylinder times number of cylinders).
Four stroke engine:
• - Cycle of operation completed in four strokes of the piston or
two revolution of the piston.
• (i) Suction stroke (suction valve open, exhaust valve closed)-
charge consisting of fresh air mixed with the fuel is drawn into
the cylinder due to the vacuum pressure created by the
movement of the piston from TDC to BDC.
• (ii) Compression stroke (both valves closed)-fresh charge is
compressed into clearance volume by the return stroke of the
piston and ignited by the spark for combustion. Hence pressure
and temperature is increased due to the combustion of fuel
• (iii) Expansion stroke (both valves closed)-high pressure of the
burnt gases force the piston towards BDC and hence power is
obtained at the crankshaft.
• (iv) Exhaust stroke (exhaust valve open, suction valve closed)-
burned gases expel out due to the movement of piston from
BDC to TDC.
• Figure show the cycle of operation of four stroke engine.
Two stroke engine:
• No piston stroke for suction and exhaust operations
• Suction is accomplished by air compressed in the crankcase or by a
blower
• Induction of compressed air removes the products of combustion
through exhaust ports
• Transfer port is there to supply the fresh charge into combustion
chamber
• Figure represents operation of two stroke engine
Working cycles:
Otto cycle- thermodynamic cycle for SI/petrol engine
-Reversible adiabatic compression and expansion process
-Constant volume heat addition (combustion) and heat rejection process (exhaust)
Figure depicts the Otto cycle
Mean effective pressure
• Mean effective pressure is used for initial engine design calculations, with engine
torque and MEP as inputs, the engine designer can calculate what is the required
engine volumetric capacity.
• Remember that mean effective pressure is only a parameter to measure engine
performance and does not reflect the actual pressures inside an individual
combustion chamber.
Diesel cycle
Diesel cycle- thermodynamic cycle for low speed CI/diesel engine
-Reversible adiabatic compression and expansion process
-Constant pressure heat addition (combustion) and Constant volume heat rejection
process (exhaust)
Figure depicts
the diesel cycle.
Dual cycle
Dual cycle or limited pressure cycle-thermodynamic cycle for
high speed diesel engine
-Reversible adiabatic compression and expansion process
-Constant pressure and constant volume heat addition
(combustion) and heat rejection process
Comparison of Otto Diesel and Dual cycle
