ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH - This theory says that the universe follows infinite self-sustaining cycles

at the universe follows infinite self-sustaining cycles such

- Earth Science is the study of the earth, its life-supporting properties, as expanding and contracting.
materials, and geologic processes occurring its over all environment. - The universe is “living” and keeps pulsating in and out.
- It was in the Milky Way that planet Earth and the rest of our solar system
took form. THE SOLAR SYSTEM
- solar system is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the - Solar “of the sun” and the system collection of objects that interact to form a
objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. whole
UNIVERSE OR “COSMOS” - The solar system is a group of objects that interact with on another
- Usually means the space that contains everything that exists. - Refers to a star and all of the space objects that travels around it including
COSMOLOGY planets, its natural satellites (moon), comets and asteroids. It is a part of a
- Is the branch of science that studies the origin, evolution and fate of the spiral galaxy, a very large group of stars that make up the universe known as
universe. the milky way.
BIG BANG THEORY ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
- It is the best supported theory of our universe’s origin. This theory was born - is one of the earliest theories for the formation of the planets.
of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at - this hypothesis has the advantage of explaining why the planets all revolve in
great speed in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient the same direction
explosive force. PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS
- a great cloud of gas and dust rotated slowly in space.
- A Belgian priest named Goerges Lemaitre first suggested the big bang theory NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
in the 1920s, theorizing that the universe began from a single primordial - the whole solar system starts as a large cloud of gas that contracts under self
atom. The idea received major boosts from Edwin Hubbles’s observations gravity.
that galaxies are spreading from us in all directions. TERRESTRIAL OR INNER PLANETS
DOPPLER EFFECT -mercury, venus,earth, and mars.
- Is a shift frequency by scientists which supports the big bang theory. JOVIAN OR OUTER PLANETS
RED SHIFT - jupiter, saturn, uranus, and neptune.
- Frequency is lowered STARS
BLUE SHIFT - are huge celestial bodies made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
- Frequency is raised MOON
OBJECTS TRAVELLING AWAY FROM US EMIT A RED LIGHT AND OBJECTS MOVING - also called as satellite. It is basically solid body.
TOWARDS US EMIT BLUE ASTEROIDS
- a chunk of rocky bodies found between Mars and Jupiter.
STEADY STATE THEORY METEOROIDS
- Is also known as INFINITE UNIVERSE THEORY - Are small chunks of debris and rocks in space.
- This theory states that the universe has been present ever since and - A meteoroid that strikes the earth’s atmosphere and see it as a “shooting
therefore has no beginning and no end, and has been expanding constantly. star” is called meteor. Any meteor that survives the decent through the
- The density of matter in the expanding universe remains unchanged. atmosphere and reaches the ground is called a meteorite.
PULSATING UNIVERSE
- This theory combines both the big bang and the big crunch as part of a
cyclical event.
 COMETS Biosphere (life)- the living sphere or domain where living can exist
-are small body of rock, iron, ice, and gases that grow tails as it comes nearer
the sun. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
“Pathways for the transport and transformation of matter within the four
CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH THAT ARE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT LIFE categorical areas that make up the planet.
CRUST
 Right distance to the sun- Earth is neither too close nor too far from the sun. It -is the thin, topmost layer of the earth divided into two layers: sial and sima
is just the right distance for water to exist in its three physical forms: SIAL
liquid,solid, and gas. Earth is in the goldilocks’ one from the sun so that on - is the uppermost layer
balance it is neither too hot nor too cold for living things on its surface, SIMA
 The presence of an atmosphere- The ozone layer protects living things from - is the lower crust
the damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun. CONTINENTAL CRUST
 Right amount of gravity- Earth’s gravity is a decisive factor for life’s existence, - is average about 30 kilometers thick and exceeds 70 kilometers in mountainous
 The presence of magnetosphere- Without the magnetic field, the atmosphere regions.
and the surface of the planet would constantly be bombarded with the solar OCEANIC CRUST
wind and cosmic particles decimating any emergent life forms. -is roughly 7 kilometers thick and is composed of the dark igneous rock basalt.
 The presence of molecular oxygen- Oxygen supports respiration; it is needed MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY
for energy production, a constant requirement of living things. -separating the crust and the earth’s second layer.
 The presence of liquid water- Water is essential to life- as site and medium of MANTLE
biochemical reactions, as raw material for photosynthesis, as component of -is composed of semi-solid rock. Thus, it is hotter and denser than the crust.
cells. PERIDOTITE
 Generation of internal heat- Earth consonantly generates heat, internal heat, -the dominant rock type in the uppermost mantle, which is richer in the metals,
from the core. magnesium and iron.
 Energy from lightning- Lightning provided the energy for the formation of bio GUTENBURG DISCONTINUITY
molecules from simple inorganic and organic compounds(water, - separates the mantle and the earth’s third layer.
methane,ammonia,hydrogen gas) that become abundant in the primitive CORE
earth atmosphere. -The center of the planet, denser than the mantle because of metallic composition
LITHOSPHERE LAYER
SYSTEM - the uppermost solid mantle and crust
- Any organized entity that consists of interrelated and interacting components. It TECTONIC PLATES
can consist of something as large Earth or the system -rigid layer and is broken down into large pieces
Ex: Human body is a system that is composed of many subsystems, such as the ASTHENOSPHERE
digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems. -below the lithosphere, narrow but mobile layer composed of hot, semi-sold
material that can flow due to high pressure and temperature
EARTH’S FOUR MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS
Geosphere (land)- the solid portion of the planet.
Hydrosphere (water)- the liquid part composed mainly of water
Atmosphere (air)- the gaseous envelope or covering of the planet
MINERALS AND ROCKS THE ROCK CYCLE
- are the significant building blocks of our dynamic earth. They make up the solid - is the process by which rocks of one kind change into rocks of another kind.
part of the lithosphere and provide us with valuable resources. Any naturally
occurring solid substance formed through geological processes with a definite GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE EARTH
chemical composition is called a mineral. It can also be a inorganically produced
solid that possesses a characteristics chemistry or limited range of compositions, FOSSILS
and a periodic, three- dimensional atomic order or polymerization(i.e., crystal -are actually remnants, impressions or traces of plants and animals preserved in
structure). strata of the earth that give evidences of their presence in the geological past.
Properties of minerals: hardness, fracture, color, density, index of refraction, There are certain fossils of animals or plants that are preserved in the rock record
solubility, and melting temperature. of the Earth that identify a particular span of geologic time or environment. They
are called marker fossils or guide fossils or index fossils.
MINERALOGY
- is the study of minerals. INDEX FOSSILS
GOLD - are used by geologists and paleontologists to determine the correlation and age
-is the precious metal which can be found pure in nature. of rock sequences. They are used as indices to define and identify geologic periods.
MINERALOID
-is a naturally occurring solid or liquid that lacks a rigorous, periodic atomic Trilobites is a very good index fossil for Paleozoic rocks that lived in all parts of the
structure. ocean.
ROCK TRILOBITES belongs to a class of animal and just like mammals or reptiles, the
-is naturally occurring, solid aggregate or collection of one or more minerals. individual species within the class had noticeable differences
PETROLOGY
- is the study of rocks PETRIFICATION is a process by which organic material becomes fossil and is turned
into a stony substance through the replacement of the original pore spaces with
THREE PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF ROCKS minerals. Some fossils are completely barren of plant and animal parts but still
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS show evidence of an organism's activities. Such traces of organisms, which are
-Formed by the cooling and crystallization of hot, molten rock material called appropriately known as trace fossils, tracks or trails, footprints, feeding traces,
magma. Igneous means “formed by fire” worm burrows, borings, and preserved waste products or coprolites (fossilized
Extrusive rocks- rapidly quenched, producing glassy or fine-grained volcanic ash feces).
and lava flows, such as rhyolite, rhyodacite, and basalt.
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS GEOLOGIC HISTORY
-The most common in the uppermost portion of the crust. Sedimentary was -is a study of past geologic processes and events that shaped the Earth.
derived from the word sedimentation which means “settling” PALEONTOLOGY the study of fossils, together with other geological and biological
- formed when weathered products are transported by running water and later evidence
deposited i n the ocean where it is lithified. Lithification is the process that converts There are two geologic time scales:
sediments into solid rock. Relative, or chronostratigraphic
3. METHAMORPHIC ROCKS Absolute, or chronometric.
- are rocks formed from other types of rocks
- are classified as foliated or banded
RELATIVE AGE refers to the age of a rock layer FOLDING
ABSOLUTE AGE is the numeric age of a layer of rocks or fossils, often determined - is the deformation of rock strata caused by compressive forces, resulting in the
by using radiometric dating rock layers bending or curving.
STRATIGRAPHY - refers to the correlation and classification of rock strata.
TYPES OF ENDOGENIC FORCES
ENDOGENIC PROCESESS
- a function of a body's internal geodynamic activity. They comprise volcanic, DIASTROPHISM
tectonic,and Isostatic processes, which shaped the surfaces of all terrestrial - Is the process of deformation of the Earth's crust which involves folding and
planets, the Moon, and basically all other Solar System Bodies with solid Surfaces faulting. Diastrophism can be considered part of neotectonics
that have been observed in some detail.
- also known as tectonic processes EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENT
- forces that operate from inside of the earth. This energy is produced by - Upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding
radioactivity,rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the Earth's apart from broad undulations. The broad central parts of continents are called
formation. cratons and are subject to epeirogeny.
- serve as essential for shaping the Earth's surface as well as keeping it active.
OROGENIC MOVEMENTS
METAMORPHISM - Also called "horizontal earth movements," are slow movements of the
- is another important endogenic process that can transform rocks and create new lithospheric plates. When two plates push against each other, it causes the strata
minerals. It occurs when rocks are subjected to high pressure and temperature to fold upwards which causes formation of mountains. This process is also called
conditions deep within the Earth's crust. "orogenesis.
Metamorphic rocks can be found in a variety of settings, from mountain ranges to
deep ocean basins. FOCES OF COMPRESSION
- Compression (squashing) occurs as tectonic plates are pushed together and the
EARTHQUAKES crust becomes shorter and thicker, building mountain ranges like the Alps or
- are a common occurrence in endogenic processes. They can be caused by the Himalayas. The rocks are folded and metamorphosed at depth. They may be
movement of tectonic plates or the release of built-up pressure within the Earth's faulted nearer the surface.
crust
FORCES OF TENSION
CRUSTAL WARPING - In geology, the term "tension" refers to a stress which stretches rocks in two
- another example of an endogenic process that can have significant effects on the opposite directions. The rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a
Earth's surface. This process involves the deformation of the Earth's crust due to vertical direction.
various factors, such as the movement of tectonic plates or the buildup of pressure
within the crust. the movements caused by endogenic forces can be broken down into two
categories: sluggish motions (diastrophic) and abrupt movements. Changes
Two types of Endogenic Processes brought on by slow movements occur so gradually that they might not even be
FAULTING observable within the lifetime of a human.
-is a common endogenic phenomenon that refers to the movement of tectonic
plates in the Earth's crust, which can result in the formation of faults and fractures.
 Romblon and Samar. Iron is found in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija,
Lesson 2 Camarines Norte and Cotabato. While copper in Zambales, Batangas,
Mindoro, Panay and Negros. Among non-metal deposits, the most
MINERAL RESOURCES abundant are cement, lime, and marble. Other non-metals
include asbestos, clay, guano, asphalt, feldspar, sulfur, talc,
silicon, phosphate, and marble.
There are three types of minerals: Metallic, non-metallic and fuel minerals.
Benguet, Surigao and Davao are main gold mining sites. Romblon is the
A metallic mineral has a distinctive, shiny, metallic luster. Metallic minerals
such as gold and silver are also economic minerals. These are valued as Marble Capital of the Philippines. Cobrador Island in particular has deposits
beautifully collectible pieces and also for their potential industrial use. Non- of rare black, gold and green marbles.
metallic minerals are noncombustible solid rocks or minerals used in
industry and construction in natural form or after mechanical, thermal, or
chemical processing or for the extraction of nonmetallic elements or their Mineral deposits and plate tectonics
compounds. Fuel mineral is a type of fuel mined or stripped from the Earth.
} Mineral deposit – area in which a particular mineral is concentrated.
The richness of the Philippines in terms of mineral resources is being
attributed to its location at the western fringes of the so-called Pacific Ring
of Fire – where the processes of volcanism and plate convergence caused Origin of mineral deposits
the deposition of minerals, both metallic and non-metallic. In fact, the large
• Hydrothermal mineral deposits
reserves of various kinds of minerals beneath our ground has put our
country as the 5th most mineralized country in the world for gold, nickel, Porphyry copper deposits are copper ore bodies which are
copper, and chromite. associated with porphyritic intrusive rocks and the fluids that
accompany them during the transition and cooling from magma to
rock. Circulating surface water or underground fluids may interact
Most of the country’s metallic minerals, including gold, iron ore, lead,
with the plutonic fluids. Successive envelopes of hydrothermal
zinc, chromite, and copper, are drawn from major deposits on the islands of
alteration typically enclose a core of ore minerals disseminated in
Luzon and Mindanao. Smaller deposits of silver, nickel, mercury,
often stock work-forming hairline fractures and veins.
molybdenum, cadmium, and manganese occur in several other locations.
The Visayas are the principal source of nonmetallic minerals, including • Magmatic mineral deposits
limestone for cement, marble, asphalt, salt, sulfur, asbestos, guano,
gypsum, phosphate, and silica. Petroleum and natural gas are extracted Magmatic Deposits are so named because they are genetically
from fields off the northwest coast of Palawan. Copper has remained the linked with the evolution of magmas emplaced into the crust (either
country’s primary mineral, although changing world market demands and continental or oceanic) and are spatially found within rock types
investment incentives have rendered its production somewhat volatile. derived from the crystallization of such magmas. The most
important magmatic deposits are restricted to mafia and ultramafic
except for petroleum and a number of metals, mineral resources rocks which represent the crystallization products of basaltic or
abound in Philippine soil. Our metal deposits are estimated at 21.5 billion ultramafic liquids.
metric tons, while non-metal deposits are projected at 19.3 billion metric
tons. Nickel ranks first in terms of deposits and size, it is found in Surigao • Sedimentary mineral deposits
del Norte, Davao, Palawan,
 Any concentration of minerals formed through processes of sedimentation. It Underground mining is used to recover ores that are deeper into
has become common practice to refer to those minerals formed through Earth’s surface. Miners blast and tunnel into rock to gain access to the ores.
precipitation of substances carried in solution—chemical sedimentary How underground mining is approached — from above, below, or sideways
deposits rather than clastic sedimentary deposits. — depends on the placement of the ore body, its depth, the concentration of
• Placers ore, and the strength of the surrounding rock. Underground mining is very
Placer deposits occur where barriers allow flowing water to carry away the expensive and dangerous. Fresh air and lights must also be brought into the
suspended load of light weight particles, while trapping heavy particles. tunnels for the miners, and accidents are far too common.
• Residual mineral deposits Removing Metals from Ores
Substances that are concentrated by chemical weathering processes, i.e. The ore’s journey to becoming a useable material is only just beginning
bauxite. when the ore leaves the mine. Rocks are crushed so that the valuable
MINING is done to extract minerals (or fossil fuels) from deep deposits. A minerals can be separated from the waste rock. Then the minerals are
mineral deposit will only be mined if it is profitable. A concentration of separated out of the ore. A few methods for extracting ore are:
minerals is only called an ore deposit if it is profitable to mine. An ore is a • heap leaching: the addition of chemicals, such as cyanide or acid, to
rock that contains minerals with useful elements. The cost of creating a remove ore.
product from a mineral depends on how abundant the mineral is and how • flotation: the addition of a compound that attaches to the valuable
much the extraction and refining processes cost. Environmental damage mineral and floats.
from these processes is often not figured into a product’s cost. It is important • smelting: roasting rock, causing it to segregate into layers so the
to use mineral resources wisely. mineral can be extracted. To extract the metal from the ore, the rock is
There are two kinds of mineral mines. melted at a temperature greater than 900oC, which requires a lot of energy.
1. Surface mines include : open-pit mines, which commonly involve large Extracting metal from rock is so energy-intensive that if you recycle just 40
holes that extract relatively low-grade metallic ore; strip mines, which aluminum cans, you will save the energy equivalent of one gallon of
extract horizontal layers of ore or rock; and placer mines, where gold or gasoline.
diamonds are extracted from river and beach sediment by scooping up  Ore extracted by mining
(dredging) the sediment and then separating the ore by density.  Ore mineral = desired metal
Surface mining allows extraction of ores that are close to Earth’s  Gangue - waste material. Removing the gangue from the ores produces
surface. Overlying rock is blasted and the rock that contains the valuable tailings. Particles of toxic metals blown by the wind or leached by rainfall can
minerals is placed in a truck and taken to a refinery. Surface mining includes contaminate surface water and groundwater.
open-pit mining and mountaintop removal. Other methods of surface mining  Smelting – heating ore in order to separate desired metals. Without proper
include strip mining, placer mining, and dredging. Strip mining is like open pit equipment, releases sulfur dioxide and suspended particles, damage
mining but with material removed along a strip. vegetation and acidify soils
Life Cycle of a Metal Resource
2. Underground mines which are used when relatively high-grade ore is too
deep for surface mining, involve a network of tunnels to access and extract
the ore. Processing metallic ore (silver, gold, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and
lead) can involve numerous steps including crushing, grinding with water,
physically separating the ore minerals from non-ore minerals often by
density, and chemically separating the metal from the ore minerals using
methods such as smelting (heating the ore minerals with different chemicals
to extract the metal) and leaching (using chemicals to dissolve the metal
from a large volume of crushed rock).
 How Long Will Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last?
 All mineral resources exist in finite amounts, and as we get closer to
depleting any mineral resource, the environmental impacts of extracting it
generally become more harmful.
 Relatively abundant deposits of iron and aluminum (bauxite)
 Scarce - manganese, chromium, cobalt, platinum
 An increase in the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to increased
supplies and more efficient use of the mineral, but there are limits to this
effect.
How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability?
 Find substitutes for some scarce mineral resources
 materials revolution: silicon, ceramics, plastics
 houses made of styrofoam sprayed with ceramic spray called Grancrete,
reduces use of timber
 high strength plastics and composite materials strengthened by light weight
carbon and glass fibers are transforming the automobile and aerospace
industries
 making plastics requires fossil fuels and oil ➢ Substitution may not always
be possible:
 platinum, industrial catalyst
 chromium: stainless steel
The government considers the minerals industry as one vital to both
national and regional economic growth and as a real catalyst to community
development. Not only in generating employment, taxes and foreign
exchange earnings for the country, but also in contributing positively to
socio-economic development of local government and host and neighboring
communities. This is the reason why there is a strict implementation of laws
regarding the protection of these mineral resources.
Minerals are mostly nonrenewable resources, so the depletion of
these resources are a threat to the industry and the country's economy as
well. Providing sustainable solutions to the problem of a dwindling supply of
a nonrenewable resource such as minerals seems contradictory.
Nevertheless, it is extremely important to consider strategies that move
towards sustainability even if true sustainability is not possible for most
minerals. The general approach towards mineral sustainability should
include mineral conservation at the top of the list. There is a need to
maximize exploration for new mineral resources while at the same time
maximize the environmental impact of mineral mining and processing.
 KAHALAGAHAN NG WIKA
Malaki ang naiambag ng mga dalubwika at manunulat sa pag-unlad ng wika Dahil
sa nagkakaisang pananaw yumayabong at nalilinang ang kanalagahan ng wika sa
bawat mamamayan.
ARALIN 1: MGA BATAYANG KAALAMAN SA WIKA
Isa sa pangunahing gamit ng wika ay ang pagiging instrumento nito sa
WIKA komunikasyon
- Ang Wika ay sagisag ng pagkakakilanlan daluyan ng komunikasyon at - Ayon sa mga manunulat, ang wika ay unti-unting maglalano kung hindi ito
pakikipagtalasatasan. Malaki ang natutulong ng wika sa buong sanlibutan gagamitin ibig sabihin kung hindi ginagamit ang wika ito ay mamamatay Kailangan
binibigyan nito ng karunungan ang tao, nagagawa ang mga naisin sa buhay at ang komunikasyon sa pakikipagsapalaran, pagpapahayag at pagkatuto.
nabibigyang-buhay din ng wika ang mga karanasan at napa-uunlad ang kanyang
sarili Ngunit, ano nga ba ang kahulugan at pananaw sa wika ng mga dalubhasa? Mahalaga ang wika sa pagpapanatili pagpapayabong at pagpapalaganap ng
Ayon kay Gleason 1961 (Manegdeg et al. 2009), ang wika ay masistemang kultura ng bawat grupo ng tao.
balangkas ng sinasalitang tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa paraang arbitraryo upang
Winika ni Ngugi Chiong (1987) isang Apnkanong manunulat Ang wika ay kultura: Isa
magamit ng mga taong kabilang sa isang kultura Sinasabing ang wika ay tunog,
itong konektibong kaban ng karanasan ng mga tao at ng kasaysayan ng wika Dahil
arbitraryo, masistema, sinasalita, komunikasyon at hindi maihihiwalay sa kultura,
sa wikang nakatala sa mga aklat pangkasaysayan at panliteratura nakikita ng bayan
likas na katutubo at nagbabago.
ang kanyang kultura na natutunan nitong angkinin at ipagmalaki. Ang wika at
Ang wika din ang identidad o pagkakakilanlan ng isang bansa. Sa pamamagitan ng kultura ay hindi dapat na magkahiwalay sapagkat maituturing na magkadugo ang
wika kaya nagkakaunawaan at nagkakaroon ng madaling komunikasyon ang bawat dalawa ipinakikilala ng Wika ang Kulturat mga tradisyon ay nagagamit at
tao kundi pati na rin sa mga karatig bansa nito (Thenzai 2009) Ang wika ay isang napayayabong namari ang wika dahil sa kultura Nabanggit sa unang pangungusap
mabisang kasangkapan ng tao sa pakikipag-unawaan sa kanyang kapwa Ito ay ng kahulugan ng wika na Ang wika ay sagisag ng pagkakakilanlan, daluyan ng
biyayang galing sa Diyos upang ipaabot ng tao ang kanyang iniisip nadarama komunikasyon at pakikipagtalastasan.
nakikita at nararanasan sa kanyang kapaligirang ginagalawan. Samakatuwid, ito ay
isang daan sa pakikipagsapalaran at pagsulong ng bansa sa iba't ibang aspeto ng
buhay (Bokais, 2010).
Ipinanukala mi Virgilio Almano (2018), na ang wika ang una at pangunahing
pamanang pangkultura ng sangkatauhan Gaya ng isinasaad sa Bibliya, magulo at
madilim sa simula hanggang bigkasin ang salita at nagkaroon ng liwanag Ibig
sabihin ginamit ng Maykapal ang wika sa buong sanlibutan at binigyang buhay ang
paligid at buong sangkatauhan Wika ang unang magiging sandata ng sinuman
upang mabuhay.
Binanggit ni Taylan et at sa kanilang aklat na marami pang Pilipinong dalubwika at
manunulat ang nagbigay ng kanilang pakahulugan sa wika Nabanggit rin niya na
ayon sa mga edukador na sina Pamelo C Constantine at Galileo S Zafra (2000), Ang
wika ay isang kalipunan ng mga salita at ang pamamaraan ng pagsasama-sama ng
mga ito para magkaunawaan o makapg-usap ang isang grupo o mga tao, (2019).
 sabihin ang paggamit ng conative ay mapangyarihan pagdating sa paggamit ng
wika.

Halimbawa:

1. Karaniwang ang gumagamit ng mga salitang conative sa lipunan ay yung mga

politikong kandidato tuwing eleksiyon. Makikita natin ang kani-kanilang mga
karatola na may larawan at nakapaskil sa kalsada.

ARALIN 6: CONATIVE, INFORMATIVE of LABELING

Gamit ng Wika

CONATIVE na Gamit ng Wika

Ang Wika ang ginagamit na tulay sa pakikipagkomunikasyon. Ito rin ang daan upang
mapahayag ang damdamin at mensahe ng bawat isa. Bawat tao ay may kanya
kanyang intensyon sa paggamit ng wika at kung paano niya ito naipapahatid sa
kapwa niya tulad ng paghihikayat o paghimok, nag-uutos, pagbibigay babala
pakiusap at pagbibigay impormasyon, tinatawag itong conative na gamit ng wika

Ayon kay Ramon Jakobson (1960 wpi kay Herbert 2011), kabilang sa mga gamit ng
wika ang conatve, informative at labeling. Naimpluwensyahan ng tao ang kanyang
kausap sa pamamagitan ng pakisulat at pag-uutos. Nakikita rin ang conative na
gamit ng wika sa mga pagkakataong gustong makahimok o gustong pakilusin ibig