284 PART 1 DC Circuits

7.6 In the circuit of Fig. 7.79, v(∞) is: 7.8 In the circuit of Fig. 7.80, i(∞) is:
(a) 10 V (b) 7 V (c) 6 V (a) 8 A (b) 6 A (c) 4 A
(d) 4 V (e) 0 V (d) 2 A (e) 0 A
7.7 For the circuit of Fig. 7.80, the inductor current just
7.9 If vs changes from 2 V to 4 V at t = 0, we may
before t = 0 is:
express vs as:
(a) 8 A (b) 6 A (c) 4 A
(a) δ(t) V (b) 2u(t) V
(d) 2 A (e) 0 A
(c) 2u(−t) + 4u(t) V (d) 2 + 2u(t) V
i(t) (e) 4u(t) − 2 V

7.10 The pulse in Fig. 7.110(a) can be expressed in terms

5H
10 A 2Ω of singularity functions as:
(a) 2u(t) + 2u(t − 1) V (b) 2u(t) − 2u(t − 1) V
t=0 3Ω
(c) 2u(t) − 4u(t − 1) V (d) 2u(t) + 4u(t − 1) V

Figure 7.80 For Review Questions 7.7 and 7.8. Answers: 7.1d, 7.2b, 7.3c, 7.4b, 7.5d, 7.6a, 7.7c, 7.8e, 7.9c,d, 7.10b.

PROBLEMS
Section 7.2 The Source-Free RC Circuit R1 C1

7.1 Show that Eq. (7.9) can be obtained by working with

the current i in the RC circuit rather than working +
vs − R2
with the voltage v.
7.2 Find the time constant for the RC circuit in Fig.
7.81. C2

Figure 7.83 For Prob. 7.4.

120 Ω 12 Ω
7.5 The switch in Fig. 7.84 has been in position a for a
long time, until t = 4 s when it is moved to position
+
b and left there. Determine v(t) at t = 10 s.
50 V − 80 Ω 0.5 mF

80 Ω t=4
a b
Figure 7.81 For Prob. 7.2. +
24 V + 0.1 F v(t) 20 Ω
−
−
7.3 Determine the time constant of the circuit in Fig.
7.82.
Figure 7.84 For Prob. 7.5.

7.6 If v(0) = 20 V in the circuit in Fig. 7.85, obtain v(t)

for t > 0.
1 mF
12 kΩ 4 kΩ 3 mF 8Ω
5 kΩ
+
0.5 V + 10 Ω 0.1 F v
−
Figure 7.82 For Prob. 7.3. −

7.4 Obtain the time constant of the circuit in Fig. 7.83. Figure 7.85 For Prob. 7.6.
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 CHAPTER 7 First-Order Circuits 285

7.7 For the circuit in Fig. 7.86, if 7.11 The switch in the circuit in Fig. 7.89 has been closed
−4t −4t for a long time. At t = 0, the switch is opened.
v = 10e V and i = 0.2e A, t >0 Calculate i(t) for t > 0.
(a) Find R and C.
(b) Determine the time constant. t=0
3Ω
(c) Calculate the initial energy in the capacitor.
i
(d) Obtain the time it takes to dissipate 50 percent
of the initial energy.
12 V +
− 4Ω 2H

Figure 7.89 For Prob. 7.11.

+
R C v
− 7.12 For the circuit shown in Fig. 7.90, calculate the time
constant.

Figure 7.86 For Prob. 7.7. 70 Ω 2 mH

7.8 In the circuit of Fig. 7.87, v(0) = 20 V. Find v(t) for 20 V +

− 30 Ω 80 Ω 20 Ω
t > 0.

2Ω
Figure 7.90 For Prob. 7.12.

8Ω 8Ω
+ 7.13 What is the time constant of the circuit in Fig. 7.91?
0.25 F v
−
6Ω 3Ω

30 kΩ 6 kΩ 10 mH
Figure 7.87 For Prob. 7.8.

20 mH 10 kΩ

7.9 Given that i(0) = 3 A, find i(t) for t > 0 in the

circuit in Fig. 7.88.
Figure 7.91 For Prob. 7.13.

15 Ω 7.14 Determine the time constant for each of the circuits

in Fig. 7.92.
i 10 Ω

L1 L2
10 mF 4Ω R2
R1 R3
R3
L R1 R2

Figure 7.88 For Prob. 7.9.

(a) (b)

Section 7.3 The Source-Free RL Circuit Figure 7.92 For Prob. 7.14.
7.10 Derive Eq. (7.20) by working with voltage v across
the inductor of the RL circuit instead of working 7.15 Consider the circuit of Fig. 7.93. Find vo (t) if
with the current i. i(0) = 2 A and v(t) = 0.
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286 PART 1 DC Circuits

1Ω i

3Ω +
+
R L v
v(t) + i(t) vo(t) −
−
1
H −
4 Figure 7.96 For Prob. 7.18.

7.19 In the circuit in Fig. 7.97, find the value of R for

Figure 7.93 For Prob. 7.15. which energy stored in the inductor will be 1 J.

40 Ω R
7.16 For the circuit in Fig. 7.94, determine vo (t) when
i(0) = 1 A and v(t) = 0.
60 V +
− 80 Ω 2H

2Ω

0.4 H
Figure 7.97 For Prob. 7.19.

+ 7.20 Find i(t) and v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit of Fig.
i(t)
7.98 if i(0) = 10 A.
v(t) +
− 3Ω vo(t)

− i(t)

2H +
5Ω 20 Ω v(t)
Figure 7.94 For Prob. 7.16. −
1Ω

7.17 In the circuit of Fig. 7.95, find i(t) for t > 0 if

i(0) = 2 A. Figure 7.98 For Prob. 7.20.

7.21 Consider the circuit in Fig. 7.99. Given that

i vo (0) = 2 V, find vo and vx for t > 0.
6H

3Ω
10 Ω 0.5i 40 Ω
+ +
1
vx 1Ω 3 H 2Ω vo
− −

Figure 7.95 For Prob. 7.17.

Figure 7.99 For Prob. 7.21.

7.18 For the circuit in Fig. 7.96, Section 7.4 Singularity Functions
v = 120e−50t V 7.22 Express the following signals in terms of singularity
and functions. 
i = 30e−50t A, t >0 (a) v(t) =
0, t < 0
−5, t > 0
(a) Find L and R.

(b) Determine the time constant. 

0, t < 1
(c) Calculate the initial energy in the inductor. −10, 1 < t < 3
(b) i(t) =
(d) What fraction of the initial energy is dissipated 
 10, 3 < t < 5
in 10 ms? 0, t > 5
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288 PART 1 DC Circuits

3Ω 2Ω t=0
40 Ω 30 Ω
t=0
i
+
+ + v
12 V − 4V − 3F 80 V +
− 3F 0.5i 50 Ω
−

(a)
Figure 7.105 For Prob. 7.35.
t=0

7.36 The switch in Fig. 7.106 has been in position a for a

long time. At t = 0, it moves to position b.
Calculate i(t) for all t > 0.
4Ω
+
6A 2Ω v 5F a t=0
− 6Ω
b i
(b)
30 V +
− 12 V +
− 3Ω 2F

Figure 7.102 For Prob. 7.32.

7.33 For the circuit in Fig. 7.103, find v(t) for t > 0. Figure 7.106 For Prob. 7.36.

t=0 7.37 Find the step responses v(t) and i(t) to

6Ω vs = 5u(t) V in the circuit of Fig. 7.107.

+
12 V + 30 Ω v 12 Ω 7Ω
− 1F
− i(t)
+
vs + 4Ω 0.5 F v(t)
Figure 7.103 −
For Prob. 7.33. −

7.34 (a) If the switch in Fig. 7.104 has been open for a
long time and is closed at t = 0, find vo (t). Figure 7.107 For Prob. 7.37.
(b) Suppose that the switch has been closed for a
long time and is opened at t = 0. Find vo (t).
7.38 Determine v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. 7.108
if v(0) = 0.

t=0
2Ω + v −

+ 0.1 F
12 V +
− 4Ω 3F vo
− 3u(t − 1) A 2Ω 8Ω 3u(t) A

Figure 7.104 For Prob. 7.34.

Figure 7.108 For Prob. 7.38.

7.35 Consider the circuit in Fig. 7.105. Find i(t) for

t < 0 and t > 0. 7.39 Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 7.109.
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 CHAPTER 7 First-Order Circuits 289

20 Ω Section 7.6 Step Response of an RL Circuit

i 7.42 Rather than applying the short-cut technique used in
+ Section 7.6, use KVL to obtain Eq. (7.60).
u(−t) A 10 Ω 0.1 F v 7.43 For the circuit in Fig. 7.112, find i(t) for t > 0.
−

10 Ω
Figure 7.109 For Prob. 7.39.
i
t=0
7.40 If the waveform in Fig. 7.110(a) is applied to the 20 V + 5H
−
circuit of Fig. 7.110(b), find v(t). Assume v(0) = 0. 40 Ω

is (A)
Figure 7.112 For Prob. 7.43.
2

7.44 Determine the inductor current i(t) for both t < 0

and t > 0 for each of the circuits in Fig. 7.113.
0 1 t (s)
(a)
3Ω 2Ω
6Ω
i
+
25 V + 4H
is 4Ω 0.5 F v − t=0
−

(b) (a)

Figure 7.110 For Prob. 7.40 and Review Question 7.10. t=0

i
∗
7.41 In the circuit in Fig. 7.111, find ix for t > 0. Let
R1 = R2 = 1 k, R3 = 2 k, and C = 0.25 mF. 6A 4Ω 2Ω 3H

t=0
R2
(b)
ix

30 mA R1 C R3 Figure 7.113 For Prob. 7.44.

7.45 Obtain the inductor current for both t < 0 and t > 0
Figure 7.111 For Prob. 7.41. in each of the circuits in Fig. 7.114.

∗ An asterisk indicates a challenging problem.

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 290 PART 1 DC Circuits

i i1 i2

12 Ω 4Ω 5Ω 20 Ω
2A 4Ω 5A 6Ω t=0

t=0 3.5 H 2.5 H 4H

(a)
Figure 7.117 For Prob. 7.48.
i
24 V +
+ − 7.49 Rework Prob. 7.15 if i(0) = 10 A and
10 V − 2H
v(t) = 20u(t) V.
t=0
7.50 Determine the step response vo (t) to vs = 18u(t) in
2Ω 3Ω the circuit of Fig. 7.118.
6Ω

6Ω
(b)

Figure 7.114 For Prob. 7.45. 4Ω

vs +
− 3Ω +
7.46 Find v(t) for t < 0 and t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. 1.5 H vo
7.115. −

io 0.5 H
Figure 7.118 For Prob. 7.50.

t=0
7.51 Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit of Fig. 7.119 if the
3Ω initial current in the inductor is zero.
8Ω +
4io + 2Ω v
−
−
+
24 V − 20 V +
− +
4u(t) 5Ω 8H 20 Ω v
−

Figure 7.115 For Prob. 7.46.

Figure 7.119 For Prob. 7.51.
7.47 For the network shown in Fig. 7.116, find v(t) for
t > 0.
7.52 In the circuit in Fig. 7.120, is changes from 5 A to
10 A at t = 0; that is, is = 5u(−t) + 10u(t). Find v
5Ω and i.

t=0
6Ω
i
+ 20 V +
+ −
is 4Ω 0.5 H v
2A 12 Ω 20 Ω 0.5 H v −
−

Figure 7.116 For Prob. 7.47. Figure 7.120 For Prob. 7.52.

∗
7.48 Find i1 (t) and i2 (t) for t > 0 in the circuit of Fig. 7.53 For the circuit in Fig. 7.121, calculate i(t) if
7.117. i(0) = 0.
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