Question 1

Descriptive Analytics:

Context: This method is used to summarize and explain what has happened in the past. It’s all
about understanding historical data, often through reports, charts, or dashboards.
Example: A business might use descriptive analytics to look at last month’s sales data to see which
products were most popular or how much revenue they made.

Inferential Analytics:

Context: Inferential analytics helps make generalizations about a larger group based on a smaller
sample. It uses statistical methods to make predictions or conclusions about the population.
Example: A research study on a new medicine might analyze a small group of patients and use
inferential analytics to estimate how the drug would work for a larger population.

Predictive Analytics:

Context: This method uses past data to predict future outcomes. By recognizing patterns in the
data, predictive analytics helps forecast what might happen next.
Example: A retail store might use predictive analytics to forecast how much stock they will need for
a busy season based on previous years’ sales data.

Prescriptive Analytics:

Context: Prescriptive analytics goes beyond predictions and suggests actions to improve outcomes.
It helps recommend the best course of action based on the data.
Example: A delivery company might use prescriptive analytics to figure out the best routes for their
trucks, helping them save time and fuel costs.

Question 2

i) One Sample Test

A one-sample test is used to determine if the mean of a single sample is significantly different from
a known value or a population mean. It helps assess whether the sample data represents a
particular population.

● Example: Testing whether the average height of students in a class is equal to the national
average.

ii) 2-Independent Sample Tests

A 2-independent sample test (also called an independent t-test) compares the means of two
independent groups to determine if there is a significant difference between them. This test
assumes that the two groups are unrelated and come from populations with different means.

● Example: Comparing the test scores of male and female students in two different schools to
see if their performance differs.

iii) One-Way ANOVA

One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is used to compare the means of three or more
independent groups to see if at least one group mean is different from the others. It tests the null
hypothesis that all group means are equal.
 ● Example: Testing the effectiveness of three different teaching methods on student
performance.

iv) Two-Dependent Sample t-Test

A two-dependent sample t-test (also known as a paired t-test) is used to compare the means of two
related groups or measurements taken from the same group at different times. It is often used when
the data points are paired or matched.

● Example: Comparing the weight of individuals before and after a fitness program to
determine if there is a significant change.

Question 3

To test whether method A is better for processing the product, we will use a two-sample t-test for
independent samples. Since we are testing whether the tensile strength of method A is greater than
that of method B, this is a one-tailed test.

Null Hypothesis (H₀): μA≤μB​(Method A is not better than Method B)

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): μA>μB​(Method A is better than Method B)

Method A: Mean = 106 tonnes, Standard Deviation = 12 tonnes, nA=64

Method B: Mean = 100 tonnes, Standard Deviation = 10 tonnes, nB=64

t=106−100​/(√12^2/ 64+ 10^2/64)=6/1.95≈3.08

For a one-tailed test at 𝛼= 0.05, the critical value is 1.645.

Since 3.08>1.645
we reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion:
At the 5% significance level, we conclude that Method A produces a product with greater tensile
strength than Method B.

Question 4

To determine whether the four hot dog stands at Memorial Stadium are selling the same number of
hot dogs, we will use a One-Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test. This test compares the means
of the sales across the four stands (Visitors North, Visitors South, Home North, Home South) to see
if there are any significant differences in the mean sales.

Null Hypothesis (H₀): All the hot dog stands sell the same number of hot dogs (the means are
equal). H0:μ1=μ2=μ3=μ4

Where:

● μ1​= Mean sales at Visitors North

● μ2​= Mean sales at Visitors South
● μ3= Mean sales at Home North
● μ4 = Mean sales at Home South
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): At least one of the hot dog stands sells a different number of hot dogs
(the means are not all equal). H1:At least one mean is different.

Means of each stand:

Visitors North:( 755+698+725+895+886+794+694+827)/8=785.625

Visitors South: (782+724+754+825+815+826+752+784)/8=784.375
Home North: (714+758+684+816+856+884+774+812)/8=781.25
Home South: (776+824+654+779+898+687+716+889)/8=780.875

Grand Mean=783.03125

Calculate the Sum of Squares Between Groups (SSB):

SSB=n×[(mean of group 1−grand mean)2+(mean of group 2−grand mean)2+(mean of group

3−grand mean)2+(mean of group 4−grand mean)2]

Where n=8 (the number of games).

= 130.8

Calculate the Sum of Squares Within Groups (SSW)= 13973.5

Calculate the degrees of freedom:

● Between groups (dfB): k−1=4−1=3

● Within groups (dfW): N−k=32−4=28

Mean Square Between Groups (MSB): MSB=SSB/dfB=130.8/3=43.6

Calculate the F-statistic:

F=MSB/MSW=0.087​

Using an F-table at α=0.05, the critical value is 2.95.

Since the F-statistic (0.087) is less than the critical value (2.95), we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion: The four stands sell the same number of hot dogs.

Question 5

Given data:

Total boxes = 10,000

Ecuador: 6,000 boxes (200 damaged, 840 overripe)

Honduras: 4,000 boxes (365 damaged, 295 overripe)

A)

● Total Damaged Fruit:

● Ecuador: 200
 ● Honduras: 365
● Total damaged fruit = 200 + 365 = 565 boxes

Probability of damaged fruit:

P(Damaged fruit)=565/10,000=0.0565

Total Overripe Fruit:

● Ecuador: 840
● Honduras: 295
● Total overripe fruit = 840 + 295 = 1,135 boxes

Probability of overripe fruit:

P(Overripe fruit)=1,135/10,000=0.1135

B)

What is the probability that a randomly selected box is from Ecuador or

Honduras?

Since the total number of boxes is 10,000, and every box is either from Ecuador or Honduras, the
probability of a randomly selected box being from either Ecuador or Honduras is simply 1, because
all boxes are from these two regions.

P(Ecuador or Honduras)=6,000+4,000/10,000=1

C)

Given that a randomly selected box contains overripe fruit, what is the probability that it
came from Honduras?

We know:

● P(Honduras and Overripe fruit)=295/10,000

● P(Overripe fruit)=1,135/10,000

● P(Honduras∣Overripe fruit)=P(Honduras and Overripe fruit)​/P(Overripe fruit)=0.260

The probability that the box came from Honduras, given that it contains overripe fruit, is
approximately 0.260 or 26%.

D)

If damaged fruit and overripe fruit are mutually exclusive, what is the
probability that a box contains damaged or overripe fruit?

If damaged and overripe fruits are mutually exclusive, the probability that a box contains either
damaged or overripe fruit is the sum of the individual probabilities:
P(Damaged or Overripe)=0.0565+0.1135=0.17

So, the probability that a box contains damaged or overripe fruit is 0.17 or 17%.