Final Design Report

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR PRE-INVESTMENT, PRE-FEASIBILITY AND

PLANNING STUDY FOR GALANA AND KULALU FOOD SECURITY PROJECT,
TANA RIVER AND KILIFI COUNTIES, REPUBLIC OF KENYA

TENDER NO. : NIB/T/154/2012-2013

VOLUME I

FINAL DESIGN REPORT

For
DETAILED DESIGN OF DAM FOR THE 100,000 ACRE PILOT FARM

December, 2014

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FINAL DESIGN REPORT

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 1-1

1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1-2
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 Project Objectives .......................................................................................................... 1-2
1.3 Previous Investigations and Reports ............................................................................ 1-2
1.4 The Layout of This Report.............................................................................................. 1-4
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ........................................................................................ 2-5
2.1 Location of the Dam Site ................................................................................................ 2-5
2.2 General Catchment Climate ........................................................................................... 2-5
2.3 Economic Activities ........................................................................................................ 2-5
3 WATER DEMANDS AND HYDROLOGY ......................................................................... 3-6
3.1 The Irrigated Crops ......................................................................................................... 3-6
3.2 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................ 3-7
3.2.1 The Athi/Galana/Sabaki River Catchment Basin ............................................................... 3-7
3.2.2 Climate and Hydrology of the Athi River Basin .................................................................. 3-7
3.2.3 Flood Hydrology................................................................................................................ 3-9
3.2.4 Sediment transport and trapping ..................................................................................... 3-10
4 GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS .............................................................. 4-11
4.1 Regional Geology and Soils......................................................................................... 4-11
4.1.1 The Basement System.................................................................................................... 4-11
4.1.2 The Duruma Sandstones ................................................................................................ 4-11
4.1.3 Superficial Deposits ........................................................................................................ 4-12
4.2 Local Geology ............................................................................................................... 4-12
4.2.1 Flagstones ...................................................................................................................... 4-12
4.2.2 Shales ............................................................................................................................ 4-12
4.2.3 Sandstone ...................................................................................................................... 4-13
4.2.4 Arkose ............................................................................................................................ 4-13
4.2.5 Superficial Deposits ........................................................................................................ 4-13
4.3 Rock Discontinuities Surveying .................................................................................. 4-13
4.4 Field Work ..................................................................................................................... 4-14
4.5 Geophysical Survey...................................................................................................... 4-14
4.5.1 Geophysical sounding interpretation ............................................................................... 4-15
4.5.2 Drilling and core recovery ............................................................................................... 4-16
4.6 Laboratory Testing ....................................................................................................... 4-21
4.6.1 Laboratory Tests on soil sample ..................................................................................... 4-21
4.6.2 Laboratory Tests on Rock Samples (Recovered cores) .................................................. 4-23
4.7 Rock Mass Classification ............................................................................................. 4-25
4.8 Geotechnical Modelling of the foundation .................................................................. 4-25
4.9 Hydrogeological Status and water tightness of the dam foundation along the axis4-25
4.10 Seismic Assessment .................................................................................................... 4-26
4.11 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 4-28
4.12 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 4-28
5 DAM DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 5-30
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 5-30
5.2 Design Criteria .............................................................................................................. 5-30
5.2.1 Embankment Slopes ....................................................................................................... 5-30
5.2.2 Dam Foundation ............................................................................................................. 5-31
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5.2.3 Dam spillway structure .................................................................................................... 5-31

5.2.4 Dam freeboard ................................................................................................................ 5-31
5.2.5 Embankment seepage .................................................................................................... 5-31
5.2.6 Catchment area protection .............................................................................................. 5-31
5.2.7 Hydraulic structures ........................................................................................................ 5-31
5.2.8 Ancillary structures ......................................................................................................... 5-31
5.2.9 Earthquake ..................................................................................................................... 5-32
5.3 Average Design Parameters ........................................................................................ 5-32
5.3.1 Permeability .................................................................................................................... 5-32
5.3.2 Sulphates and chlorides Content .................................................................................... 5-32
5.4 Suitability of Construction material ............................................................................. 5-33
5.4.1 Core material .................................................................................................................. 5-33
5.4.2 Dam shoulder, riprap and concrete material ................................................................... 5-33
5.4.3 Sand ............................................................................................................................... 5-33
5.5 Embankment Design .................................................................................................... 5-33
5.5.1 Dam type ........................................................................................................................ 5-33
5.5.2 Dam Embankment .......................................................................................................... 5-33
5.5.3 Crest Length and Width .................................................................................................. 5-35
5.5.4 Dam spillway structure .................................................................................................... 5-35
5.5.5 Dam freeboard ................................................................................................................ 5-35
5.5.6 Diversion Culvert ............................................................................................................ 5-36
5.5.7 Seepage through Foundation.......................................................................................... 5-36
5.5.8 Seepage Through Embankment ..................................................................................... 5-36
5.5.9 Intake Works ................................................................................................................... 5-36
5.5.10 Alignment........................................................................................................................ 5-36
5.5.11 Concrete Cutoff............................................................................................................... 5-36
5.5.12 Slope Protection ............................................................................................................. 5-37
5.5.13 Embankment Slope Stability Assessment ....................................................................... 5-37
5.5.14 Instrumentation ............................................................................................................... 5-38
5.6 Foundation treatment ................................................................................................... 5-39
6 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................... 6-42
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 6-42
6.2 Study Methods .............................................................................................................. 6-42
6.3 Legislative Framework for this Study.......................................................................... 6-42
6.4 Expected Impacts and Mitigation ................................................................................ 6-42
6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................... 6-43
7 COST ESTIMATED ........................................................................................................ 7-44
7.1 Project Cost .................................................................................................................. 7-44
7.1.1 Investment cost............................................................................................................... 7-44
7.1.2 Recurrent Costs .............................................................................................................. 7-45
7.1.3 Maintenance cost............................................................................................................ 7-45
8 PROGRAMME OF WORKS ............................................................................................. 8-1

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FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Location of possible of water storage structures. ........................................................1-3
Figure 3-1: Spatial distribution of mean annual rainfall .................................................................3-8
Figure 3-2: A plot of the Athi River basin mean rainfall and evaporation ....................................... 3-8
Figure 4-1: 3D Imagery Layout Plan of HERP and VES in Dam Site .......................................... 4-15
Figure 4-2: Geological Profile of Dam.........................................................................................4-16
Figure 4-3: Comparison between degree of jointing (RQD) and rock mass classification obtained
from SPI (SPI with logarithmic scale) for the right bank. ............................................................. 4-21
Figure 4-4: Mean PGA estimated by Midzi et al,......................................................................... 4-27
Figure 5-1: Seismic Zoning Map of Kenya (I. S. Loupekine 1971) .............................................. 5-32
Figure 5-2: Typical rockfill dam with upstream concrete facing ................................................... 5-34
Figure 5-3: Critical Slip Circles for zoned embankment upstream –End of Construction............. 5-37
Figure 5-4: Critical Slip Circles for zoned embankment downstream. ......................................... 5-38

TABLES
Table 3-1: Proposed land sizes per crop ......................................................................................3-6
Table 3-2: Summary of water supply demand, deficit and storage in Mm3 from Galana River ...... 3-7
Table 3-3: Summary of flow flood flows estimated at RGS308 and RGS3F02. ............................. 3-9
Table 4-1: Results of discontinuity system properties ................................................................. 4-14
Table 4-2: Summary of the activities ..........................................................................................4-16
Table 4-3: Summary of SPT values and approximate bearing capacity ...................................... 4-17
Table 4-4: Summary of weak borehole section ........................................................................... 4-18
Table 4-5: Parker test results .....................................................................................................4-19
Table 4-6: Soil Classification ......................................................................................................4-22
Table 4-7: Soil Compaction Test Result .....................................................................................4-22
Table 4-8: Atterberg Limit and Direct Shear Tests Result ........................................................... 4-23
Table 4-9: Point Load Tests Result ............................................................................................4-24
Table 4-10: Density, Water Content, Water Absorption and UCS Tests Result .......................... 4-24
Table 4-11: Permeability classification according to Lugeon and hydraulic conductivity values .. 4-26
Table 4-12:Proposed seismic design parameters ....................................................................... 4-27
Table 5-1: Minimum factor of Safety ...........................................................................................5-30
Table 5-2: Summary of slope stability factor of safety ................................................................ 5-37
Table 5-3: List of instruments .....................................................................................................5-38
Table 5-4: Grouting Specification ...............................................................................................5-40
Table 7-1: Construction cost of the dams at each dam. .............................................................. 7-44
Table 7-2: Unit manpower cost...................................................................................................7-45

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

amsl above mean sea level
ADB African Development Bank
ADC Agriculture Development Corporation
BH Boreholes
C Cohesion
DBE Design Basis Earthquake
DI Ductile Iron
DN Diameter Nominal
EGU Engineering Geological Units
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
EL Elevation
EMCA Enviromental Management& Coordination Act
ESIA Environmental Social Impact Assessment
GoK Government of Kenya
GSI Geological Strength Index
GS Galvanised Steel
HC High Cost
HERP Horizontal Electrical Resistivity Profiling
ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams
IRR Internal Rate of Return
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KES Kenya Shillings
l/c/d liters per capita per day
LC Low Cost
LL Liquid Index
MC Medium Cost
mamsl meters above mean sea level
MAM March April May
MCE Maximum Credible Earthquake
MDD Maximum Dry Density
MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation
NEMA Natinal Environmenal Management Authority
NMC Natural Moisture Content

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NRW Non-Revenue Water

NWMP National Water Master Plan
OBE Operating Basis Earthquake
OD Outside Diameter
OMC Optimum Moisture Content
OND October November December
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PAPs Project Affected Persons
PGA Peak Ground Acceleration
PI Plasticity Index
PMF Propable Maximum Flooding
PTL Point Load Test
RGS River Gauging Station
RMR Rock Mass Rating
RQD Rock Quality Designation
SEE Safety Evaluation Earthquake
SL Shrinkage Limit
SPSS Statistical Packages of the Social Sciences
STP Standard Penetration Test
SPI Secondary Permeability Index
ToR Terms of Reference
TSL Total Suspended Solids
UCS Unconfined Compression Strength
uPVC un-plasticised Polyvinyl Chloride
USBR United States Bureal of Reclamation
VES Vertical Electric Soundings
WRMA Water Resources Management Authority
WSB Water Services Board
WSP Water Services Provider
WSRB Water Services Regulatory Board

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This is the fourth main report on this assignment; the first was the inception report that
confirmed the terms of reference. The second report was the interim report which assessed
the broad components of the assignment. The third report was the feasibility study report
that recommended dam site 2 as the most viable option to proceed to final design.
The main objective of the proposed Galana-Kulalu dam on River Galana is to conserve
water during the rains and release it for irrigation purposes during the dry months of the
season. It shall support 40,000ha (100,000 acres) of irrigation in Galana-Kulalu food
security project ADC Ranch.The current design is for a dam to impound 340 Million m3.
The project area receive between 750mm to 256mm of rainfall per annum with the long
rains (April to May) being the wettest seasons. The short rains season come between
November and December.
From hydrology analysis,the diversion culvert shall be designed to carry 250 m3/s and the
spillway shall be designed to transmit a peak storm flow of 2,671 m3/s after modulation by
the dam.
Geological studies and geotechnical investigation were conducted, give evidence of
availability enough quantity of good quality rock material that can be utilized in the rockfill
dam construction. Further investigation on the source of core material showed that clay
soils were not available.
Based on the water tests, the nature of dam foundation concluded that foundation
treatment will be necessary. Geological studies and geotechnical investigation concluded
that the most feasible dam type was a zoned rockfill dam with central clay core.
Based on the Geological studies and preliminary geotechnical investigation conducted, a
rockfill dam with an impervious concrete facing slab was considered the most appropriate.
The embankment will have 1V:1.4H both on the upstream and downstream slopes.
Hydrology analysis and flood water simulation concluded that an ogee spillway across the
river was the most suitable flood structure and that during construction four number 4 m by
4 m diversion culvert will be sufficient to divert 1:20 year flood flow , during operation two of
the culverts shalll accommodate the drawoff pipes while the other two shall be used to
release compensational flow and flushing.
A sunken flip backet stilling basin has been provided at the spillway toe for energy
dissipation.
A full EIA study will be conducted at the proposed location to identify the positive and
negative effects to the environmental and society caused by the development of this dam.
No major disruption is envisage, Resettlement Action Planning is not a necessity for the
project.
The Construction cost for the dam is estimated to be Ksh16.05 Billion, The recurrent cost
that was identified to cover the personnel cost was estimated to be kshs 413,640.00 per
annum, and operation and maintenance cost of kshs 75,250,000.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
National Irrigation Board (NIB) has a mandate to develop, promote and manage all national
irrigation schemes in the country. In line with this mandate, NIB is currently managing
seven national irrigation schemes and four research stations in various regions of the
country while undertaking the implementation of new irrigation and drainage infrastructural
development projects in other parts of the country.

1.2 Project Objectives

The main objective of the proposed Galana-Kulalu dam on River Galana is to conserve
water during the rains and release it for irrigation purposes during the dry months of a
season. It shall support 100,000 acres of irrigation in Galana-Kulalu food security project in
the ADC Ranch. In addition to food security ones the dam structure is in place the following
added benefits shall also be available:
• Domestic Water Supply in the lower region
• Stabilise flow downstream by maintaining at least 80% exceedance flow,
• Flood protection of the lower reaches of the river
• Water sports site.
• Tourist attraction site.

1.3 Previous Investigations and Reports

Pre-feasibility study report carried out outline all possible water sources for the food
security initiative and corresponding location and size of storage reservoirs locations are
shown in Figure 1-1.

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Figure 1-1: Location of possible of water storage structures.

This report covers the dam for reservoir storage for option 1B.

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1.4 The Layout of This Report

This report covers the final design report for Galana-Kulalu dam for 100,000 acres pilot
farm including Engineers cost estimates of all elements of the proposed works.
Chapter 2 gives the description of the project area while Chapter 3 contains the water
demand and hydrology study review.
Chapter 4 contains the geology and geotechnical aspects studies undertaken for the
project.
Chapter 5 contains dam design, design criteria and approach and more details of the dam
components, while Chapter 6 contains a summary of the environmental and social plan
proposed for the project.
Chapter 7 gives the cost estimates.

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2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

2.1 Location of the Dam Site

The location of the proposed Galana-Kulalu dam is in lower reaches of Athi River the
section of the river referred to as Galana River. It is about 100 km from the Indian ocean in
the farthest east point of Galana Kulalu ADC ranch between Cordinates 9659018
N,532928E and 9661562N,532610E. This is an area near thebetween Galana-kulalu ADC
ranch and borders with Tsavo National Park.
Galana-Kulalu ADC ranch stretches between the Tana and Sabaki Rivers and the section is
known as Kulalu crossing the Sabaki River.

2.2 General Catchment Climate

The climate across the catchment is variable, typically being sub-humid in the upper zone,
semi-arid in the middle zone and arid in the coastal zone.
The catchment receives two rain seasons; the long rains from March to May and the short
rains from October to December. The long rains season has an average of the 370mm with
the short rains season having 233mm. The mean annual rainfall distribution in the
catchment is quite varied with some areas receiving more than 1000mm and other areas
less than 256m.

2.3 Economic Activities

In the host county (Tana River and Kilifi Counties) farming and nomadic pastoralism are the
main economic activities as a result of the dry conditions and erratic rainfall patterns
experienced in the county. Tana and Athi Rivers are the major water resource in the area
although they are at the periphery of the project area.
The extensive delta created by River Tana presents great potential for agricultural
development in the County. It is a natural habitat to an enormously diverse flora and fauna,
which forms an ideal ecosystem for promotion of tourism. It also provides grazing areas
during the dry seasons and its water is used for irrigation. The main crops grown in the
counties are; rice, mangoes, maize, bananas and soya beans. Fishing, forestry and agro
forestry are also important activities in the delta.
Athi River discharge its waters into India Ocean through an enstuary that is an important
tourist attraction particularly the birds watchers sinces it attracts large type of birds

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3 WATER DEMANDS AND HYDROLOGY

The water demand for the project is based on the proposed enterprises consisting the
following consumers;
• The irrigated crops
• The agro industries for irrigated and non-irrigated crops
• The dairy, beef, poultry and fisheries industries
• Domestic water supply and recreational requirement

3.1 The Irrigated Crops

The main crops proposed for irrigation are maize, sugar cane, horticulture and fruit trees.
Detailed calculation of the project monthly irrigation water requirement are based on a
particular cropping pattern that includes:
• Sowing date and the growing stages referring to irrigation
• The covered area throughout the year
• Crop water requirement and the relevant crop factors
• Weather conditions along the year, mainly evaporation and rainfall
The main crops to be grown were determined for the project and the relative proportional
coverage of each crop have as shown in Table 3-1: below:
Table 3-1: Proposed land sizes per crop

Crop Proposed land size (acre)

Maize 80,000

Sugar cane 32,000

Cattle forage 24,000

Dairy forage 8,000

Horticulture 8,000

Fruit trees 8,000

Total 160,000

At pre-feasibility study stage, it was not possible to determine the cropping pattern, and use
of a simplified method for evaluation of the irrigation water requirement. The following
assumptions were made:
• The crop water requirement crop coefficient K = 1 for all the crops and throughout
the year
• The irrigated area is fully covered throughout the year
• The reference evapotranspiration is taken as the evaporation
• The effective rainfall is deducted from the evaporation
It is estimated that Athi River at Galana Kulalu dam site has the capacity to supply 2.1
Billion m3 of water annually and support irrigation and other enterprises of 160,000 ha.
Table 3.2 gives a summary of water demand, supply and storage requirement.

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Table 3-2: Summary of water supply demand, deficit and storage in Mm3 from Galana River

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
supply 93 1181 273 790 430 19 -7 -23 -31 -33 224 253
Demand 317 315 293 75 0 42 95 166 223 123 188 270
deficit -223 -197 -20 715 430 -23 -102 -189 -254 -156 36 -17
storage 216 19 -1 715 1145 1122 1020 831 577 421 457 440
From the table above it is clear that a storage of 1.1 Billion m3 is required. However this can
only be possible in several dams. The current design is for a dam to impound 340 Million
m3. With this volume, the dam is expected to provide water for irrigation of about 40,000 ha.

3.2 Hydrology

3.2.1 The Athi/Galana/Sabaki River Catchment Basin

Athi Catchment ranges in altitude from 2600 m to 1,500 m above sea level (masl) in the
upper zone, 1500 – 560 masl across the middle zone and 560 masl to sea level in the
coastal zone. Apart from the numerous small feeders of the upper river, the main tributary
near Galana Gulalu dam is the Tsavo River, that rum from the east side of Kilimanjaro
mountain and joins it at about 20km upstream of the proposed dam.

3.2.2 Climate and Hydrology of the Athi River Basin

The climate across the catchment is variable, typically being sub-humid in the upper zone,
semi-arid in the middle zone and arid in the coastal zone, except for the immediate coastal
strip which typically has a sub-humid climate. Taita-Taveta area and areas near Mt
Kilimanjaro also receive substantial amounts of rainfall.
The catchment receives two rain seasons; the long rains from March to May (MAM) and the
short rains from October to December (OND). The long rains season has an average of the
750 millimeters with the short rains season having 256 millimeters. The mean annual rainfall
distribution in the catchment is quite varied with some areas receiving over 1000 millimetres
and other areas less than 250 millimetres. In March, April and May (MAM) season, flooding
of the lower Athi River is experienced owing to the large volumes of storm water being
generated in the upper reaches of the catchment. Figure 3-1shows rainfall distribution in the
catchment.

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Figure 3-1: Spatial distribution of mean annual rainfall

Figure 3-1 shows the distribution of annual mean rainfall across the catchment.
Comparison of month to month variation of both rainfall and evaporation are shown in table
and 3-2 and figure 3-2.
Table 3-2: Athi River Basin Mean Monthly Rainfall and Evaporation (long term mean values)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Mean(mm) 24 19 61 143 112 34 19 17 16 37 119 77
Mean Evap
(mm) 186 183 191 153 137 127 124 136 168 183 156 167

Figure 3-2: A plot of the Athi River basin mean rainfall and evaporation

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Figure 3-2 shows that there is monthly moisture defict of upto 200mm between July and
October and December to March. During the wet months, moisture difficit is reduced but not
completely covered.
In terms of water quality, the headwaters of this catchments passes through numerous
urban centres including the capital city of Kenya, Nairobi. The quality in terms of heavy
metal contamination cannot be ruled out. However, due to the long stretch of the river and
owing to the river self-purification factors, the water is expected to be good for irrigation at
the point where the proposed irrigation is situated.
The catchment is characterized by high evaporation rates throughout the year. The lower
reaches where the project site is located, evaporation is in excess of 1900 mm per year
against mean annual rainfall input of 500 mm per year.

3.2.3 Flood Hydrology

Flood flow analysis was done using generated flow data from flow modeling program at
River Flow Gauging Station RGS HA08. The figures obtain are compared with estimated
flow data calculated for Flow Gauging Station 3F02 at the proposed Thwake dam site.
The flow data from Thwake design report were found to be very high and since they were
also generated using a program that was estimating flow from rainfall data they were
suspected to be overestimated. Generally storm flow data obtained from river gauging
station are underestimated by factors between 1.7 and 2.7, because of the large catchment
involved a factor of 1.7 was adopted to calculate the design storm. Table 3.3 gives a
summary of comparisons.
Table 3-3: Summary of flow flood flows estimated at RGS308 and RGS3F02.

Return period 3HA08 3F02 Design flow

20 347 410 480
100 473 561 734
1000 1571 3305 2903.8
The diversion culvert shall be designed to carry 480 m3/s and the spillway shall be designed
to transmit a peak storm flow of 2904 m3/s after modulation by the dam.
It is assumed that the flood wave starts at 350 m3/s and raises to 2,671 m3/s before falling
back to 350 m3/s however the storm period is not known and the worst was estimated to be
a 24hr flood rising to the pek of 2904 m3/s that was routed through the dam with 100 m wide
spillway. Figure 3-3 shows the inflow and out flow hydrograph.

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3.2.4 Sediment transport and trapping

Sediment transport study in rivers has established a relationship between sediments flow
and mean river flow of the form below:
Sediment Flux (Qs) = a Qmb where a and b are constants determined for a particular
gauging point and Qm is the mean discharge at the gauging point.
Studies conducted by JICA in the preparation of the National water Master Plan, a Total
Suspend Load (TSL) at Garissa gauging station (4G01) is given as;
Qs = 134.316 Qm 0.442
There are no studies done on Athi River however relationship of mean flow and sediment
load established on Tana River shall suffice. Athi River having mean flow (Qm) of 91.7 m3/s,
at RGS 3HA08 sediment transported is estimated at 990.2 mg/l translating to 2,866,509
tons/year (1,102,503 m3/year). Assuming 50% of this is trapped, the dam sediment
accumulation shall be at a rate of about 550,000 m3 per year.

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4 GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS

4.1 Regional Geology and Soils

The project site falls within the regional geology which is mainly composed of the following
rock series:
• The Basement Systems
• Duruma Sandstone Series
• Recent Deposit

4.1.1 The Basement System

The metamorphic rocks of the Basement System within the project area occupy
approximately one-quarter of the total area and are found:
• In a wedge-shaped inlier traversed by the Galana River and forms a band running in
northwest-southwest.
• In the south-west where they emerge from beneath the Duruma Sandstones.
The Basement System rocks cover the larger part of the dam reservoir. The boundary of the
Basement rocks is found approximately 750 m away from the proposed dam axis on the
upstream. They are crystalline gneisses, granulites, calcareous rocks and schists,
comprising a series of metamorphosed sediments with associated biotitic gneisses of which
the origin remains undetermined. Nearly all of them are regionally metamorphosed to a high
degree and have been variably recrystallized and metasomatized. Those of undoubted
sedimentary origin include graphitic limestones, calc-silicate granulites, and micaceous
garnet-sillimanite schists, representing the metamorphic derivatives of original calcareous
and argillaceous sediments respectively. These are accompanied by biotite and
hornblende-banded gneisses and minor amphibolites, which occupy belts intervening
between the metasedimentary horizons. Foliations in both meta-sediments and banded
gneisses alike are parallel to their mutual lithological boundaries and, therefore, concordant
with original stratigraphical planes. Coarse, indistinctly foliated granitoid gneisses
approaching the composition of quartz-diorite occur as sheets and lenses in the southwest
of the area, and often contain microclinepegmatites. They lie in a zone of high-grade
regional metamorphism characterized by the development of sillimanite in the aluminous
sediments.

4.1.2 The Duruma Sandstones

Three quarters of the project area is covered by Duruma formation. The downstream of the
proposed embankment is dominantly composed of Duruma sandstones. On the upstream of
the proposed embankment axis, the Duruma formation can be traced 750 m to the west
before forming downthrown with the Basement System rocks. Grits, sandstones, shales,
limestones and conglomerates occupy a northward- plunging syncline in the north-west of
the area, and a broad coastward-dipping belt in the east. The series has yielded Permian
and Triassic fossils, but possibly ranges downwards into the Upper Carboniferous and, in
areas further east, upwards to the lower Jurassic. Its estimated total thickness of some 457
m is divisible into three broad lithological units, the upper and lower divisions containing
coarse sandstones and grits with subsidiary shales, and the middle division shales and
flagstones. For the most part the beds were deposited under fluvial, lacustrine, deltaic or
sub-aerial conditions. Cross-bedding, ripple-markings, mud-cracks and worm casts, indicate
that the water-lain clastic sediments were often deposited in shallow water which received

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fluctuating amounts of sedimentary material derived from the Basement System rocks
further to the west.
Note: The rocks of the series are strongly jointed and faulted. Some of the latter throw
down the sedimentary rocks against the gneisses and schists of the Basement System.

4.1.3 Superficial Deposits

Red quartzose sands and gravels mantle the deeply decomposed gneisses and schists of
the Basement System. As a result of the semi-arid climate minerals derived from the
metamorphic rocks suffer little transportation, and residual garnet, titanomagnetite, and
mica are often localized over their source rocks. The Duruma Sandstones are less deeply
decomposed than their metamorphic neighbours and are covered by thin maroon-coloured
dusty soils containing more kaolin minerals and less garnet and titanomagnetite than the
red soils. Over the argillaceous beds grey acidic clay-soils are developed. Pleistocene to
Recent deposits marginal to the Galana River vary from cross-bedded gravels and boulder
beds containing pebbles of gneiss, sandstone, to thin alluvial fine-grained sands and muds
deposited over the narrow eastern valley flats during seasonal flooding.

4.2 Local Geology

The geology of the dam axis and reservoir comprise of the rock units which are classified
into two major groups;
I. Rocks that belong to the Basement System
II. Rocks that belong to Duruma Series
Duruma Series
There four main lithological units exposed within the project area that belong to Duruma
Series and this includes;
• Flagstones
• Shales
• Fine-grained sandstone
• Coarse-grained sandstone
• Arkose

4.2.1 Flagstones
Flagstones are the most abundant surface rock towards the end of the right abutment. They
are mainly fine grained varying from light brown to buff in colour and well laminated with the
laminations varying from thin laminations ranging from 6 – 20mm to medium laminations
and rarely wide laminations. The interbedded yellow-white flagstones make up the bulk of
the rock formation within the project area.

4.2.2 Shales
Shale rock material is found mostly on the right abutment of the proposed dam axis. The
rock mass is characterized by thin platy layers resembling the flagstone described above.
On the upstream of the right abutment and towards the end of the axis, the low-lying ridges
are formed of shale material.

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4.2.3 Sandstone
Sandstone is the dominant rock exposure within the project area, covering larger part of the
embankment area and dam basin. Sandstones occur in the area both as fine-grained and
medium to coarse-grained sandstones which are highly laminated and jointed.

4.2.4 Arkose
Arkose is very coarse-grained sandstone belonging to the Duruma series. It is dominantly
found on the right abutment and in some few locations on the left abutment. The lower part
of this group consists of coarse clastic material derived from a rapidly wasting gneiss terrain
that is approximately 750 m away upstream.

4.2.5 Superficial Deposits

Superficial accumulations over the flat to gently sloping Mid-Galana plain are generally thin
and are composed of red sandy lateritic soils. Red sandy lateritic soils with rock boulders:
The low-lying ridges and slopes within the embankment and reservoir area are dominated
by deep to bright red to yellowish dry Silty sand soils with a lot of gravels and rock boulders.
The thickness of the overburden material ranges from 0.3m to 1.5 m below the ground level.
The red soils mask the deeply decomposed and weathered sandstones and Basement
System. They contain a high proportion of quartz gravel and sand, cemented by a red
lateritic crust and the quartz gravel pebble sheet mask the surface. The quartzite gravels
are well rounded to sub-angular in shape and occasionally occur in small patches. Also
important to note is the littering of the soil surface with rock boulders. These mosaics of rock
boulders are composed of flagstones, shales and sandstone of different shapes.

4.3 Rock Discontinuities Surveying

The mechanical behaviour of the rock is highly affected by the discontinuities systems
properties. Discontinuities can cause the strength to be lessened, and cause permeability
and plasticity to increase (Bell, 2007; Goodman, 1989). Therefore, the field study and the
precise analysis of the conditions and properties of discontinuities and fractures are among
the most important issues in geotechnical studies of the dam construction. In this study,
based on the method suggested by ISRM 1981 for the field studies of the joint and fractures
in the region, 67 discontinuities were analyzed according to scanline method, whereby our
scanline was aligned along the proposed dam axis.
The sealing of dam foundations and abutments required is in relation to the geological
conditions of rock masses (their lithology, the strength of the rock, their hydrothermal veins
as primary discontinuities, their main joint sets as secondary discontinuities, the distribution
of the discontinuities, the quality and strength of the joint-filling material) and their
permeability conditions (Sadeghiyeh et al 2012). The decision to install a grout curtain
depends largely on the results of water pressure tests (WPTs), as introduced by Lugeon
(Ewert 1997c). This section of the geotechnical report explains permeability and groutability
assessment of dam foundation based on secondary permeability index (SPI), hydraulic
aperture and Lugeon test and ability to control seepage water from foundation and
abutments. Engineering geological investigations and geotechnical studies of dam site
carried out in detail include discontinuity surveying, core drilled data and in situ testing.
A geotechnical cross section was constructed based on the exploratory boreholes drilled
along the dam axis during the site investigation. In Table 4-1 the results of discontinuity
system properties are given. And then the discontinuity systems were statistically analyzed.
Based on the results, there are 2 joint sets with high dip were identified with a low dipped
bedding at both abutments. In addition to the major discontinuity systems, a few minor
discontinuities were identified at the dam site. The strike of joint set 1 in both abutments is

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almost completely vertical at the dam axis (N065). The strike of joint set 2 which is the
dominant joint set in the area is almost in parallel with the dam axis. The bedding plane of
the rocks on both abutments were found to be dipping at low angle to the east
(downstream) with an average dip angle of 100. Joint strikes were found to be nearly
vertical to the east of both the abutments.
Table 4-1: Results of discontinuity system properties
Location Discontinuity DIP DIP Dir Strike
Left Abutment Joint set 1 85º 85º 337º
Joint set 1 80º 135º 70º
Bedding Plane 10º 92º 160º
Right Abutment Joint set 2 84º 88º 332º
Joint set 2 79º 134º 66º
Bedding Plane 07º 92º 154º
The quantitative descriptions and statistical distributions of discontinuities of rock units
derived from boreholes and those obtained from the geomechanical mapping through
scanline at the dam site according to ISRM (1981).

4.4 Field Work

Field work was carried out at the proposed dam site and around the reservoir, The works
included;
• Geophysics investigations

• Digging of Trial pits at various proposed material source locations

• Drilling and core recoveries along the proposed dam axis, reservoir and spillway
locations.

• Water tests/parker tests

• Standard penetration test (SPT)

The collected soil samples were for taken to the laboratory for testing.

4.5 Geophysical Survey

To study the subsurface geological conditions of the proposed dam site, geo-electrical
resistivity methods were employed by use of ABEM SAS 300B Tetrameter. The machine
employs geo-electrical principles and have reliable efficacy. The equipment is of high
resolution and therefore quite effective in subsurface exploration.
Two approaches were applied which include: Horizontal Electrical Resistivity Profiling
(HERP) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The profiling and soundings were designed
to capture certain areas of the proposed dam site. The layout of the profile lines was
influenced by the geomorphology of the dam site area and construed general strike of the
underlying rocks. The profile lines were carried out perpendicular to the drainage pattern in
order to investigate the lateral variations of the subsurface features (this being underlain by
volcanic rocks, subsurface features vary very frequently and at small distances). The
soundings (VES) were carried out at points noted to have deep weathering or weaknesses
detected by profiling. The aim of vertical electrical soundings (VES) was to probe the
variations of rocks with depth and also to establish the depth to bedrock.

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In this method electric current is introduced into the ground using current electrodes (A and
B), thus creating an electric field between them and the potential difference in that field is
measured using potential electrodes (M and N). According to Ohm’s Law, the resistance of
rock formations (as the conductor) is obtained by dividing the potential difference (at any
point in that field) by the electric current. The property that determines the conducting nature
of any material is known as resistivity which obtained by multiplying the measured
resistance with a geometric coefficient K. The geometric coefficient is dependent on the
configuration of the electrodes. The Wenner configuration was used for profiling technique
while the Schlumberger configuration was used for vertical electrical soundings (VES) with
the array of electrodes.

4.5.1 Geophysical sounding interpretation

The layout plan of geophysical profile (HERP) and vertical electrical soundings (VES) at the
proposed Dam Site is shown on Figure 4-1 in 3D imagery.

Figure 4-1: 3D Imagery Layout Plan of HERP and VES in Dam Site

Geophysical investigation was conducted along the dam axis revealing the foundation
condition of the dam site. The figure 4.2 shows the geological profile of dam axis.

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Figure 4-2: Geological Profile of Dam

4.5.2 Drilling and core recovery

A total of seven (7) boreholes were drilled with total 360 m depths, at identified locations
along dam axis. A summary of the activities are summarised in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2: Summary of the activities
Termination
Borehole Location Activities carried out
depth (m)
• Core recovery
Along Dam axis at Left
BH 1 • Sampling 45m
abutment
• Water test
• Core recovery
Along Dam axis at Left
BH 2 • Sampling 60 m
abutment
• Water test

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• Core recovery
Along Dam axis at Left
BH 3 • Sampling 40 m
abutment
• Water test
• Core recovery
Along Dam axis at Right • Sampling
BH 4 50 m
abutment • STP
• Water test
• Core recovery
Along Dam axis at Left
BH 5 • Sampling 60 m
abutment
• Water test
• Core recovery
Along Dam axis at Right
BH 6 • Sampling 60 m
abutment
• Water test
• Core recovery
Along Dam axis at Right
BH 7 • Sampling 60 m
abutment
• Water test

4.5.2.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was conducted at BH 4 only, since the rest of the
boreholes boulder and rocks were encountered at a depth of less than 1 m.
The STP were conducted at every 1.5m interval by driving the standard split barrel a
distance of 450 mm into the soil at the bottom of boring with impacts from a 63.5 kg hammer
falling freely from a height of 760 mm. The number of blows required to drive the sampler
for the last four 75 mm distances (total 300 mm) are the N value.
The results indicating borehole number, depth, STP no. bearing capacities computed from
empirical correlations are summarized in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3: Summary of SPT values and approximate bearing capacity
Corrected Approx.
STP, Relative
Depth, STP, N-value Ultimate
BH No N- density
m (at 60% Bearing
value description
efficient) capacity,(KN/m2)
0-1.5 17 Medium Dense 11 217
1.5-3 24 Medium Dense 15 306
3-4.5 27 Medium Dense 17 345
BH 4
4.5-6 33 Dense 21 421
6-7.5 32 Dense 20 409
7.5-9 50 Very Dense 32 638

4.5.2.2 Borehole logging results

Detailed results of the borehole logging are the geological investigation report, From the
structural engineering geological analysis of the rock mass, the left bank has shallow rock
head averagely 0.8 m below the ground level with BH04 sited close to the river bed
recorded overburden thickness of 1.5 m as the deepest rock head level. The explored
boreholes on both abutments have encountered six different lithologic units:
• Sandstone
• Shale

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• Arkose
• Mudstone
• Greywacke
• Flagstone
The quality of the rock mass is good recording high values of RQD and the joints are tight
and therefore the problem of seepage as a result of the difference in hydraulic head is
minimal except in special cases where a section of borehole depth is faulted like in BH03
where the section between 20 and 33 m is highly sheared. Tables 4-4 give the summary of
the borehole sections that are considered weak and can create a conduit for seepage:
Table 4-4: Summary of weak borehole section
LEFT ABUTMENT

BH01
Depth Range (m) Section RQD (%)
Thickness
From To
1.5 4 2.5 17.0
17.5 21 3.5 29
23.3 24.7 1.4 24.7
31 33 2 16
BH02
Depth Range (m) Section RQD (%)
Thickness
From To
1 2 1 19.0
24 25 1 50.0
29 30.5 1.5 26.0
35.5 36 0.5 23.0
42.5 43.7 1.2 45
43.7 45.2 1.5 38
BH03
Depth Range (m) Section RQD (%)
Thickness
From To
1 7 6 2.4
10.8 12.2 1.4 52.0
20.1 23.5 3.4 20.0
26 27.5 1.5 12.0
30 30.5 0.5 0.0
32.6 33.2 0.6 0.0

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BH04
Depth Range (m) Section RQD (%)
Thickness
From To
5 6 1 19.0

RIGHT ABUTMENT

BH05
Depth Range (m) Section RQD (%)
Thickness
From To
3 5 2 26.4
26 28.3 2.3 0.0
31.3 32.3 1.0 33.1
51 53.5 2.5 0.0
54 55.5 1.5 0.0
BH06
Depth Range (m) Section RQD (%)
Thickness
From To
1.3 2.9 3.6 22.0
BH07
Depth Range (m) Section RQD (%)
Thickness
From To
1.8 21.5 19.7 3.0
From the Table 4-4, BH03 (left abutment) and BH07 (right abutment) have weak zones
which require sealing. No water flush return achieved between 20 – 33.3 m in BH03 and 2 –
20 m in BH07. These sections of the Borehole will require grouting to seal the crevices.

4.5.2.3 Water tests (Parker test)

The water pressure testing was conducted in all the seven (7) boreholes in order to
determine the permeability of the underlying rocks. The process was conducted as drilling
progressed. A downstage method was adopted at every 5 m section, using a hydraulic
packer to seal off the test section from above. The table 4-5 presents a summary of the
water pressure tests for the four boreholes (BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4).
Table 4-5: Parker test results
Min Max
Depth Lugeon Conductivity Rock discontinuity
Borehole Lugeon Lugeon
value
(meters) value value classification condition
(l/m/min)
(l/m/min) (l/m/min)
LEFT ABUTMENT
BH1 45 0.076 9.74 2.6 Excellent Open closely spaced
or void

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Min Max
Depth Lugeon Conductivity Rock discontinuity
Borehole Lugeon Lugeon
value
(meters) value value classification condition
(l/m/min)
(l/m/min) (l/m/min)
BH2 60 0.071 4.769 1.3 Excellent Open closely spaced
or void
BH3 40 0.726 6.089 3.2 Excellent Few partly open
BH4 45 0.181 3.516 1.2 Excellent Needless

RIGHT ABUTMENT
BH5 63.7 0.183 4.479 1.1 Excellent Very tight
BH6 50 0.019 0.933 0.34 Excellent Few partly open

BH7 42.5 0.026 8.544 2.3 Excellent Open closely spaced

or void

From the results above, dam foundation water transimisity is low to moderate. The results of
these tests indicate that the permeability of the shales, sandstones, greywacke and
mudstone which form the bedrock of the dam site range between, 0.34 and 3.42 Lugeons.
The high Lugeon values were achieved especially in BH01, BH03 and BH07 possibly
because of the shear zone and highly jointed rock masses. High permeability is one of main
geological engineering problems in any dam. Galana-Kulalu dam, whose maximum lugeon
value 9.74, was established is of low permeability.
However there were areas with lugeons values greater than 5 indicating that grouting will be
required to improve water tightness at various locations.

4.5.2.4 Secondary Permeability Index

To estimate permeability of jointed rocks, the result of water pressure test should be
transferred to k-value instead of lugeon value, the Secondary Permeability Index(SPI) was
used for this transformation.
Comparison of the rock mass quality defined by SPI and the degree of jointing for the seven
boreholes on both abutments revealed that more than 80% of tests show an accurate
correlation which indicates the important differences between rock mass quality definition
from SPI and degree of jointing.
The SPI results have shown that the rock mass quality for both abutments is very high and
tight. In some sections especially in BH03 and BH07 where we expected to have high
values of Lugeon value SPI have recorded very low values. This could be attributed to the
void filling of the fractures with rock mass particles eroded from the borehole walls and also
from the joints infilling materials. From the SPI results, the dam foundation area can be
classified into three zones; Zone A which is the highest in the area, Zone B and Zone C.
Zone C is only recorded in BH07 where the top rock mass is highly jointed and shattered up
to a depth of about 16 m below the ground level, otherwise, the dominant class is A which
shows high level of rock mass quality in terms of transmissivity/hydraulic conductivity of the
rock mass. The break in the graphs in the figure below marks the section where packer test
could not be conducted because no pressure was being achieved due to presence of
porous fractures within the shear zone.

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Figure 4-3: Comparison between degree of jointing (RQD) and rock mass classification obtained from
SPI (SPI with logarithmic scale) for the right bank.

4.6 Laboratory Testing

Laboratory testing was carried out on rocks and soil samples obtained from the boreholes,
by University of Nairobi Civil Engineering Materials Laboratories. The tests covered the
following Soil tests:

4.6.1 Laboratory Tests on soil sample

The following were tests conducted on the soil samples obtained from the boreholes;
• Particle size distribution(Sieve analysis) down to sieve No. 200 (0.075mm)

• Hydrometer testing

• Determination of native moisture content

• Atterberg limits & linear shrinkage

• Standard Proctor Compaction test: (a) Optimum moisture content and (b) Maximum
dry density

• Relative density determination

• One directional consolidation test

• Direct Shear Test

• Unit weight

• Specific Gravity

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4.6.1.1 Particle Size Grading (sieve analysis) and Hydrometer tests

From the laboratory test result, the soil mass material is composed of sandy soils and
gravelly soils. Sandy soil range from Clayey Silty SAND to Gravelly SAND while Gravels
range from Sandy GRAVEL to Sandy Silty Gravel. The results as shown in the Table 4-6;
Table 4-6: Soil Classification
Borehole No. Depth (m) Soil Gravelly SAND
BH01 0.0 – 0.4 Silty Gravelly SAND

BH02 0.0 – 0.4 Sand Silty GRAVEL

BH03 0.0 – 1.0 Silty Sand GRAVEL

0.0 – 1.5 Clayey Silty SAND

BH04 1.5 – 3.0 Clayey Silty SAND

3.0 – 4.0 Clayey Silty SAND

BH06 0.0 – 0.3 Sandy Silty GRAVEL

BH07 0.0 – 0.3 Clayey Silty SAND

4.6.1.2 Standard Compactions (Proctor test)

Compaction test was carried out using standard Proctor test. The Maximum Dry Density
(MDD) varies from 1667 kg/m3 to 1820 kg/m3 with an average of 1724 kg/m3.
The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) varies from 14.5% to 19% with an average of
16.75%.
Table 4-7: Soil Compaction Test Result
Borehole No. Depth (m) Compaction
MDD Bulk Density OMC NMC
BH01 0.0 – 0.4 1699 2021.81 19 5

BH02 0.0 – 0.4 1760 2041.6 16 3.5

BH03 0.0 – 1.0 1696 1975.84 16.5 2.6

0.0 – 1.5 1667 190.87 14.5 3.85

BH04 1.5 – 3.0 1678 1929.7 15 6.34

3.0 – 4.0 1692 1962.72 16 6.37

BH06 0.0 – 0.3 1780 2109.3 18.5 2.61

BH07 0.0 – 0.3 1820 2083.9 14.5 2.8

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4.6.1.3 Atterberg Limit and Direct Shear Tests

The PI was only conducted on one sample from BH03 while the rest of the samples were
sandy gravel and therefore no PI conducted on them. The registered value of the PI for the
sample from BH03 is 14.5%.
Shear Test was done for samples collected from BH03 and BH04. The value of c‟ ranges
from 0.08kg/cm2 to 0.11kg/cm2 with an average value of 0.09kg/cm2 and the value of friction
angle (phi) ranges from 24o to 28o with an average value of 26o.
Table 4-8: Atterberg Limit and Direct Shear Tests Result
Borehole No. Depth (m) Atterberg Limit (%) Direct shear test
LL PL PI SL C Ø
BH01 0.0 – 0.4
BH02 0.0 – 0.4
BH03 0.0 – 1.0 30.5 16 14.5 5.7 0.09 kg/cm2 28°
0.0 – 1.5
BH04 1.5 – 3.0 0.11 kg/cm2 24°
3.0 – 4.0 0.08 kg/cm2 26°
BH06 0.0 – 0.3
BH07 0.0 – 0.3
No suitable dam core material around the dam site was obtained from the investigations.

4.6.2 Laboratory Tests on Rock Samples (Recovered cores)

The objectives of these tests were to determine mechanical properties of the rock as
required for cut and support design and validate the use of crushed rock as coarse concrete
aggregate.
These tests consisted of the following;
• Point Load Test (PLT)
• Unconfined Compression Strength test (UCS)
• Young’s Modulus (E)
• Water absorption
• Porosity
• Density
The tests results are discussed below.
Core speciments from the exploration site were crushed, prepared and tests to check on
their suitability to be used as construction material after excavation during the construction
stage.

4.6.2.1 Point Load Tests

15 Point Load tests were carried out for samples from different depths and different rock
units ( Table 4-9). The results show that the value of PTL ranges from 7.1 Mpa to 10.6 Mpa
with an average of 14 MPa.

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Table 4-9: Point Load Tests Result

4.6.2.2 Density, Water Content, Water Absorption and UCS Test Results
9 UCS tests were carried out for rock samples taken from different depths and rock units
and the laboratory results are presented in Table 4-10. The results show that the UCS
strength of the rock mass selected varies from 15 Mpa to 144 Mpa with an average value of
85 Mpa.
Table 4-10: Density, Water Content, Water Absorption and UCS Tests Result

Based on the laboratory results for the analyses rock specimen, we conclude that the rock
mass material underlying the dam foundation is very strong and competent.

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4.7 Rock Mass Classification

Three empirical rock mass classification systems, namely the rock mass rating (RMR)
(Bieniawski 1989), Q-system (Barton et al. 1974) and Geological Strength Index (GSI)
(Hoek 1994; Hoek and Brown 1997) methods have been used in this report to summarize
the geological and geotechnical data, and to provide tools for the designer during
construction. These rock mass classification systems were used for the left and right banks.

4.7.1.1 Results of Rock Mass Classification Systems at the Dam Site

The rock mass qualities of four formations (Sandstone, mudstone, greywacke and
flagstones of the dam site were assessed using three empirical rock mass classification
systems, which is dependent on the joint characteristics. The results show that rock mass
units on both right and left bank are classified as fair rock mass (RMR = 50). The Geological
Strength Index (GSI) provides a system for estimating the reduction in rock mass strength
for different geological conditions as identified by field observations (Hoek et al. 1998). This
system was developed by Cai et al. (2004). For this study, the GSI system was used to
classify the rock masses of both banks. The results are shown in the subsequent chapter.
According to the Geological Strength Index the sandstone is classified as blocky to very
blocky and disturbed (GSI = 30–65). The greywacke is classified as blocky to nearly intact
(GSI = 70-85), mudstone is classified as blocky to very blocky (GSI = 45-55), Shale is
classified as blocky to disintegrated (GSI = 25–35). The Flagstone are classified as
blocky/disturbed to disintegrated (GSI = 25–35).

4.8 Geotechnical Modelling of the foundation

The geological formations at the dam site were identified and grouped in Engineering
Geological Units (EGU), taking into account the uniformity of their engineering geological
characteristics and their expected behavior at the dam foundation.
1. Quaternary Group formations
• River bed sands
• Colluvial Silty Sand
2. Permian Group Formations
• Sandstones
• Greywacke
• Mudstone
• Shale
• Arkose
Detailed analysis of EGU are in the geological investigation report. Modeling revealed that
the foundation has rock mass underlying the proposed dam axis is not uniform across the
embankment axis.

4.9 Hydrogeological Status and water tightness of the dam foundation along the axis
The study of the hydrogeological conditions of the dam embankment axis side utilized the
water level measurements and the permeability tests in the boreholes, as well as the
observations during drilling. The results of the geophysical investigations were also taken
into account. During the geological mapping, no significant springs were identified, apart

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from very weak flows after rains from the surface mantle. Classification of the permeability
in the geological formations, in ccordance to lugonis in Table 4-1.
Table 4-11: Permeability classification according to Lugeon and hydraulic conductivity values

With no overburden material found on the boreholes, The permeability test was conducted
on rock mass along the dam center line. The primary porosity practically does not exist
within the solid rocks. Intense digenesis and recrystallization have sealed their primary grain
network. Their permeability is controlled by their secondary porosity, which is created by the
network of their hydro-conductive discontinuities. These discontinuities may be their
bedding planes, joints, faults and fractured zones.

4.10 Seismic Assessment

The proposed Galana-Kulalu dam site is in a region which is not seismic active and not
prone to earthquakes. However, Kenya is crossed by the East African Rift System at the
central region. The East African Rift is seismically and volcanically active and this has
resulted to ground deformation within the Rift System. The evaluation of historical and
recent earthquake data shows that magnitude 6.0–7.2 earthquakes at relatively shallow
depths of 10–30 km is a common occurrence along the Kenya Rift Valley and the Davie
Ridge in the Mozambique Channel.
According to ICOLD, the OBE in many cases is chosen for a minimum return period of 145
years. The mean PGA estimated by Midzi et al, shown in the Figure 4-4 with 10%
probability of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to a 475-year return period, was
considered for the OBE scenario. For Galana-Kulalu Dam the estimated PGA is 0.02g. It is
conservatively proposed to accept for the OBE scenario PGA =0.02g.

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Figure 4-4: Mean PGA estimated by Midzi et al,

Table 4-12 is a summary of the design seismic input parameters recommended for the
proposed Galana-Kulalu dam:
Table 4-12:Proposed seismic design parameters

Element Design Values

Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) 0.2
Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) 0.23
Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) 0.02

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4.11 Conclusion
• The rocks within the Galana-Kulalu dam site and reservoir area, consist of schists
and gneisses of the Basement System which are overlain by grits, sandstones,
limestones, shales, greywacke and conglomerates ranging in age from Upper
Carboniferous to Triassic and known collectively as the Duruma Sandstones and
Basement System.
• Joints are the most abundant structural features that are observed on the rock
surfaces and their strike rather than their orientation were taken to verify their
dominant trend. The joints are dominant within the flagstone and fine sandstones
across the study area. The area is highly faulted to the west and to the north of the
proposed project site. The exposed metamorphic rocks about 750 m to the west of
the embankment axis have the N.N.W. strike-trend of the Mozambiquian belt and a
westerly foliation dip. There are three major faults sandwiching the proposed
embankment axis.
• Due to the proximity of the Galala Dam to the Kenya rift and the NNW-SSE trending
rifts/shear zones, the maximum PGA for SEE was considered equal to the maximum
PGA that was estimated based on the deterministically-evaluated CMCE scenario,
and, therefore, is considered equal to 0.23g.
• The resistivity survey reveals that the rock mass underlying the proposed dam axis
is not uniform across the embankment axis. The upper part and lower part of the left
abutment has competent rock mass except in two sections of the upper part of the
abutment where two shear zones were identified. The shear zones are deeply
fractured and require special attention. On the right bank, the lower abutment (about
a span of 250 m from the river channel) is very stable and tight. The upper part of
the abutment from BH06 to the end of the axis is highly porous up to an average
depth of 20 m below the ground level. It is interpreted as highly sheared shale and
sandstones texturally with a matrix of clay. This zone also will require special
treatment to improve its stability and structural integrity.
• Based on the packer tests performed in all the seven boreholes. The result shows
that the rock mass within the dam axis is very tight and can be classified as very low
to low permeability. The hydraulic conductivity coefficients recorded within site were
less than 10-5 cm/s with the exception of few cases in specific areas where the value
was higher than 10-5cm/s. This areas include section depth 20m – 32m of BH03 and
section depth 0.3m – 16.5m of BH07, which shall require special treatment.
• The rock head is very shallow and therefore dam foundation will be founded on
competent rock mass.
• The observed faulting and deep weathering in the higher part of the left abutment
may require extensive treatment to provide sound foundations.

4.12 Recommendation
• Geologiccal investigation revealed a stable foundation although faults were identified
however there is a need for more investigations during comstruction to confirm the
design stage parameters adopted.
• More investigation is also recommended to be carried out within the dam reservoir
including some few vertical Electrical Soundings to ascertain the hydrogeological
conditions within the reservoir.

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• From the drilling analysis, the average depth to sound rock head is about 5 m below
the ground level on the left abutment. Therefore, to achieve uniform, stable and
sound foundation, it is recommended a shallow stripping up to a depth of 6 m on the
left abutment to remove the regoliths (fractured and weathered) top rock head.
• A proper curtain grouting up to a depth of 45 m between BH03, BH02 and BH01
respectively is recommended.
• Between BH06 to the end of right side of axis, (500 m long), is deeply sheared,
tectonized and decomposed rocks, on account of this rock mass conditions within
this section. Deep stripping is recommend up to a depth of 10 m, after that, a blanket
grouting be done up to a depth of 16 m deep, followed by three lines of dense
curtain grouting taken down to 22 m.
• Based on the geological and geotechnical studies conducted along the Galana-
Kulalu dam, the ideal dam type recommended is a Rockfill dam with a concrete slab
facing.

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5 DAM DESIGN

5.1 Introduction
The major activities during the Feasibility Study was to select a dam location. This was
based on the alternatives that were found to accommodate the relevant amount of water,
assess the river inflows, establish the required storage and dam height, to meet the
projected water demand, assess properties and availability of dam construction materials,
establish the dam foundation condition and establish the design concepts for the design of
proposed dam components and structures.
The Feasibility Study evaluated the topographical, geotechnical and hydraulic factors that
are considered in the dam design. It found out that Dam site 2 was more feasible and was
recommended to proceed to the final design stage. This design stage shall carry further
investigation regarding forms of construction and recommends the dam type that should
proceed to Construction. The criteria and concepts adopted in the design of the dam are
discussed here below.

5.2 Design Criteria

Reference is made to the United States Bureau of Reclamation, USBR Manual for Design
of Dams 1987 as well as to Kenya’s MWI Guidelines for the Design, Construction, and
Rehabilitation of Small Dams and Pans in Kenya, 1992. Resources from ICOLD were also
useful in pinpointing areas of importance.
The design concepts and criteria for the design of the proposed dam are based on general
local and internationally recognized design standards and guidelines. The design ensures a
safe and economical dam structure. The following key considerations are important in the
design of embankment dams.

5.2.1 Embankment Slopes

The dam embankment slopes should be stable under all hydraulic conditions during its
operation and maintenance. Stability againist steady state offer sufficient factor of safety.
The minimum factors of safety that guided this design are borrowed from Table 3.1 of the
US Army of Corps Engineers and are shown in the Table 5-1.
Table 5-1: Minimum factor of Safety

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Source US Army Corps of Engineers-Slope Stability-EM 1110-2-1902, 31 Oct 2003

5.2.2 Dam Foundation

The embankment should not overstress the foundation; the embankment should be
designed to suit the foundation soil present at the site. Soils with high shear strength are
preferred.
The foundation under the dam must be water tight. In the event of fissures, then pressure
grouting and or clay blanket is provided on the surface with proper compaction.
Sufficient allowance made for the settlement of the foundation and embankment after final
consolidation.

5.2.3 Dam spillway structure

The provided spillway should be of sufficient capacity to channel away the flood flow
without putting the embankment to risk of over topping. The spillway should be designed to
convey floods of such magnitudes of 1:1000 year. And half PMF.
The spillway outflow channel will be design to attain a maximum velocity of 2 m/s. Where
this is not attainable due to topography, lining the channel will be considered. The
characteristics of the outflow channel will correspond to Manning’s equation and
assumptions.

5.2.4 Dam freeboard

The provided freeboard should be sufficient to prevent overtopping by wave action. Based
on the USBR manual, normal freeboard should be based on a wind velocity of 160 km/hr
and a minimum of 80 km/hr.

5.2.5 Embankment seepage

Seepage through the embankment, foundation, and abutments should not result in excess
forces and piping of materials is not permitted. It is recommended to use embankment
material that has a permeability of less than 6 x 10-7 m/s (5 legions).

5.2.6 Catchment area protection

The catchment area should be well conserved to reduce sediment loads and thus increase
the economic lifespan of the dam as well as the useful or live storage by equally reducing
the dead storage volume.

5.2.7 Hydraulic structures

The outlet capacity should meet the projected water abstraction during the dam life within
an acceptable factor of safety of 1.3 and at the same time all the draw off system be able to
reduce the water depth by 50% in 7 days and to empty the dam in 21 days.
The downstream release of the normal river flow should be separately be provided.

5.2.8 Ancillary structures

Appropriate dam ancillary facilities and related infrastructures should be provided to
enhance operation and management of the dam and also reduce the social effects to the
neighboring community. This structures may include fencing off the dam and reservoir
areas and creation of access road for ease of transportation to and from the dam site to a
nearby access.

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5.2.9 Earthquake
The proposed Galana-Kulalu dam site is in a region which is not seismic active and not
prone to earthquakes. The area’s data on earthquake was analysed and a maximum
credible earthquake for the area was determined. The seismic zoning VI that the dam site
falls (Figure 5-1) refers to the intensity of damage according to the Modified Mercalli scale.
In that scale the intensity in zone VI has low effects.
To ensure the structural stability of the dam, the Kenya earthquake code recommends that
a design basis earthquake (DBE) of 0.12 gal (design earthquakes and accelerations
loading) be applied for earthquake analysis.
A horizontal acceleration of 0.12g was used in the slope stability analysis. Incorporation of
this acceleration in the design process would ensure that in the case of similar vibrations
the dam would not fail.

Figure 5-1: Seismic Zoning Map of Kenya (I. S. Loupekine 1971)

5.3 Average Design Parameters

Average material parameters used in this design have been deduced based on the
geological and geotechnical studies undertaken for the project.

5.3.1 Permeability
No soil samples obtained for this tests however since the material ranged from Silty sand to
gravel sand permeability is expected in the range of 40 lugeons i.e., 5X10-5m/s which is not
suitable for dam embankment construction particularly the core.

5.3.2 Sulphates and chlorides Content

No soil samples obtained for this tests however from the geological studies the soils are not
expected to have high levels of sulphates and chlorides.

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5.4 Suitability of Construction material

5.4.1 Core material

Based on the geotechnical investigation conducted within and around the dam site and
reservoir, it is evidence that, suitable soil material to be utilized for impavious core is
absent. Alternative impavious material were considered to replace the clay core. The
following water containment oprtions were as follows:
• Butimen asphat core: Availability technology for placing butimen clay asphat core
was found wanting.
• Upstream concrete facing: This is common in older dams where butimen concrete
facing ws used but with the broad knowleged of cement concrete manufacture and
placing was found to be more suitable option.

5.4.2 Dam shoulder, riprap and concrete material

The good and sound Nephelinite rock outcrops within the reservoir provide a good source
of shoulder material. This rocks should be quarried, graded and be used as embankment
fill, riprap and to provide aggregate for concrete. The estimated parameters are:
Bulk Density 17 KN/m3
Angle of internal friction 450

5.4.3 Sand
Sand for construction purpose is easily and adequately available within close proximity to
the dam site, however, further investigations are recommended to ascertain their quality for
construction and filter purposes.

5.5 Embankment Design

5.5.1 Dam type

Based on preliminary site geological investigation, indicates the availability of sufficient
quantities of rock material at the proposed dam site. The most logical dam will be a rockfill
embankment type with an upstream impavious concrete facing.
Rockfill embankments have been used since the earliest times to impound or divert water.
They are simple compacted structures that rely on their mass to resist sliding and
overturning.

5.5.2 Dam Embankment

Embankment Geometry: The dam is designed by ensuring it is safe and economical.
Hence the following were taken into consideration:
• The foundation, abutments and the embankment are stable under all conditions of
construction and operations;
• Seepage through the embankment, foundation, and abutment should not result in
excess forces and piping of materials is not permitted, the phreatic line should be
contained within the embankment;
• The crest level of the dam must be high enough to prevent overtopping and to allow
for settlement of embankment and foundation;
• The spillway and outlet capacity should be adequately sized to prevent overtopping
of the dam; and

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• The slopes of spillway and outlet works must be stable under all operational
conditions.
The proposed rockfill dam will have a maximum height of water approximately 38.5 m;
measured from the top water level at EL 172.5 masl down to the lowest point in the natural
riverbed at EL 134 masl. The top of embankment is estimated at 178.5m, as explained in
section 5.5.5 below, on dam freeboard.
The embankment will be rockfill type with impavious upstream concrete facing.
The dam embankment shall contained three zones as described below;
1) Zone A – Upstream Concrete facing
The dam upstream will be covered with a reinforced concrete to provide an
impervious media for the dam.
A well graded sand and gravel base course for the membrane is necessaty to
provide a more flat surface.
2) Zone B – Rockfill shoulder zone with selected processed small rocks
This zone comprise of small selected rocks which allows the concrete membrane
layer to settle uniformy on the dam.
3) Zone C – Rockfill shoulder zone with well graded best quality rock
This zone comprise of the best rock for the embankment.
A typical section of the proposed rockfill dam is presented in the figure below.

(1)Toes slab (2)Horizontal Joint (3)Vertical joint (Z) dam section

(A)Perimeter Joint (B) Steel (C)Anchor bars (D)Consolidation grout holes (E)Grout Curtain
Reinforcement
(F)Horizontal (G)With form (H)Bottom joint (I)Zone 3A- selected small (J)Zone 2A-processed small
reinforcement rocks rocks
(k)Concrete face (L)Zone 1B-radom fill (M)Zone 1A (N)Zone 3B Quary run or (O)Zone 3C3BQuary
Impervious soil gravel- layers 1m run/gravel-Layers 1.5m
(P)large sie rock (Q) starter slab (R) slab with 18m (S)Slab axis-Straight (T) upstream face Elevation
dozed
(U)Horizontal Rebar (V)Surface painted (W) water stop (X)motor pad (Y)Zone 3D-Plus 0,3m
with asphat rockfill

Figure 5-2: Typical rockfill dam with upstream concrete facing

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5.5.3 Crest Length and Width

The best valley with the smallest crest length was selected for the proposed dam. The crest
length obtained at the most appropriate location for the embankment is 2610 m long.
The design USSBR guideline for the design of small dams proposes the use of the
following formula in the design of dam crest width. The USBR guideline for the design of
small dams proposes the use of the following formula in the design of dam crest width.
w= Z/5+3.048 m, is dam height.
Where, W = Crest width, in meters
Z = Height of the dam, in meters
For a 38.5 m dam, W = 10.65 m. however ICOLD bulletin 70 recommend 6m
crest
The crest will be provided with 300mm thick concrete surfacing with a cross fall of 4% to
allow drainage.

5.5.4 Dam spillway structure

The provided spillway should be of sufficient capacity to channel away the flood flow
without putting the embankment to risk of over topping. The spillway is designed to convey
floods of magnitudes of 1:1000 year to protect downstream resident that include Malindi
town.

5.5.5 Dam freeboard

The provided freeboard should be sufficient to prevent overtopping by wave action. Based
on the USBR manual, normal freeboard should be based on a wind velocity of a minimum
80 m/hr.
Data on calculation of Normal freeboard
Effective fetch Fe of 13.5 km
Basic wind speed (U) on land for 50 years’ period is 50m/hr (22.22m/s)
Wind velocity, V=Ux1.14 where 1.14 is coefficient of velocity to speed is therefore 91.188
km/hr (25.33 m/s)
Wave height, Hs = 1.56T2s
Wave period Ts, 4.6 seconds
Wave length, Ls 33m
Hence Design wave height Ho, 2.372 m
Wave run up rough surface (on smoth none permeable surface) is given by a factor
obtained from figure 12 of the USSBR manual obtained as 1.7 Ra, 1.7x2.372= 4.03m
hence on 1:1.4 slope the vertical height is 1.68 m
Wind set-up s, 0.9m
Required height for the waves = Ra+ s
= 4.03+0.9 = 4.93m
From flood routing analysis the height of water is 3.02 m and with waves build-up of 4.03 m
the balance of free board (free board) is 0.45 m which is les than 0.9 m minimum required

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for a 7.5 free board. Hence to get adequate free free boad of 0.9m the total free board
required is 7.95m. provide an emabankment free board of 6m and a parapet wall 2m high.
Hence, a 8.0m of freeboard is adequate.

5.5.6 Diversion Culvert

A storm of 1 in 20 years is the design storm which is 480 m3/s hence with 4 culverts each
culvert should be able to evacuate 120 m3/s.
The diversion works consist of four culverts 4m wide and height of 4m high with a coffer
dam 7 meters from the culvert center i.e. 5 m above the culvert to fit. Each culvert has a
capacity to drain a maximum of 128 m3/s which coincide with a flood with a return period of
one in 20 years.
After construction, one of the culverts shall be used as a service culvert while the other
shall be for flushing.

5.5.7 Seepage through Foundation

Seepage through the embankment, foundation, and abutments should not result in excess
forces and piping of materials is not permitted. For embankment construction, it is
recommended to use embankment materials that have a permeability of less than 5 x 10-7
m/s (5 legions) and in foundation and abutments if permeability is more than 5 lugeons
treatment regarding grouting is recommended.

5.5.8 Seepage Through Embankment

With a concrete upstream facing, there is limited seepages envisaged through the
embankment. In case of cracked concrete face porous drainage pipes are to belaid at
100m spacing to catch the drain and indicate the location of the leaking section.
This seepage drained to an open channel leading back to the river.

5.5.9 Intake Works

Irrigation water shall be drawn to level 134 masl. It is estimated that the dead storage shall
be upto a level of 139 m amsl and is expected to creating a 5 m head.
For a 40,000 ha and assuming a water demand of 50 m3/ha/day, the demand on draw off is
29 m3/s, allowing a factor of safety of 2, the draw off is designed for 58 m3/s and require an
outlet of 7.2 m2 assuming a velocity of 1.2m/s which is provided by two pipe line of 2 m
diameter each.

5.5.10 Alignment
The alignments were selected based on the contour layout to give the shortest crest length
and allow for the economical location of spillway route and outlet works. In addition to this
Maximum possible storage of the valleys were considered. The crest elevation level of the
dam is at 180 masl and the top water level is at 171.0 masl a crest length of 2610 m
resulted.

5.5.11 Concrete Cutoff

A toe slab 5m wide width and 1000m deep will be provided, the slab shall provide the
grouting head. It shall be provided with enouh dowels to take the horizontal force generated
by the slab . The slab shall be made of Reinforced concrete class 20/20 with 0.5%
reinforcement steel bars.

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5.5.12 Slope Protection

The upstream face of the embankment will be protected against sun action by asphat paint.
No special surface treatment of the downstream slope is necessary. Berms/benches are
not necessary because the this face of embankment is made of rock that is not erodable.

5.5.13 Embankment Slope Stability Assessment

The stability of the dam slopes was evaluated both for steady state (during normal
operation) and full spillway state. The analysis was done using Prokon Structural Analysis
and Design in which the critical Slip circle for both cases were determined using the soil
properties recommended in the geotechnical studies.
In the stability analysis modelling earthquake acceleration in the horizontal directions was
used. The horizontal and vertical acceleration was taken as 0.12 g, although seismic
activity around the area and within this region is insignificant.
The table below is a summary for the slopes obtained.
Table 5-2: Summary of slope stability factor of safety
End of Construction
Upstream slope Downstream slope
Upstream Downstream
1V:1.4H 1V:1.4H 1.81 1.55
Figures 5-3 and figure 5-4 shows the critical slip circle and the minimum factors of safety
around the centre of the slip circle both upstream and downstream faces respecticely.
Factor of Safety: 1.81
-100.0

-90.0

-80.0

-70.0

-60.0

-50.0

-40.0

-30.0

-20.0

-10.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0
0.0

204.0

194.0

184.0

174.0

164.0

154.0

144.0

134.0
Concrete Fa

124.0 Rockfill Zone

Rockfill Zone
114.0 Tangential stress
Rock founda
Normal stress
104.0

Figure 5-3: Critical Slip Circles for zoned embankment upstream –End of Construction

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Factor of Safety: 1.55

-100.0

-90.0

-80.0

-70.0

-60.0

-50.0

-40.0

-30.0

-20.0

-10.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0
0.0
204.0

194.0

184.0

174.0

164.0

154.0

144.0

134.0
Concrete Fa

124.0 Rockfill Zone

Rockfill Zone
114.0 Tangential stress
Rock founda
Normal stress
104.0

Figure 5-4: Critical Slip Circles for zoned embankment downstream.

5.5.14 Instrumentation
Instrumentation is included in dam for the purpose of monitoring the conditions and
performance of the embankment and foundation during construction and normal
operations. The most important performance parameters to be monitored will include
seepage, vertical movement (settlement) and horizontal movement. Piezometers and
settlement gauges would be installed in the embankment, piezometers and observation
wells will be installed in the foundation to monitor the pore water pressure. The foundation
shall have seismic measurement device installed either within the embankment foundation
or off the embankment area will be directed to a single chamber where a V-notch shall be
installed. A single observation well will also be required downstream of the embankment.
The number and types of the instrumentation will largely depend on the embankment and
foundation soils. The proposed dam instruments are summarised in the Table 5-3.
Table 5-3: List of instruments
Instruments Sets Quantity
Survey Monument 40
Vibrating wire piezometer 80
Earth pressure cell 80
Concrete face starin meter 80
In place Inclinometer and settlement cells gauges 20
Seepage measuring device (Vee notch) 2
Stand pipe piezometer 20
Extensometer 20
Complete Weather station 1

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The accuracy and specific details of the proposed instrumentation will be provided during
construction.

5.6 Foundation treatment

Based on the packer tests performed in all the seven boreholes along the dam axis. The
result shows that the rock mass within the dam axis is very tight and can be classified as
very low to low permeability. The hydraulic conductivity coefficients recorded within site
were less than 10-5 cm/s with the exception of few cases in specific areas where the value
was higher than 10-5cm/s. This areas include section depth 20m – 32m of BH03 and
section depth 0.3 m – 16.5 m of BH07, which shall require special treatment by means of
grouting.
Grouting consists of drilling a line or lines of holes from the cut-off level of the dam into the
dam foundation and forcing cement slurry, or chemicals under pressure into the rock
defects, that is joints, fractures, bedding partings and faults.
Foundation grouting takes two forms:
a) Curtain grouting;
b) Consolidation grouting
For Galana dam, a grout curtain will be carried out along the dam core axis. The vertical
depth of the curtain in rock is estimated to be 50m for the three (3) rows placed at 2m
centre to centre. Drilling of grout holes start at 8m centres followed by 4m centres and
completing up to 2m centres on the upstream and downstream lines.If closure is not
achieved a line inbetween the two loines is done in the same way until closure is achieved.

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Table 5-4: Grouting Specification

Layout of grout
holes

Start end start end start end Total no. of To depth of

holes holes
Chainage (m) -50.0 200 200 2200 2200 2600
Depth of grout
Primary and Secondary 25 25 60 60 25 25 1538 72250
holes (metres)
Tertiary 15 15 25 255 255 15 664 14700
46mm dia
Quaternary 0 0 10 10 0 0 10
Allow 10% of primary holes 155 7200
Water pressure test and check holes (MPa) 66mm
dia
Material : Portland blast-furnace slag cement
Grouting
Max injection pressure : 0.3 MPa
Max grout flow rate : 4 L/min/m
Change of grout mix :
Cement 100 ton Sand 50 ton
Bentonite 10 ton additives 100 ton

Change of grout
mix

Note: 1lugeon (Lu) =1.2*10-7m/sec, l-litres

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It should also be noted that the above proposed grouting will be subject to changes depending on site conditions observed before or
during the construction period. In addition to this, contractors with good experience in this field would be required. The Resident Engineer
must ensure all the works are done to his/her satisfaction and all changes required are done to ensure minimum seepage.

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6 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

6.1 Introduction
The environmental and social scooping exercise was conducted and used the
recommended Integrated Participatory
A project report has been prepared for submission to NEMA. The project report to be
presented separately is summarised herein.

6.2 Study Methods

Study approach & methodology adopted included:
• Screening and scoping to determine the extent of the project
• Desktop data search and analysis for the baseline bio-physical
• Social environmental parameters of the project area.
• Consultant with the project design group to obtained design approaches to be
used
• Multi-faceted public consultation process which included interviews.

6.3 Legislative Framework for this Study

These are summarized as follows:
• The principal National legislation governing issues of environmental concern in
Kenya is the Environmental Management & Coordination Act of 1999 (EMCA)
• EMCA calls for Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) (under Section 58) to
guide the implementation of environmentally sound decisions and empowers
stakeholders to participate in sustainable management of the natural resources.
Projects likely to cause environmental impacts require that an environmental
impact assessment study to be carried out.
• It is under this provision that the current study has been undertaken.

6.4 Expected Impacts and Mitigation

Expected impacts emanates from:
• Planning phase
• Construction phase
• Operation phase
• De-commissioning phase
Positive and negative impacts are expected from the project.
Negative impacts should be mitigated, either by reducing, minimizing or eliminating the
impact.
Some of the impacts include:
• Noise &Vibrations
• Air quality

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• Water quality
• Waste management
• Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecology
• Cultural
An elaborate Environmental & Social Mitigation and management Plan ESMMP will be
prepared.

6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Plans are in place for a detailed ESIA to be carried out as a Project Report.
Resettlement action plan should be conducted during the full ESIA study for project.

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7 COST ESTIMATED

7.1 Project Cost

The project costs related to capital investments and operations on an annual basis
throughout the project horizon are discussed below.

7.1.1 Investment cost

The investment cost estimates made have been developed taking the following factors
into consideration:
• Applying rates used in on-going construction contracts in Kenya for works of
similar nature to the quantities in the various work items.

• Soliciting quotations from reputable suppliers of various materials for civil works
construction mechanical and electrical equipment and building into this
quotations a reasonable profit and overhead factor

The investment costs are broken down into their main components and summarised in
the Table 7-1. The detailed cost estimates are to be submitted as confidential draft cost
estimates.
The table below gives the estimated cost each dam broken down to their major
components.
Table 7-1: Construction cost of the dams at each dam.

GRAND SUMMARY
ITEM
DESCRIPTION Total AMOUNT (KSh)
NO.

1 Preliminary & General 1,547,340,260.00

2 Geotechnical 1,366,980,000.00

3 Site Clearance 104,771,250.00

4 Earthworks 6,119,302,092.50

5 Concrete Works 2,216,187,675.00

6 Pipe works 84,910,000.00

7 Dam Miscellanous Work 38,800,000.00

SUB TOTAL 1 11,478,291,277.50

5% Contingencies 573,914,563.88
5% Price Adjustment 573,914,563.88
SUB TOTAL 2 12,626,120,405.25
Add 16% VAT 2,020,179,264.84

GRAND TOTAL 14,646,299,670.09

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7.1.2 Recurrent Costs

Recurrent costs generally are the personnel cost. It is based on the manpower
requirements for the operation of the scheme. The proposed dam is intended to store
the water for domestic and livestock and irrigation purposes. This section is limited to
the personnel that will be deployed to take charge of the operations and maintenance of
the dam only.
No allowance is made on transportation of staff and costs associated with
administration. Determination of personnel cost was based on the job group criteria
given in the MOWI design manual and their respective remuneration. The criteria
adopted from the design manual are shown in the Table 7-2.
Table 7-2: Unit manpower cost
Personnel Job group Annual cost Kshs
Dam coordinator E 157,680
Deputy dam coordinator E 136,440
Labourers B 119,520

Assuming 3 labourers, the total annual manpower cost will be 413,640 Kenyan shillings.

7.1.3 Maintenance cost

Maintenance cost outlay for the scheme will increase with age. The annual maintenance
costs is calculated as a percentage of the construction (installation) costs. A 0.5%
maintenance of investment cost was considered based on MWI practical manual
recommendation. A total of seventy seven million five hundred thousand
(77,500,000.00) Kenyan shillings is the total maintenance cost for the dam.

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8 PROGRAMME OF WORKS
The proposed construction period for Galana - Kulalu dam is approximate three and a half years (3.5 years)

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

Description of Works 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

General Excavation of Embankment area

Excavation of Diversion Culvert and spillway

foundations

Foundation treatment

Concrete works for Diversion Culvert, spillway

and outlet works

Fill Embankment

Transmision pipeline

Clear Reservoir Area

Testing & Commissioning

Post Construction

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APPENDIX 1 – REFERENCES
1. Design of small dams, United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR).
2. Practice Manual for small dams and pans and other water conservation structures in
Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2015.
3. Practice Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation,
2005.
4. US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Manuals April 2000.
5. Bureau of Reclamation – US Department of Commerce –1991
6. Characteristics of Problems of Dispersive Soils – US
7. Department of Interior – Bureau of Reclamation 1991.
8. Soil Mechanics R.F Craig ELBS 1990.
9. Guidelines for Predicting and Minimizing Sedimentation in Small Dams (Wallingford, H.
R. 2004).
10. Kenya Vision 2030, October 2007.
11. National Water Harvesting and Storage Management Policy, Ministry of Water and
Irrigation, May 2010.
12. National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS) 2012 – 2016, Ministry of
Water and Irrigation.
13. Irrigation and Drainage Master Plan, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, June 2009.
14. Water Resource Technical Publication, Engineering Monograph No. 25, Hydraulic
Design of Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipators, United States Bureau of Reclamation
(USBR).

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APPENDIX 2 – FACTUAL GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS REPORT

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APPENDIX 3 – DESIGN CALCULATIONS

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