• A steady current through a
coil causes a steady magnetic
• Electric component that has field & cuts through the wire.
the characteristics against the • This field stores energy which
change of the current produces a voltage which
• Made by winding the wire tends to oppose changes in
conductor around the current.
ferromagnetic material
INDUCTOR
• Inductor is a spiral structure coil of wire.
• Creates a magnetic field when current passes through it.
• Increase the current in a coil will create a changing in
magnetic field that will generate an electromotive force
(EMF) in the coil.
Symbol : L
• The effects of inductor as the electrical device in the
Unit : Henry (H)
circuit are to:
Smooth wave ripples in the DC circuit.
Improve the transmission characteristics of waves in
the telephone line.
Mutual Inductance (M)
• Inductance is a characteristics of
the inductor that have oppose • When current flow in the first loop, flux will be
any change in current through produce in the first coil.
itself. • The continuous current causes flux flow to the next
• There are 2 types of inductance: coil and then generate EMF in the second coil.
Self Inductance (L) • EMF produced in second coil will cut the conductor
Mutual Inductance (M) and produce the voltage in second loop
INDUCTANCE
Self Inductance (L)
• Occur when a current flow in
the coil causing the changing
of flux in the winding.
d
• The electromotive force LN
(EMF) produced is opposite di
direction with the direction of
the applied voltage.
Energy storage in Inductance:
Unit: Joule
Series Inductor Inductance Reactance, XL
L1 L2 L3 L4
Series Inductors where :
XL = Inductance Reactance (Ω)
f = Frequency (Hz)
L = Inductor (Henry)
INDUCTOR
CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS
Parallel Inductor
Energy in Inductor, E
Where
E = Energy
L = Inductance
I = Current
Symbol : C
Unit : Farad (F) Existence of charge
on capacitor plates
Definition
A device which can
store electric charge for
short periods of time
CAPACITOR
Function of Capacitor
• Reduce spark when
switch on lamp. Simplest Form of A Capacitor
• Increase power factor of • Parallel plate capacitor
electrical circuits • Two conductors or electrodes separated by
• Store electric charge a dielectric material of uniform thickness
Types of Capacitor
• Mica Capacitor
• Paper Capacitor
• Ceramic Capacitor
• Polyester Capacitor
Definition Factors that affect the
value of Capacitance
The property of a capacitor to
store an electric charge when its PLATE AREA, A
plates are at different potentials • A capacitor with the large plate
CAPACITANCE area can store more charges than
a capacitor with a small plate
area.
DISTANCE BETWEEN PLATES, D • “The larger the plate area, the
• Electrostatic lines of force are strongest larger the capacitance“ Relation
when the charged particles that create them between Capacitance and plate
are close together. When the charged area is directly propotional.
particles are moved further apart, the lines
of force weaken, and the ability to store a
charge decreases.
• The relation between capacitance and this
factor, d is inversely propotional.
PERMITTIVITY OF DIELECTRIC, Ε
• Greater permittivity of the dielectric gives
greater capacitance; less permittivity of the
dielectric gives less capacitance.
• Depends on DIELECTRIC CONSTANT of
the insulating material between the plates
of a capacitor.
• The relation between capacitance and
permittivity of dielectric is directly
propotional.
Capacitance Reactance, XC
Series Capacitor
1
XC
2fC
CAPACITOR
CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS Energy in Capacitor, E
1 1
Parallel Capacitor E QV E CV 2
2 2
Q Where
C
V E = Energy
V = Voltage
C = Capacitance
Q = Charge
RESISTOR, INDUCTOR & CAPACITOR
Electric Characteristics Series Parallel Energy
Device
Resistor Resistance RT 1/RT E=Pt
R=V/I = R1 +R2 + R3 = 1/R1 +1/R2 + E=VIt
+….+ Rn 1/R3 +…+ 1/Rn E=I²Rt
E=(V²/R)t
Inductor Inductance LT 1/LT E=0.5LI²
Reactance = L1 +L2 + L3 = 1/L1 +1/L2 +
XL=2π f L +….+ Ln 1/L3 +…+ 1/Ln
Capacitor Capacitance 1/CT CT E=0.5QV
Reactance = 1/C1 +1/C2 + = C1 +C2 + C3 E=0.5CV²
XC=1/(2π f C) 1/C3 +…+ 1/Cn +….+ Cn E=0.5CQ²
𝑉𝑃−𝑃 = 2𝑉𝑃
1
𝑇=
𝑓
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = 0.707𝑉𝑃
2
ALTERNATING 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.637𝑉𝑃
CURRENT (AC) • VP (peak voltage) is the maximum voltage
(Vm) from the waveform
AC can be generated in 2 ways • Peak-to-peak voltage (Vp-p) is the voltage
measured from the maximum positive level
to the maximum negative level
• Average voltage (Vavg) is the average value of
all the values for one half-cycle of the
waveform
• Vrms is the amount of dc voltage that is
required for producing the same amount of
power as the ac waveform
• The time interval for one complete cycle of
a periodic waveform is called period (T)
• Frequency is number of complete cycles
within one second. Unit used is hertz (Hz)
Vector/Phasor Diagram
Types of AC waveform
AC WAVEFORM
Basic Types Of Ac Circuit Different Phase Waveform
In Phase Waveform
POWER DELIVERED IN AC CIRCUIT
Power Triangle
S VI
P S cos
Q VI sin
• Three phase system is a system
that has three same voltage Vector Diagram
Application
magnitude
• Produced by three coil • Used for high voltage
conductor that been arranged machine
by difference electrical phase • Supplied high voltage for
angle 120o. big industries and small
customer used such as
residential or farm
THREE PHASE SYSTEM
EQUATIONS:
Phase 1:-
E1 = Em sin (ѡt)
Phase 2:
E2 = Em sin (ѡt-1200)
Phase 3:
E2 = Em sin (ѡt+1200)
Different between Single Phase & Three Phase
