Environmental Crisis
and Sustainable
Development
1
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the origins and manifestations of global
environmental crises;
2. Relate everyday encounters with pollution, global
warming, desertification, ozone depletion, and many
others with a larger picture of environmental
degrations; and
3. Examine the policies and programs of governments
around the world that address the environmental crisis.
2
undtcolecel raftcfi tewra
rabgrage amj lutiploon 3
uncollected traffic water
garbage jam pollution 4
Has it always been
like this? Even in
the past?
When did it begin?
5
What is
Anthropocene?
A proposed new geological epoch in which human
activity has become the dominant influence on the
Earth's climate, and ecosystems.
Some propose that it began with the rise of agriculture
(10,000 years ago), while others suggest it started with
the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century or even
later, marked by nuclear testing in the mid-20th century
(the "Great Acceleration"). 6
Origins and
Manifestations of
Global Environmental
Crises
7
The World’s
Leading
Environmental
Problems
8
9
10
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Changes in global weather patterns
12
Overpopulation
13
The exhaustion of the world's
natural non renewable resources
A waste disposal catastrophe
14
Destruction of
million year
old ecosystems
and the loss of
biodiversity
15
Reduction of oxygen and the increase in
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because
of deforestation, resulting in the rise in
ocean acidity by as much as 150 percent in
the last 250 years
16
Water pollution
arising from
industrial and
community waste
residues seeping
into underground
water tables,
rivers, and seas 17
18
Man-made
Pollution
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Pollution
-When there are some physical,
chemical or biological changes occur
in our environment.
Man-made Pollution
-When there are some physical,
chemical or biological changes occur
due to man made activities in our
environment.
20
In Saudi Arabia, sandstorms
combined with combustion
exhaust from traffic and
industrial waste has lead the
World Health Organization
(WHO) to declare Riyadh as one
of the most polluted cities in
the world.
21
94% percent of Nigeria’s
population is exposed to air
pollution that WHO warned as
reaching dangerous levels.
While Gaborne, the capital of
Bostswana, is the 7th most polluted
city in the world.
22
The biggest copper mine in
Malanjkhand in India discharges
high levels of toxics heavy metals
into water streams while in China,
the “tailings” from the operations
producing 12,000 tons of gold per
year “have caused pollution and
safety problems.”
23
Who suffers the most from man-
made pollution?
24
Marife Ballesteros concludes
that this unhealthy
environment “deepens
poverty, increase the
vulnerability of both the poor
and non-poor living in slums,
and excludes the slum poor
from growth.
25
One of the major ironies of urban pollution is that the
necessities that the poor has access to are also the sources
of the problem. The main workhorse of the public transport
system is the bus. It is now considered "one of the largest
contributors to environmental pollution problems
worldwide." This problem is expected to worsen as the
middle classes and the elites buy more cars and as the road
systems are improved to give people more chance to travel.
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What is the effect of
Man-made Pollution?
Man-made pollution has significant negative effects on both
the environment and human health. Air pollution, caused by
industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and burning fossil
fuels, contributes to global warming, smog, and respiratory
diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Water
pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and
sewage contamination harms aquatic ecosystems, threatens
biodiversity, and makes water unsafe for drinking and
recreational activities. Soil pollution, driven by the use of
pesticides, fertilizers, and industrial waste, reduces soil
fertility, disrupts agriculture, and harms wildlife. 27
Man-made pollution leads to climate change,
environmental degradation, and serious health
risks, while also imposing economic costs through
healthcare and environmental cleanup. It is the
largest environmental cause of disease and
premature death.
28
Catching Up: The Intersection of Development
and Environmental Sustainability
Economic Growth and Environmental
Consequences
Extractive Economies
Trade-Offs Between Economic Growth and
Environmental Protection
Examples of Policy Solutions and
Technological Innovations 29
Dao
For countries to be considered
fully developed, they must be:
Industrialized and urbanized.
Home to a robust middle class
with access to modern amenities.
Supportive of the poor through:
Jobs in industrial sectors.
Public transportation systems.
Dao
Access to affordable food. 30
Economic Growth and
Environmental Consequences
The U.S. as a model: Industrialization and urbanization
contributing to environmental degradation, particularly
carbon emissions
Developing nations (China, India, Indonesia) adopting
similar paths to economic growth, often at the cost of
the environment
Pollution and resource depletion as byproducts of
31
Dao industrialization and urbanization
Extractive Economies:
Nigeria: The extractive oil industry,
particularly in the Niger Delta, causes land,
water, and air pollution
China: Heavy reliance on coal and inefficient
manufacturing processes has made it a major
emitter of greenhouse gases
32
Dao
Trade-Offs Between Economic
Growth and Environmental Protection
The challenge of balancing industrialization
with environmental protection
How poor regulation and energy over-
consumption in developing countries
exacerbate environmental harm 33
Examples of Policy Solutions and
Technological Innovations
India’s tax incentives for eco-friendly industries show a
pathway to sustainable growth
The potential of cleaner production technologies to
mitigate environmental harm during industrial expansion
Role of government regulation in curbing pollution and
encouraging environmentally-friendly practices
34
Dao
4 PICS 1 WORD
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WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
refers to long-term shifts in temperatures
and weather patterns.
Human activities have been the main driver
of climate change, primarily due to the
burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. 37
38
GREEN HOUSE EFFECTS
a process that occurs when gases in Earth's
atmosphere trap the Sun's heat. This process
makes Earth much warmer than it would be
without an atmosphere. The greenhouse
effect is one of the things that makes Earth
a comfortable place to live.
39
With the current amount of
carbon dioxide and other gases
that are released into the air,
mainly from burning coal in power
plants and from vehicles. Global
temperature has risen at a faster
rate in the last 50 years and it
continues to go up.
40
Impacts of Climate Change
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Extreme
Weather
Heat waves California drought (1,200 years worst).
droughts, and
heavy
rainstorms.
42
Typhoon Haiyan (Philippines, 2013).
Melting Ice Antarctica loses 134 billion tons of ice yearly.
and Flooding
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Coastal flooding in the U.S. and Gulf of Mexico.
Health and Livelihood Risks
Diseases Livelihood
Mosquitoes (like Aedes aegypti) Farmers and fishermen suffer
thrive in warmer climates, spreading due to unpredictable weather.
dengue and malaria.
Cholera outbreaks due to flooding.
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Since human-made climate change
threatens the entire world, it is
possibly the greatest present risk
to humankind.
45
Guess the Emoji!
🤜🫷🌐🌡️🔥
Mabitasan, Jennifer L.
Combating
Global Warming
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Global warming is the long-term heating of
Earth's surface observed since the pre-
industrial period (between 1850 and 1900)
due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel
burning, which increases heat-trapping
greenhouse gas levels in Earth's
atmosphere.
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How will we combat global
warming ?
Actions for a healthy planet
Save energy at home Change your home's Walk, bike or take Switch to an electric vehicle
source of energy public transport
Consider your travel Reduce, reuse, repair and recycle Eat more vegetables Throw away less food
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Actions for a healthy planet
Plant native species Clean up your environment Make your money count Speak up
-United Nations Department of Global Communications
51
Kyoto Protocol (1997): Paris Accord (2015):
Ratified in 2005 Negotiated by 195 countries in
Signed by 192 countries, aimed to December 2015
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Replaced the Kyoto Protocol with a
following the 1992 United Nations more flexible framework.
Earth Summit where the Framework It seeks to limit the increase in the
Convention on Climate Change was
finalized. global average temperature.
Established emission reduction targets Provides more leeway for countries to
for developed countries. decide on their national targets.
Lacked binding enforcement It largely passed as international
mechanisms legislation because it emphasized
Had a limited impact on reducing consensus-building
global emissions. Uncertain about its effectiveness in
United States- the biggest polluter in achieving global climate goals.
the world, is not joining the effort.
52
Social movements
Social movements have been successful in pressuring
governments to take action on climate change.
South Africa
Local officials and
Grassroots organization
Grassroots organizations and local communities are driving change at
the local level.
53
El Salvador
University-Government
Partnerships
Universities are playing a crucial role in developing
sustainable solutions and supporting government efforts.
EPIC come up with viable ground-level projects that 'strike a
balance between urgently needed economic growth and University of Chicago
improved air quality"
When these local alliances between the state, schools, and
communities are replicated at the national level, the sucess
becomes doubly significant. 54
Pollution Diet
of 1970
The so-called 'Pollution Diet of 1970'
introduced 14 laws designed to enforce
recognition of the issue. While these
regulation did not eliminate all
environmental problems, but today,
Japan has some of the least polluted
cities in the world.
Japan
Global coalitions involving various
stakeholders, including governments,
organizations, academics, the media ,and
communities, are crucial to combat
pollution. These coalitions can effectively
address the issue, especially when
governments and international
organizations are hesitant or lack the power
to enforce anti-pollution policies.
56
Philippine Clean
Air Act of 1999 -
R.A 8749
This Act establishes a comprehensive
air pollution control policy for the
country by preserving and protecting
air quality, establishing an air quality
management system, prohibiting
certain forms of waste disposal, and
regulating emissions.
Philippines
Ecological Solid
Waste Management
Act of 2000 -
R.A 9003
An Act providing for an Ecological Solid
Waste Management Program,
creating the necessary Institutional
Mechanisms and Incentives, declaring
certain Acts prohibited and providing
Penalties, appropriating funds
therefore, and for other purposes.
National Integrated
Protected Areas
System Act of 1992 -
R.A 7586
An Act providing for the
establishment and management of
national integrated protected
areas system, defining its scope
and coverage, and for other
purposes.
Renewable Energy Act
of 2008 -
R.A 9153
It aims to accelerate the exploration
and development of renewable
energy resources to achieve
energy self-reliance, through the
adoption of sustainable energy
development strategies.
Tragedy of Commons
Conclusion
References:
Admin. (2022, October 22). Compare and contrast Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement - Réné
Cottrell Acier.
FAOLEX. (n.d.). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-
FAOC045271/#:~:text=This%20Act%20establishes%20a%20comprehensive,waste%20disposal%2C
%20and%20regulating%20emissions.
FAOLEX. (n.d.-b). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC045260/
United Nations. (n.d.). Actions for a healthy planet | United Nations.
https://www.un.org/en/actnow/ten-actions
https://www.pollutionsolutions-online.com/news/air-clean-up/16/breaking-
news/whatrsquos-the-difference-between-natural-and-manmade-pollution
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pollution?
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air-pollution/
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air-pollution/
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Thank you!
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