Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

College: ___AGRICULTURE______
Campus :___Bayombong________

DEGREE PROGRAM CAS COURSE NO. GEENVSCI

SPECIALIZATION NONE COURSE TITLE Environmental Science
YEAR LEVEL 2nd year TIME FRAME 6 hrs WK NO. 7-8 IM NO. 04

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Part III. Human Populations

II. LESSON TITLE

1. Population growth
2. Family planning
3. Perspectives on population growth
4. Carrying capacity

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This chapter will discuss and analyze the relationship between population growth and environmental
impact.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

After this lesson, the students will be able to:

 Explain the effect of population growth to the Earth’s carrying capacity and global problem on pollution
and food sufficiency.
 Discuss and analyze the importance of fertility and family planning as factors in determining
population growth.

V. LESSON CONTENT

POPULATION GROWTH

Population
• A collective group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space.
• All organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area.

Factors Determining Population Growth

Population grow or decline through the interplay of three factors: births, deaths and migration.
Population change is calculated by subtracting the number of people leaving a population (death and
emigration) from the number entering it (birth and immigration) during a specified period of time, usually
a year (Miller, 2000).

Every second, on average, 4 or 5 children are born, somewhere on earth. In that same second, 2 other
people die. This difference between births and deaths means a net gain of roughly 2.3 more humans per
second in the world’s population (Cunningham, 2010). Humans are now one of the most numerous
vertebrate species on earth. We are also more widely distributed and manifestly have a greater global
environmental impact than any other species.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

How is migration related to environmental degradation?

The population of a given geographic Emigration is the act of leaving their own
area is also affected by movement of community/country to live permanently in
people into (immigration) and out another place while immigration is the act of
(emigration) of that area. Population entering a place to live there permanently.
movement, both within and between For example, most young people immigrate to
countries, is usually desirable. Typically, the urban cities to seek work and live there
people voluntarily move from less permanently causing a decrease in the rural
affluent areas of low opportunity to more population and overpopulation in the urban
affluent areas of higher opportunity. The
areas.
economies of many receiving countries
can benefit from migrant labor (Example,
OFWs). However, legal and illegal immigration of large number of unskilled workers into many countries
are increasingly being seen as an unwanted economic burden and a source of social disruption.

Some migration is involuntary and involves refugees displaced by armed conflict, environmental
degradation, or natural disaster. According to Worldwatch Institute Research, in 1995 an estimated 27
million international environmental refugees, moved from one country to another because of problems
such as drought, desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, and resource shortages compared with about
23 million traditional refugees fleeing from political oppression, religious persecution, ethnic strife, and
war. Another 20 million were displaced within the borders of their own countries in 1995. During the past
decade some 50 million people have been left homeless by natural disasters including earthquakes,
hurricanes, floods and landslides.

Most countries influence their rates of population growth to some extent by restricting immigration; only
a few countries accept large numbers of immigrants or refugees. Migration within countries, especially
from rural to urban areas, plays an important role in the population dynamics of cities, towns, and rural
areas.

Fertility Rate

Another determinant of population growth is fertility rate or the number of children per adult. The more
number of children borne per adult increases population.

The current population in the Philippines is about 110 million people. The fertility rate in the Philippines
has also decreased significantly over the years. In 1969, the fertility rate was 6.4 children per woman.
Today, the fertility rate is 2.1 children per woman. Part of the reason for this is the increased use of
contraceptives and modern family planning methods. With about 2 million people added to the population
every year, the population is expected to double in about 40 years (NSO).

Fertility rate is simply the number of children a woman give birth in her lifetime.
It means that in 1969, a woman give birth to average of 6 children while today a
woman give birth to average of 2 children. Though there is a great decrease in
the number of children borne by a woman but with the decreased number of deaths,
the population continue to increase. The number of birth is still greater than
the number of deaths.

Other factors such as availability of family planning, social expectations and government intervention
can play an important role in the population growth of a country.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

• Economic development. Countries who are in the early stages of economic development tend to
have higher rates of population growth. In agriculturally based societies, children are seen as
potential income earners. From an early age, they can help with household tasks and collecting the
harvest. Also, in societies without state pensions, parents often want more children to act as an
insurance for their old age. It is expected that children will look after parents in old age. Because child
mortality rates are often higher, therefore there is a need to have more children to ensure the parents
have sufficient children to look after them in old age.
• Education. In developed countries, education is usually compulsory until the age of 16. As
education becomes compulsory, children are no longer economic assets – but economic costs. In the
US, it is estimated a child can cost approximately $230,000 by the time they leave college. Therefore,
the cost of bringing up children provides an incentive to reduce family size.
• Quality of children. In developed countries with high rates of return from education, parents have a
lower number of children and spend more on their education to give their children not just standard
education but a relatively better education than others. To be able to give children the best start in
life, it necessitates smaller families. Becker noted rising real GDP per capita was generally consistent
with smaller families.
• Welfare payments/State pensions. A generous state pension scheme means couples don’t need to
have children to provide an effective retirement support when they are old. Family sizes in developing
countries are higher because children are viewed as ‘insurance’ to look after their parents in old age.
In modern societies, this is not necessary and birth rates fall as a result.
• Social and cultural factors. India and China (before the one child policy) had strong social
attachments to having large families. In the developed world, smaller families are the norm.
• Availability of family planning. Increased availability of contraception can enable women to limit
family size closer to the desired level. In the developing world, the availability of contraception is more
limited, and this can lead to unplanned pregnancies and more rapid population growth.
• Female labor market participation. In societies where women gain a better education, there is a
greater desire to put work over starting a family wherein women have often chosen to get married
later and delay having children (or not at all) because they prefer to work and concentrate on their
career.
• Death rates. Often death rates are reduced before a slowdown in birth rates, causing a boom in the
population size at a certain point in a country’s economic development. In the nineteenth and early
twentieth century, there was a rapid improvement in medical treatments which helped to deal with
many fatal diseases. Death rates fell and life expectancy increased. Life expectancy is the average
number of years a person is expected to live. In the Philippines, life expectancy is 71.16 years (2019).
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3
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for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

• Immigration levels. Some countries biggest drivers of population growth come from net migration. In
the UK from 2000 to 2013, around 50% of net population growth came from net international
migration. Countries like Japan with very strict immigration laws have seen a stagnation in their
population.
• Historical factors/war. In the post-war period, western countries saw a ‘boom’ in population, as
couples reunited at the end of the Second World War began having families. The ‘baby-boomer’
period indicates population growth can be influenced by historical events and a combination of factors
which caused a delay in having children until the war ended.

Philippines Population History

The first census in the Philippines was held in 1591 and recorded a population of just 667,612
people. Japan already had a population of 8 million at that time. The Philippines crossed the 1,000,000
threshold in the mid-18th century and grew to nearly 8 million by 1900. It has seen steady growth
throughout its recorded history until it's impressive population of today.

In addition to the over 100 million Filipinos living in the Philippines itself, there are estimated to be
around 10.2 million Filipino people living abroad. Many have moved abroad temporarily to find work, but
others have migrated abroad permanently.

Given its close ties with America, it is not surprising that the United States is home to the largest group
of overseas Filipinos with over 3.5 million. There are also large Filipino populations in the Middle East
(Saudi Arabia - 1 million, United Arab Emirates - 822,000 and in Qatar - 204,000), Malaysia (793,000),
Japan (182,000) and Australia (397,000). Remarkably, only about 42,000 Filipinos live in Spain, the
Philippines’ colonizer for more than 300 years.

FAMILY PLANNING

There is Increase of Filipino Women Practicing Family Planning

Contraceptive use among married women in the Philippines has almost tripled over the last 30 years,
from 17% in 1973 to 49% in 2003. Furthermore, 2 Filipino women out of 5 who are not currently using a
contraceptive method declare having the intention to use it in the future (NDHS, 2003). The increase in
contraceptive use was essentially due to the increase in use of modern methods.

Fertility in the Philippines has declined steadily over the past three decades, especially in the first twenty
years during which a decline of one birth every decade was observed (from 6 births per woman in 1970
to 4.1 births in 1991). The decline during the last 10 years has been rather slow. Overall, fertility in the
country remains considerably high compared with the levels observed in other Southeast Asian countries
such as Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Women in these countries have on
average less than 2.5 children per woman.

PERSPECTIVES ON POPULATION GROWTH

Does Environment or Culture Control Human Population Growth?

Since the time of Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840), the world population began growing rapidly. Some
believe that we are approaching, or may have surpassed the Earth’s carrying capacity. Mathematical
biologist Joel Cohen reviewed published estimates of the maximum human population size the planet
can sustain. The estimates spanning 300 years of thinking converged on a median value of 10-12 billion
world population. We are more than 6.7 billion today and growing. Cornell University entomologist David
Pimental has said “By 2100, if current trends continue, 12 billion miserable humans will suffer a difficult
life on Earth”. With this view, birth control should be our top priority.

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“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of RA 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

Technology Increases Carrying Capacity for Humans

The burst of world population growth that began 200 years ago was stimulated by scientific and industrial
revolutions. Progress in agricultural productivity, engineering, information technology, commerce,
medicine, sanitation and other achievements of modern life have made it possible to support
approximately 1,000 times as many people per unit area as was possible 10,000 years ago. Economist
Stephen Moore regards this achievement as a “real tribute to human ingenuity and our ability to innovate”.
According to him, there is no reason to think that our ability to find technological solutions to our problems
will diminish in the future.

But we must also consider that much of our agricultural growth and rising standard of living in the past
200 years, has been based on acquired natural resources, especially cheap, abundant fossil fuels. Many
people are concerned that the rising prices of fossil fuels will constrain food production and distribution
or some other critical factor in human society.

Our environment effects are not just matter of population size, they also depend on what kinds of
resources we use and how we use them. This concept is summarized as the I = PAT formula. It says
that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of our population size (P) times affluence (A) and the
technology (T) used to produce the goods and services we consume. A single American living an affluent
lifestyle that depends on high levels of energy and material consumption, and that produces excessive
amounts of pollution, probably has a greater environmental impact than a whole village of Asian or African
farmers.

One way to estimate our environmental impacts is to express our consumption choices into the equivalent
amount of land required to produce goods and services. This gives us a single number, called our
ecological footprint, which estimates the relative amount of bioproductive land required to support each
of us. The average resident of the USA, for instance, lives at a level of consumption that requires 9.7 ha.
of bioproductive land, while the average Indonesian has an ecological footprint of only 1.1 ha. (From the
example, the ecological footprint is the impact of a person on the environment, expressed as the
amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.)

What are the Benefits of Slower Population Growth

According to the 2019 U.N. World Population Prospects, global population is growing at an annual rate
of 1.07% and is expected to peak at 10.9 billion in the year 2100. Similar U.N. reports from 1999 displayed
a growth rate of 1.3%, which was down from its 1960s peak of just over 2%. These numbers show that
population growth is slowing, and that’s a good thing.

Here are three of the biggest benefits of slower population growth.

1. It will benefit the environment: Fewer People means Smaller Footprint

As population growth slows around the world, the climate crisis will also begin to slow. It is not hard
to see the connection between human population growth and climate change. All humans have
needs, and needs typically translate to using the Earth’s resources, especially burning fossil fuels.
Climate change is threatening the environment in ways humans have never seen. Between extreme,
unpredictable weather patterns on land and the many effects of warming oceans, slower population
growth will lead to a healthier planet for future generations.

2. It will benefit the Economy: Slower Population growth means more job opportunities

Many recent studies have suggested there are economic benefits to slower population growth. If we
begin to curtail population growth to a level that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, economies
all over the world will benefit. Likewise, more and more companies are automating jobs with
machines, and slower population growth will lessen the impact this has on the job market.

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“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of RA 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

The global economy is going through a massive shift as technology changes the lives of people. As
companies use stronger and more advanced technology to automate jobs, we could face massive
layoffs all around the world. With fewer people vying for employment, governments can focus on
training and preparing their citizens for jobs that cannot be completed by robots, and avoid the
looming crisis of automation. A smaller population would still lower unemployment rates and lead to
higher wages and salaries for workers in all industries.

3. It will uphold Human Rights: Gender Equality and Access to Immigration

Slower population growth means that women on average are having fewer children, which gives girls
and women the opportunity to pursue education and careers and continue a positive cycle of
schooling, autonomy and equal status.

Slower population growth will also place a higher value on immigration. If unemployment continues
to fall, developed countries will seek to take in more immigrants and refugees to bolster their
economies. Placing a higher value on immigrants will improve the lives of billions seeking a safer life,
as well as the countries that need more labor to fill their workforces.

CARRYING CAPACITY

What Determines the Carrying Capacity of an Ecosystem

Carrying capacity refers to the number of individuals who can be supported in a given area within natural
resource limits, and without degrading the natural, social, cultural and economic environment for present
and future generations. The carrying capacity for any given area is not fixed. It can be altered by improved
technology, but mostly it is changed for the worse by pressures which accompany a population increase.
As the environment is degraded, carrying capacity actually shrinks, leaving the environment no longer
able to support even the number of people who could formerly have lived in the area on a sustainable
basis. No population can live beyond the environment's carrying capacity for very long.
Carrying capacity depends on many abiotic and biotic factors in the ecosystem. For example, the
availability of the basic needs of organisms such as food, water and shelter dictates how many individuals
the ecosystem can sustain. This process is self-regulating to some extent because individuals will die
when the carrying capacity is exceeded. Therefore, another way to look at carrying capacity is that it is
the point at which the population growth reaches zero.

Other naturally-occurring factors that influence the carrying capacity of an ecosystem include disease,
predator-prey interactions, the consumption rate of resources and the number of populations in the
ecosystem. However, there are other factors that are hidden, less obvious and/or disregarded which have
a significant impact on populations such as pollution, eradication of habitat and climate change.
A common fallacy is to equate existing and seemingly open or "unused" spaces with the kind of resources
and ecologically productive land needed to support human life under modern conditions. In fact, the
criterion for determining whether a region is overpopulated is not land area, but carrying capacity.

How Many People Can Our World Support?

No species has altered the Earth’s natural landscape the way humans have. Our impact is so extensive
that we are crossing into a new geologic epoch “the Anthropocene” propelled by human behavior. Global
climate change, mass extinction, and overexploitation of our global commons are all examples of the
ways in which humans have altered the natural landscape. Our growing population, coupled with rising
affluence and per capita impact, is driving our planet closer to its tipping point. With population expected
to reach 9.5 billion by 2050, many wonder if our natural resources can keep up with our growing demands.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6

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“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of RA 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

Understanding Carrying Capacity

Human population, now nearing 8 billion, cannot continue to grow indefinitely. There are limits to the life-
sustaining resources earth can provide us. In other words, there is a carrying capacity for human life on
our planet. Every species has a carrying capacity, even humans. However, it is very difficult for ecologists
to calculate human carrying capacity. Humans are a complex species. We do not reproduce, consume
resources, and interact with our living environment uniformly. Carrying capacity estimates involve making
predictions about future trends in demography, resource availability, technological advances and
economic development.
Our Ecological Footprint
One way to address the challenges associated with making future projections is to look at current human
impact on the planet. The ecological footprint is a measurement of the anthropogenic impact on earth. It
tracks how much biocapacity (biological capacity) there is and how much biocapacity people use by
comparing the rate at which we consume natural resources and generate waste to the planet’s ability to
replenish those resources and absorb waste. Today, our global footprint is in overshoot. It would take
1.75 Earths to sustain our current population. If current trends continue, we will reach 3 Earths by the
year 2050.
Because raising the death rate is not desirable, lowering the birth rate is the focus of most efforts to slow
population growth. The unprecedented projected doubling of the human populations from 5 to 10 billion
or more between 1985 and 2050 raises some important questions. Can we provide enough food, energy,
water, sanitation, education, health care and housing for twice as many people? Can we reduce already
serious poverty so that people can get enough food and other basic necessities without being forced to
use potentially renewable resources unsustainably to survived? Can the world provide an adequate
standard of living for twice as many people without causing massive environmental damage?.

Human Population 1 CE – 2050 CE

From the diagram, the population from year 1 to 1700 has slow population increase at less than 1 billion.
It started rising in the 1800 and increase steadily until today at 8 billion and predicted to increase more

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for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

to 10 billion in 2050 (30 years from now). From the studies of experts, it is predicted that the Earth’s
carrying capacity will reach its peak in the year 2100.

VI. ASSIGNMENT

Slowing Population Growth in China: A Case Study

China has the world’s largest population. Although China is roughly the same size as the USA, it
has about 4.6 times as many people.

Since 1970, China made impressive efforts to feed its people and bring its population growth under
control. Between 1972 and 1998, China achieved a remarkable drop in its crude birth rate from 32 to
17 per 1,000 people, and its total fertility rate dropped from 5.7 to 1.8 children per woman. Since
1985, its infant mortality rate has been almost ½ the rate of India (world’s second most populous
country) and its illiteracy rate of 18.5% is about almost 1/3 that of India. Life expectancy in China is
71 years, 12 years higher than in India. China’s per capita income of $750 is almost twice that in
India. Despite these achievements, with the world’s largest population (1.24 billion) and a growth rate
of 1.0%, China had about 12 million more mouths to feed in 1998. Its population is projected to reach
1.6 billion by 2025.

To achieve its sharp drop in fertility, China has established the most extensive, intrusive, and strict
population control program in the world. Couples are strongly urged to postpose the age at which
they marry and to have no more than one child “One Child Policy”. Married couples have ready
access to free sterilization, contraceptives, and abortion. Paramedics and mobile units ensure access
even in rural areas.

Couples who pledge to have no more than one child are given extra food, larger pensions, better
housing, free medical care, and salary bonuses. Their child will be given free school tuition and
preferential treatment in employment when he/she enters the job market. Couples who break their
pledge lose all the benefits. The result is that 81% of married women in China are using modern
contraception, compared to 60% in developed countries and 36% in other developing countries.

Government officials realized in the 1960s that the only alternative to strict population control was
mass starvation. China is dictatorship, and thus, it has been able to impose a consistent population
policy throughout society. Moreover, China society is fairly homogenous and has a widespread
common written language, which aids in educating people about the need for family planning and in
implementing policies for slowing population growth.

China’s large and still growing population has an enormous environmental impact that could reduce
its ability to produce enough food and threaten the health of many of its people. China has 21% of
the world’s population but only 7% of its fresh water and cropland, 3% of its forests, and 2% of its oil.
According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China’s timber resources could be depleted by 2016.

It is encouraging that between 1986 and 1996 the Chinese government almost doubled its
expenditures on environmental protection. However, most of the nation’s rivers, especially in urban
areas, are seriously polluted and air pollution in many of its cities is causing widespread health
problems.

Most countries prefer to avoid the coercive elements of China’s program. Coercion is not only
incompatible with democratic values and notions of basic human rights, but ineffective in the long run
because sooner or later people resist. However, other parts of this program could be used in many
developing countries. Especially useful is the practice of localizing the program rather than asking
people to go to distant centers. Perhaps the best lesson for other countries is to act to curb population
growth before the choice is between mass starvation and coercive measures that severely restrict
human freedom.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8

________________________________________________________________________________________
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of RA 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: GEENVSCI-1STSEM-2024-2025

1. What are the lessons you learned from China’s case study on population control that can be adopted
in other countries such as the Philippines? Enumerate 3-5 lessons learned and explain how it will be
implemented to be useful or helpful in reducing or maintaining the current level of population.

VII. REFERENCES

Bailey, P. 2019. What are the Benefits of Slower Population Growth. [Link]
[Link]

BD Editors. (2017). Carrying Capacity. In Wikipedia. [Link]

Cunningham, W.P. and M. Cunningham. 2010. Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Application. 5 th
Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York

Miller, GT. 2000. Living in the Environment. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Thompson Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN:
981-240-129-6

NSO. [Link]

Pettinger, Tejvan . 2019. Development Factors Effects Population Size and Growth.
[Link]

Population Matters. 2020. Population: The Numbers. [Link]

PSA. 2004. Half of the Filipino Women Now Practicing Family Planning, Reference Number: 2004-076.
[Link]

Sortone, E. 2010. Environmental Science. Apple Academic Press, Inc. Oakville ON. ISBN: 978-1-926692-45-6

Stephen Kirchner. 2011. Hands, Mouths and Minds: Three Perspectives on Population Growth and Living
Standards. The Center for Independent Studies. [Link]

The Global Development Center. (n.d.). What is carrying capacity. Carrying Capacity Network.
[Link]

World Population History. (n.d.). How Many People Can Our World Support?
[Link]

[Link]

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