ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost
pleasure to express my
sincere thanks to my physics
teacher in providing a
helping hand in this project.
Their valuable guidance,
Support and supervision all
through this project on
“MUTUAL
INDUCTION” , are
responsible for attaining its
present form.
AIM
To make a working model on
mutual induction and show
that when changing current
in one coil induces an EMF
in another coil.
The aim is to:
1. Understand mutual
induction
2. Explain how magnetic field
is converted into electric field
CONTENTS
● Introduction
● Theory
● Materials required
● Circuit diagram
● Procedure
● Working
● Observation and result
● Conclusion
● Applications
● Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
> Mutual induction is a
fundamental concept in
electromagnetism where
two or more coils interact
through electromagnetic
induction. It occurs when
a changing current in one
coil (the primary coil)
induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in another
coil (the secondary coil).
> in other words,
When changing current in
one coil induces an EMF
in the other, the
phenomenon is called
mutual induction.
> The strength of the
EMF induced depends on
the mutual inductance of
the pair of coils.
> The S.I. unit of mutual
inductance is Henry, the
same as that of self-
inductance
> Joseph Henry (1797-
1878) discovered the
phenomenon of mutual
inductance
independently and more
or less simultaneously
with Michael Faraday.
THEORY
> When two coils are brought
in proximity to each other,
the magnetic field in one of
the coils tends to link with
the other. This further leads
to the generation of voltage
in the second coil. This
property of a coil which
affects or changes the
current and voltage in a
secondary coil is called
mutual inductance.
Principles of Mutual
Induction:
1. Electromagnetic Induction:
A changing current in one
coil induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in another coil.
2. Mutual Inductance: The
ratio of the induced EMF to
the rate of change of current
in the primary coil.
3. Coefficient of Mutual
Induction (M): Depends on
coil geometry, number of
turns, and medium.
Materials required
>To make primary coil,
1. Insulated copper wire
2. plastic tube
3. Electrical tape
4. Battery (9V)
5. Switch
6. plug
>To make secondary coil,
1. Insulated copper wire
2. plastic tube
3. Electrical tape
4. Small LED or low-voltage
light bulb
5. Resistor (optional)
6. transistor(optional)
For Base and Support,
1. Wooden or plastic base
2. Stand or clamp (to hold
coils in place)
3. Electrical tape or glue (for
securing coils)
Circuit diagram
Procedure
Step 1: Prepare the Coils,
1. Wind the primary coil
using 32 turns of insulated
copper wire.
2. Wind the secondary coil
using 30 turns of insulated
copper wire.
3. Secure the coils to the
base using electrical tape.
Step 2: Connect the Primary
Coil Circuit,
1. Connect one end of the
primary coil to the positive
terminal of the battery.
2. Connect the other end of
the primary coil to the switch.
3. Connect the switch to the
negative terminal of the
battery.
Step 3: Connect the
Secondary Coil Circuit,
1. Connect one end of the
secondary coil to the
multimeter (set to voltage
mode).
2. Connect the other end of
the secondary coil to the
LED or low-voltage light
bulb.
Step 4: Assemble the Model,
1. Take cardboard and cover it with
a coloured A3 sheet.
2. Fix the primary coil on one
end of the cardboard. Also
fix battery near it with the
help of cellotape
3. Take another small
rectangular piece of
cardboard and fix a
secondary coil on it using
electrical tape.
4. Now attach that small
piece of cardboard to the
main cardboard in such a
way that we should be able
to move it.
5. Attach labels to the
materials used and stick the
circuit diagram on the car
WORKING
★When variable current passes through
the primary coil, a variable magnetic
flux is induced in it. Due to this variable
magnetic flux inside the coil, it will
induce its own EMF inside it.
★When we reduce the distance between
a secondary coil and primary coil then,
the EMF is induced in secondary coil, In
a direction which opposes the change
in magnetic flux in it
★Due to this EMF, a current is produced
in the secondary coil and hence the
small LED or low voltage bulb attached
to it starts to glow.
Observations
1. When the switch is closed, the LED in the
secondary circuit glows, indicating the
presence of an induced voltage.
2. The brightness of the LED increases as the
primary coil current increases.
3. The induced voltage in the secondary coil
decreases as the distance between the coils
increases.
4. Increasing the number of turns in the
primary coil increases the induced voltage in
the secondary coil.
5. The induced voltage in the secondary coil
is proportional to the rate of change of
current in the primary coil.
6. When the primary coil is energized with an
AC source, the LED in the secondary circuit
glows brighter than with a DC source.
7. The orientation of the coils affects the
induced voltage; maximum induction occurs
when coils are coaxial.
Conclusion
The mutual induction working model
demonstrates the fundamental principles
of electromagnetic induction, where a
changing current in the primary coil
induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
The observations and measurements
confirm the relationship between coil
distance, turns, and current on the induced
voltage.
Applications
Mutual induction has numerous
applications in various fields, including:
1. Transformers: Mutual induction is the
principle behind transformers, which are
used to step up or step down voltages in
electrical power systems.
2. Induction Motors: Mutual induction is
used in induction motors, which are
commonly used in household appliances
and industrial machinery.
3. Wireless Charging: Mutual induction is
used in wireless charging systems, which
allow devices to be charged without
physical contact.
4. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):
Mutual induction is used in RFID systems,
which use radio waves to communicate
between a tag and a reader.
5. Medical Equipment: Mutual induction is
used in medical equipment such as MRI
machines and implantable devices like
pacemakers.
6. Electric Generators: Mutual induction is
used in electric generators, which convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
7. Power Transmission: Mutual induction is
used in power transmission systems, which
transmit electrical power over long
distances.
8. Induction Heating: Mutual induction is
used in induction heating systems, which
heat materials using electromagnetic
fields.
9. Metal Detectors: Mutual induction is
used in metal detectors, which use
electromagnetic fields to detect metal
objects.
10. Scientific Research: Mutual induction is
used in various scientific research
applications, such as particle accelerators
and plasma physics experiments.
Bibliography
●Physics lab manual
●Wikipedia
●[Link]
●[Link]
●Physics N.C.E.R.T. Textbook
●[Link]
