The Mangifera indica extract as an alternative marker ink

Daniele Misty N. Peña

Limuel Gohil
Paliparan 3 Senior High School

RESEARCH ABSTRACT
In our modern era, almost every item has been marketed and individuals looked for
items that are more indigenous and less expensive. The creation of ink with alternative
and more indigenous ingredients to be popularized is an interest for the artist,
calligraphers just as for the individuals. The researcher believes that Mangifera Indica has
incredible possibilities in having an alternative permanent marker ink because of its solid
tanning tone. The researcher chose to test its adequacy as an element for permanent
marker ink.
This research was conducted as an attempt to find an alternative ingredient of marker
ink, which protects the clients and even the environment. Besides, the researcher
expected to decide the chance of mango as a source of ink used for printing.
The investigation utilized the experimental method of research. The method is an
exceptionally controlled methodology where controlled treatment or activities from a
factor, called independent variable (Mangifera Indica's concentrate) were applied upon
another factor, called the dependent factors (retention, color, absorption, rate of
evaporation, stick consistency and shading) to decide the impact of the previous upon the
last mentioned. Every other factor or factor was kept consistent or equivalent so that any
adjustment in the needy factors is inferior just to the autonomous variable.
There is a critical contrast between the two inks as far as shading, retention, and pace
of dissipation.
Hence, mango ink is a conceivable source of natural ink, which is reasonable than the
business inks accessible in the market today.

Chapter I
Background of the study

Permanent markers played an important role as a hard copy and in craftsmanship in

an unexpected way. It was assigned to make different perpetual works on articles with
tremendous imaginative and useful possible outcomes. Besides its utilization recorded as
a hard copy, it is additionally utilized in marking, labeling, poster and banner creation,
and calligraphy. With the boundless utilization of permanent markers, many didn't realize
that markers have limitations. Normally, it is an issue for artists and calligraphers to
flexibly ink for the markers they are utilizing.
Ordinarily, the inks utilized in many markers are produced using engineered
materials like petroleum and synthetic solvents. These sorts of materials are hazardous
particularly to the health of the users and to the environment as too.
As been made into colors, the Mangifera Indica, the scientific name of Mango, can
be an alternative ingredient or ink rather than petroleum. The Mangifera Indica (mango)
is local to Southeastern Asia and discovered everywhere on the Philippine archipelago. It
is a huge deciduous tree that is effortlessly spread from seeds or enormous cuttings. It is
known for its capacity to take high finish, which is gotten from the trees, and its alcoholic
color that produces dark red shading color in the wood and can be utilized for tanning.

CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
In this chapter, the researcher utilizes a few related sorts of writing
important to the investigate point from different sources to pick up a broader
understanding of the existing studies and talks about critical to the field of pondering.
There are three (3) components in getting the specified comes about of the investigation
while it incorporates: Related Literature, Related study, and State-of-the-Art.

Related Literature
Longsome time recently, ink is more often than not made from characteristic
items such as berries, barks, and clears out extricate. They have been utilizing for
centuries to make various colors and when blended with other substances can be ink,
color, or paint. Tea clears out have been also utilized for centuries to create ink since of its
different shades that make yellow, green, brown, or dark ink. Plants that contain tanning
color can be dependable for making ink. For centuries, nerves settled from oak trees as
essential fixing to form a dark ink.
Plants that contain tanning color can be dependable for making ink. For
centuries, nerves settled from oak trees as essential fixing to form a dark ink. The wealthy
tanning color of dogwood and birch tee moreover comes about to common inks. Nerves
and barks accomplish more seriously enduring inks than most of the flower-based inks.
Too, Egyptians accomplished quality of ruddy ink with poppies.
Helmenstine, any acidic fruit juice can be utilized to create an undetectable
ink when combined with vinegar to create the ink final longer.
Robbins (2010) depicted marker pens as pens which have their possess ink
source and more often than not encompasses a tip made of retentive and squeezed fiber
and was, to begin with, made by Sidney Rosenthal in 1952. This marker write had been
one of the commonly utilized composing rebellious for around fifty a long time.
Ink, according to Encyclopedia.com (2011), could be a combination of a
coloring specialist, color, and a liquid containing oils tars, and chemical solvents. Within
the past, the ink was molded from diverse colored juices, plant, and creature extricates.
But nowadays, engineered materials are utilized in expansion to these normal fixings to
move forward the quality in making; be that as it may, the ink must have two fundamental
components; the shade coloring and the vehicle, a fluid which permits the ink to be
dispersed.
Also, according to the article found within the Student’s Reference book,
“The ink ought to make a clear changeless stamp than when dry does not blur from
introduction to light or run from presentation to dampness. It ought to stream openly and
dry rapidly when composed on a surface and it must contain nothing that might harm the
write or the paper.” Neumann’s and Schluttig’s definition of ink as cited in Lindquist,
clearly expressed the properties of ink that would be accommodating in having great
quality ink. The ink must be clear, filterable arrangement but not a suspension, ought to
stream effortlessly from the write, and ought to not spread on paper. Since the ink is
characteristic, no form must be seen on the arrangement and has no articulated obnoxious
odor. Moreover, it must have strong color which does not get to be paler nor bleach out
completely because it is utilized in composing. Besides, Linquist included that each great
ink, whether composing or combined composing and replicating, ought to have qualities
that donate composing that, after drying for eight days, isn't evacuated by water or
liquor— indeed by treatment for days— to such degree that it gets to be unintelligible.

Related Study
Caparas (2010) conducted a ponder to decide if the extricate of
Mangifera Indica tree’s sawdust is compelling as a color. There were 30 arbitrarily chosen
respondents as the test estimate. The result gotten appears that 75% of the respondents
said that Mangifera Indica’s sawdust can be made into a color for the dress. Be that as it
may, 25% of the respondents say that can’t be a color. Concurring to the perceptions and
results obtained, Caparas concluded that Mangifera Indica’s sawdust can be a source of
common color which is exceptionally viable, and it produces more colors that are
environmental-friendly.
Following the study, Thompson (2006) expressed in his article “Mangifera
Indica (Mango)” that the heartwood of Mangifera Indica (Mango) contains different
ruddy compounds, and is utilized to form a ruddy color. The bark extricate can be utilized
for tanning. Tannin or tannic corrosive is the brown substance found within the bark and
clears out of trees.

State-of-the-Art
Based on the article accumulated, the Mangifera Indica (Mango)
extricate has been demonstrated to be viable as normal color as what the think about of
Caparas (2010) appeared. Subsequently, the Mango bark is competent of being fixing for
ink making. And utilize to the requirements of making unused inks; this consider is
imagined to decide in case the extricate of Mangifera Indica (Mango) bark is compelling
as a source of elective inks.

RESEARCH QUESTION
1.) Is the Mangifera Indica Ink effective in terms of the following:
a. Absorption
b. Stick Consistency
c. Color
2.) What is the acceptability of the Mangifera Indica in terms of:
a. Color
b. Absorption
d. Rate of Evaporation
3.) Is there a significant difference between the Mangifera Indica ink and the standard ink
in terms of Color, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation?

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following:
USERS. This study would be very beneficial to the users of permanent markers. This
study provides many advantages to them, such as they would have more natural and
cheaper way of having an ink for their markers.
AGRICULTURE. This study provides farmers and planters an additional source of
income. Also, this will increase the number of Mangifera Indica trees grown in the
Philippines.
ENVIRONMENT. This study will replenish the Mangifera Indica trees that have
been cut down.
OTHER RESEARCHERS. This will help other researchers as that it will serve as
additional information and will add factual concepts.for their review of related literature.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study aimed to test the effectiveness of Mangifera Indica (Mango) bark extract to
produce a permanent marker ink. This study limits its coverage on the discussion of
permanent marker ink production, chemical testing of the sample ink, plantation of
Mangifera Indica tree and the impact of the permanent marker ink in the environment.
The study focused o testing its effectiveness in terms absorption, stick consistency and
color; including the acceptability in terms of color, odor, absorption and rate of
evaporation.
Thirty of Grade 9 and 10 Junior High School students of Bacoor National High
School were chosen as respondents to test the acceptability of Mangifera Indica (mango)
extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. This study was conducted at the
researcher’s home itself.

Definition of Terms
Absorption. It is the ability of the ink to uptake into the fibers of the paper as rated
by the respondents.
Benzalkonium Chloride. In the study, it is an additive that prevents the Mango bark
ink from solidifying.
Ferrous Sulfate. In this study, it is the compound responsible for the black
coloration of the ink and is a disinfectant.
Glycerin/Glycerol. It refers to the ingredient responsible for the increase in rate of
extraction of the tanning in the pigment.
Mangifera Indica. It is the scientific name of Mango.
Mango bark. It is the source of extract as the main ingredient of a permanent marker
ink.
Rate of Evaporation. The rate of how fast the ink dries up as rated by the
respondents.
Stick Consistency. It is the consistency of the ink to stick in the paper as rated by the
respondents.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The figure shows the concept of this research entitled "The Mangifera indica extract as
an alternative marker ink". The three categories are Input, Process and Output. Input
category consists the independent variable, the Mangifera indica concentrate. Process
category consist the process, from the word itself, of the research which independent
variable (Mangifera Indica's concentrate) were applied upon another factor, called the
dependent factors (retention, color, absorption, rate of evaporation, stick consistency and
shading) to decide the impact of the previous upon the last mentioned. Every other factor
was kept consistent or equivalent so that any adjustment in the needy factors is inferior
just to the autonomous variable. While the Output category is the dependent variable, the
result of the research, marker ink's retention, color, absorption, rate of evaporation, stick
consistency, and shading.

METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
 The study used the experimental method of research. The method is a highly
controlled procedure in which manipulated treatment or actions from a factor or condition,
called the experimental/independent variable (Mangifera Indica ink) were applied upon
another factor or condition, and called the dependent variables (absorption, stick
consistency, and color) to determine the effect of the former upon the latter. All other
factors or variables is attributable only to the independent variable.This study also
focused on how the Mango extract is capable of being utilized as ingredient for the
permanent marker ink. Additionally, the Mango extract was tested to determine its
effectiveness and through experiments, observations were gathered and utilized as a
collective in making conclusions.The experimental set-up consists of three (3) sub set-ups
and the controlled set-up. Each set-up had undergone the same progress, same
environment and same tests in order to avoid alteration and confusion of observation. The
set-up with three (3) replications was tested with the use of standardized test, the
Waterproof Test. This study also used another method in data gathering. Thirty
respondents were asked to rate the ink in terms of absorption, color and over-all
acceptability.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Out of two hundred forty eight grade 10 students of Bacoor National High School,
thirty of them were chosen as respondents to test the acceptability of Mangifera Indica
extract as an ingredient for permanent marker in. Systematic sampling technique is
utilized because there’s a low risk of data manipulation. Systematic sampling technique is
a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame.
The data gathered from the questionnaire were classified, tabulated, computed and
analyzed statistically using chi-square and weighted mean to test the hypothesis of the
study. The chi-square test of homogeneity shows the significant difference between
Mango ink and the standard ink. The weighted mean tests acceptability of the Mango ink.
The formula to be used for the chi-square test of homogeneity is

Wherein O is the observed frequency, E is the expected frequency and ∑x² is the p-value.

To compute the E, use E = , where RT is the total in a

row, CT is the total in a column and GT is the grand total.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
In this study, Grade 10 junior high school students at Bacoor National
Highschool-Georgetown Annex were chosen as the respondents who would supply
answers beneficial for the research study. The students who participated in the research
survey were chosen based solely on the objectives of the study.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

 The study used the following method of instrumentation in data gathering:

QUESTIONNAIRE. The questionnaire was framed by the researcher through

google forms and distributed it in different social media platforms to gather in
determining a) the effectiveness of Mango ink in terms of the indicators, absorption, stick
consistency, color and over-all acceptability of the ink and b)the significant difference
between the standard ink and Mango ink. This had two parts, the respondent’s profile,
and the question-scale part.

Part I was composed of personal information of the respondent such as name, sex
and grade level. It also includes the date of observation. The respondents were identified
through systematic sampling.
Part II was divided into two parts: a)acceptability of the Mango ink and b)
significant difference between the Mango ink and standard ink. Respondents rated the
Mango ink and standard ink in terms of color, rate of evaporation and absorption if ink.

WATERPROOF TEST. The waterproof test was also used in the study to test the
stick consistency of the ink.

GENERAL PROCEDURE
A. GETTING THE BARK OF NARRA

The first step was getting the Narra bark to be used. It can be from an old, grown, and
or a fallen tree. It was removed with the aid of a cutting tool, bolo.

B. PREPARATION OF NARRA EXTRACT

After getting the bark, it was pounded using mortar and pestle. Next, the pounded
bark was placed in a container and was mixed with Benzalkonium chloride to get the
extract. The extract was then transferred to a container with a filter to remove unwanted
small particles and other residue.

C. PREPARATION OF THE INK

Other substances known as additives such as glycerol or glycerin and ferrous sulfate
were added with three different proportions. The Benzalkonium chloride prevents the ink
from solidifying. This helps in reducing the surface tension of the ink solution, allowing
the ink to soak more quickly into the paper fibers. It also prevents molds from growing in
the ink.
The glycerol was also used because of its viscous nature and high absorbency on
paper. It increases the rate of extraction of tannin in the pigment. The ferrous sulfate is a
disinfectant that aids in the inhibition of growth of microorganisms in the ink in. It is
responsible for the black color of Mangiefera Indica ink. The formulized ink from the
extract of bark of Mangifera Indica was transferred into ink bottles and was left
undisturbed for 24 hours before undergoing a series of tests. The recycled permanent
marker containers were refilled with the Mangifera Indica ink. The table below shows the
proportion of ingredients that was used in making the Mangifera Indica ink. The
proportion of ingredients was based on the old recipes of ink making.
 Sample Mangifera Indica Glycerol Benzalkonium Ferrous
bark (mL) Chloride Sulfate
(gram) (mL) (mg)
A 100 1.0 108 1500
B 100 2.25 108 1500
C 100 3.5 108 1500
Table 1. Proportion of Mangifera Indica Ink Ingredients

EVALUATION OF SAMPLES
The researcher evaluated each sample to determine the difference between the
Mangifera Indica ink and standard ink using a waterproof test for quality inks:

Waterproof Test of Ink. Both the Mangifera Indica and standard ink are subjected to
the same test on the same sheet of paper. Samples were written in the paper and the page
was left out overnight (about 9 hours) before doing the test. The water test included
holding the page under running water for about 30 seconds on each side of the page. To
dry, the page was put between two paper towels with a lightweight box placed on top to
aid in drying. For the judging factors, the results will be observed carefully for clarity of
stroke, retention of original color, and leftover ‘halos’ of ink around the letters. The
judging factors will determine the score or rating on each ink with 5 as the highest,
indicating the ink’s retention on the paper, and 1 as the lowest, indicating that the words
were unreadable after test.

DATA ANALYSIS
The researcher utilized different techniques. The chi-square test of homogeneity
shows the significant difference between Mango ink and the standard ink. The weighted
mean tests acceptability of the Mango ink. In order to rate the variables, the researcher
used the Likert’s scale was used in which 5 means exceptional, 4 means very good, 3
means good, 2 means fair, and 1 means poor. Instructions were given that served as guide
for the respondents on how to rate the variables. The significant level for the analysis in
this study is 0.01%.

RESEARCH ETHICS
The experimental research study entitled “The Mangifera Indica extract as an
alternative marker ink”considered and exercised the research ethics in conducting the
study. During the data collection procedure, the researcher asked the permission of the
respondents without the use of force to make them participate in the survey. Moreover,
the participants were fully aware of the information being gathered from them, the
purpose of their answers, the procedure of collecting information, and the goals of the
research. The researchers also made a cover letter for the students, so that they would
know the objectives of the researchers before participating in the said survey. Besides, all
data that was acquired from the respondents were regarded as confidential. The researcher
kept the personal information of the respondents hidden and will not be cited in the entire
study to pay respect not only for their willingness to participate but more importantly for
their privacy. Furthermore, the results that were obtained were used only for the benefit of
the research study.

RESULTS
PRESENTATION OF GATHERED DATA
This chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of data in order to answer the
objectives of the study.

1.) Is the Mangifera Indica Ink effective in terms of the following:

a. Absorption
b. Stick Consistency
c. Color
2.) What is the acceptability of the Mangifera Indica in terms of:
a. Color
b. Absorption
d. Rate of Evaporation
3.) Is there a significant difference between the Mangifera Indica ink and the standard ink
in terms of Color, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation?

Table 1. Ink Content of the markers

SAMPLE CONTENT

MARKER A (standard ink) 5mL

MARKER B (mango ink) 5mL

The table 1 showed the amount of ink refilled in each marker. The two markers were
both filled by a 5mL ink before the test was conducted.

Table 2. Weighted mean for acceptability of Mangifera Indica Ink

Color Absorption Rate of Evaporation

2.83 2.33 2.17

The table 2 showed the weighted mean for the acceptability of the Mangifera Indica
Ink. It also showed the result of the linear scale from the 30 respondents. The first row is
the indicators and the second one is the mean. In terms of color, it has a mean of 2.83
which is satisfactory. Regarding to absorption, it has a mean of 2.33 which is
unsatisfactory. While the rate of evaporation that has a mean of 2.17. The results shows
that the Mangifera Indica ink has a poor rating and only the color has the average factors
of it. The color is pale and it has a very low evaporation and unsatisfactory absorption
which causes the paper to stay damp for several minutes.

Table 3. Respondents’ weighted score for the two inks

Samples Color Absorption Rate of
 Evaporation
Marker A (with 4.27 4.13 4.30
standard ink)
Marker B (with 2.83 2.33 2.17
Mango ink)
The table 3 showed that the weighted score for Mangifera Indica in color, absorption,
and rate of evaporation of standard ink were much higher than the Mangifera Indica ink,
having a difference ranging from 1.34-2.17. Therefore, it showed that the standard ink is
better than the Mangifera Indica Ink.

Table 4. Rating score of the two inks i the Waterproof Standardized Test
Mangifera Indica Ink Standard Ink
3.5 4.5

Table 4 showed the rating score of the two inks in the conducted waterproof test. The
Mangifera Indica ink had some halo, but the letters are still clear and dark. It has a little
change in color. One (1) point was taken off for the halo, and a half point for the color
loss. The ink soaked through completely to the other side. The standard ink, on the other
hand, has some evident, but minimal, formation of halo. The excess ink washed away
when left under heavy running water, yet the ink bled through the page slightly more after
water exposure. The individual strokes were blended together and the stroke detail was
lost. A half point was taken off for the loss of stroke detail and minimal haloing. Letters
were still clear and the color was intact. It suggests that the ink has a higher score than the
Mangifera Indica ink.

Table 5. Significant difference between Mangifera Indica Ink

Degree of Relationshi
Indicator Computed Freedom Tabulated p of CV and Remarks
Value (CV) (df) Value (TV) TV
Color 15.882 2 CV>TV Significant
Absorption 26.182 2 9.210* CV>TV Significant
Rate of 39.108 2 CV>TV Significant
Evaporation
*at 0.01 level of significance

Table 5 shows whether there is a significant difference between the Mango ink and
standard ink. The computed value for Color, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation were
15.882, 26.182 and 39.108, respectively. The tabulated value obtained from the degree of
freedom of 2 is 9.8505 at 0.01 level of significance.
It shows that the two inks have a significant difference in terms of Color, Absorption
and Rate of evaporation.
In the first indicator, the color, having a significant difference means that the color of
the two inks is comparable to each other.
For the second and third indicator, the absorption and rate of evaporation indicate
that there is a significant difference which means that the absorption and rate of
evaporation of the two inks is comparable to each other according to the respondents’
perceptions.

DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the summary, key findings, conclusion, and recommendation.

The study attempted to determine the effectiveness of Mangifera Indica (Mango) extract
as an alternative marker ink with 30 respondents of Grade 9 and 10 Junior High School
for school year 2020-2021.

To be exact, the study aimed to answer the following:

1.) Is the Mangifera Indica Ink effective in terms of the following:
a. Absorption
b. Stick Consistency
c. Color
2.) What is the acceptability of the Mangifera Indica in terms of:
a. Color
b. Absorption
d. Rate of Evaporation
3.) Is there a significant difference between the Mangifera Indica ink and the standard ink
in terms of Color, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation?

Key findings:
1. The Mangifera Indica ink had a score of 3.5 for the adhere consistency
which infers that there's a loss of color and the ink marks spread equally on the paper.
Based on the result of the survey/ linear scale, it appeared that the Mangifera Indica ink
got a weighted score of 2.93 in color. It clearly shows that the ink’s color looks to be
from bright to pale-black. In terms of retention, the ink got a weighted score of
2.33 which suggests that it has low drenching capacity in papers.
Conclusion: The waterproof test incorporates that the Mangifera Indica ink cannot
be publicized as waterproof but exceptionally resistant. Based on the result, the
ink, hence, isn't successful in terms of color and retention.

2. The color gotten a weighted score of 2.83 (satisfactory) rating, which is lower than the
standard ink, meaning it has bright pale-black color. On the other hand, the retention and
rate of evaporation parameters, gotten 2.33 and 2.13 (unsuitable) weighted
score separately, appearing that the most of the respondents don't acknowledge the ink in
terms of these pointers.
Conclusion: based on the findings, the ink has low adequacy when it comes to rate
of evaporation and retention in paper but about low adequacy in terms of color.

3.Findings appeared that the computed value for color, retention and rate of evaporation,
which are 15.882, 26.182, and 39.108, separately is higher than the tabulated value of
9.210 proposing that the two ins are more compatible.

Conclusion: There's a significant distinction between the two inks in terms of

color, retention and rate of evaporation but there's no significant distinction in terms of
odor.

RECOMMENDATION
1.The researcher prescribes finding a solution for the coagulation of ink after a
few days additionally undergoes the extra standardized test.
2.It is prudent to innovate the color of the Mangifera Indica ink and know what
ingredient can progress the retention of the ink and rate of evaporation
3.The researcher advocates re-associating the distinction between the two
inks utilizing other tests in order to justify the result of this study. Moreover, having
a great quality ink must be centered on before experiencing a series of test.
4.The researcher moreover proposes finding a device that will make the extraction of the
Mango Indica bark extract to be more simple and less hassle.
5.The researcher prompts to conduct other parallel tests based on the components of the
standard ink and the Mangifera Indica ink.

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