Electromagnetic Induction

1. What is Electricity?
A. Electric Charge
a. Electricity
i. interaction of Electric Charges
- Protons (positive charge)
- Electrons (negative charge)

★ LAW OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

- Electric force is the attraction or repulsion between objects

b. Static Electricity
i. The build-up of electric charges on an object
- a way to get a positive or negative charge is by adding or
removing electrons
- Electrons from one object are attracted to the positive
charge of an object. Since the electrons go to the other
object (hair’s electrons go to the balloon), the main
object (hair) is positively charged while the other object
is negatively charged. They are attracted because of
the opposite charges

c. Electric Discharge
- Releasing electrons from a fully charged object to a positively
charged object (conductor)
- Fully charged electrons = negative
- Fewer electrons = positive
➔ EXAMPLE: You charge up yourself with electrons (making you
negative) by rubbing your feet on a carpet then you touch
someone (who is somewhat positive)
★ Discharging happens when the fully charged and less
charged objects are close or touching
B. Electric current
- The flow of electrons (and or on a conductor)
- Direct Current (DC)
- Type of electric current where the charges flow in one
direction only
➔ EXAMPLE: Batteries
- Alternating Current (AC)
- Type of electric current that flows in one direction, then the
reverse direction, repeatedly
➔ EXAMPLE: Generators, Turbines

- Conductions & Insulators

● Conductors
○ allow an electric current to flow through easily
- Metals
- copper, aluminum, silver, gold
- Water
- (when it contains dissolved salts or other
charged particles)
- Graphite
- Human body (can conduct small amounts of electric
current)
● Insulators
○ resist the flow of electric current
- Rubber, Glass, Plastic, Air, Wood, Paper
 2. Electricity and Magnetism
A. Hans Christian Oersted (Danish, 1820)
- Accidentally discovered electric current produces a magnetic field

B. Electromagnets
- A coil of wire around an iron rod
- The Current passing through the coils magnetizes
the rod, producing an electromagnet (powerful
magnet)
- More loops = stronger magnetic field
- Examples: electric motors, loudspeakers, television
sets, doorbells, trains, etc.

C. Michael Faraday & Joseph Henry (English, 1831)

- Discovered that if an electric current
can produce a magnetic field, then a
changing magnetic field can create
an electric current;

D. (ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION)
★ Current & emf produced are called induced
current & induced emf
★ Emf is induced electromotive force

LAWS:

E. Faraday’s Law
- Change in the strength of a magnetic field, (also known as magnetic flux)
induces a current (and hence induced emf)
- Emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
 F. Lenz’s Law
- Induced current creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in the
magnetic flux

Coulomb’s law
- The size of charges and distance
between electric charges are key
factors in determining the strength
of the electric force

Electric Circuit
- A loop that consists of a power source,
load, wires, and switch
★ Removing the load makes it a short-circuit
3. Electric Generator
A. Basic parts of AC and DC generators

a. AC Generator (Alternating)
● Magnets
- USED as a magnetic field to produce electricity
- Its relationship with the coils produces the electrical
field
- Either actual permanent magnets or a second set of
coils

● Armature Coil
- Produces an electric
current when it turns in a
magnetic field
- Voltage is produced
- Carries the full load
current of the generator

● 2 Slip Rings
- Used to transfer electrical power from stator to circuit
- Usually made of conductive stuff (copper, brass, etc.)
- Also called rotary electrical interface
- Connected to windings

● 2 Carbon Brushes
- Makes contact with slip rings
- Conducts an electric current

● Load
- Thing being powered by the generator
- the ‘demand’ for the electrical power of the generator
- Devices
 b. DC Generator (Direct Current)

● Magnets
- The stator (stator - stationary component found in
electric motors and generators)
- Faces opposite each other

● Armature Coil
- Also called armature windings (windings are multiple
coils)
- In a closed-circuit form
- Connected in series to enhance the sum of the current
- Built in rotor

● Slip Rings (Commutator - applies an electric current to the

windings)
- Changes the AC voltage to DC within the armature coils
- Designed with copper segments/parts (mica sheets
‘protect’ each segment)
- Located on the shaft of the machine

● Carbon Brushes
- Collects current from slip rings
- made up of carbon and graphite to reduce the wear
and tear of the slip rings
- When on a segment, the brush shorts out that
segment/coil and gets current from the other coils

● Load
- Stuff that is powered by DC
power
- Includes batteries, gadgets,
some LED lights, etc.

B. HOW A GENERATOR/MOTOR WORK

★ Mechanical Energy is transformed into electrical energy
★ Principles of all generators are the same except for some differences in
the construction
★ 2 Main Parts: Coil & Magnet
- The generator works on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction. When the coil is rotated in a magnetic field by some
mechanical means, magnetic flux is changed through the coil and
consequently, Electromotive Force (EMF) is induced in the coil.

4. Electric Power Production and Distribution

A. How do power plants produce large amounts of electricity?
a. The generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power are
called power system
i. Stages:
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
b. Most transmission lines are high-voltage three-phase alternating
current (AC)
c. High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology is used for greater
efficiency over every long distance (typically hundreds of miles)
d. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (115kV or above) to
reduce the energy loss that occurs in long-distance transmission

B. Stages and layout of power systems

a. Power Station
i. Bulk power is generated by 3-phase, 3-wire system employing
several alternators in parallel
ii. Voltage: 11kV
iii. Due to economic considerations, the generator voltage
(11kV) is stepped up to 220kV or 132kV at the power station
with the help of step-up transformers.

b. Primary Transmission
 i. High voltages of the order: 66kV, 132kV, 220kV, and 400kV
ii. Used for transmitting power by 3 phase 3 wire overhead
system
iii. Supplied to substations on the outskirts of major distribution
center or city
c. Secondary Transmission
i. Outskirt of the city
ii. Sub-station steps down the primary transmission voltage to
66kV or 33kV
iii. Power is transmitted at this voltage
iv. 3 phase wire system used
d. Primary Distribution
i. Transmission lines or inner connectors terminate at large
main substations
ii. Power is distributed to small secondary substations scattered
throughout the load area
iii. Voltage range: 11kV to 132kV
e. Secondary Distribution
i. Low-voltage networks laid along the streets; localities and
over the rural areas
ii. Connection to individual customers
iii. The circuit used for this purpose is 3 phase 4 wire, 440V/220V
from which either 3-phase 400V or single-phase 220V supply
to the consumers may be provided.

C. Transformers
a. Types of Transformers
i. FOR THE DEMONSTRATION, ELECTRICITY WILL ENTER
THROUGH THE LEFT GOING TO THE RIGHT
 1. Step-down transformers
a. Primary coil is more than secondary coil
i. 3:1 ratio
ii. Primary coil: 120
iii. Secondary coil: 40
b. Primary coil/Primary Winding: electrical wire wrapped around the
input side

2. Step-up Transformer
a. Primary coil is less than the secondary coil
i. 1:3 ratio
ii. Primary coil: 40
iii. Secondary coil: 120
b. Secondary Coil/Secondary Winding: electrical wire wrapped around
the output side

How do transformers work?

★ Transformer Operation
- Electrical transformer consists of a ferromagnetic (physical
phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged materials
strongly attract others) core and two coils called “windings”
- Uses the principle of mutual inductance to create an AC voltage in
the secondary coil from the alternating electric current flowing
through the primary coil.
- Voltage induced in the secondary coil can be used to drive a load

★ What is Mutual Inductance

- Two electrical coils are placed near each other
- AC electrical current flowing in one coil induces an AC voltage in the
other coil
➢ Current in the first coil creates a magnetic field around the
first coil which induces a voltage in the second coil
 ● The transformer improves the efficiency of the transfer of energy
from one coil to another by using a core to concentrate the
magnetic field
● The primary coil creates a magnetic field that is concentrated by
the core and induces a voltage in the secondary coil

★ Turns Ratio (TR)

- Voltage at the secondary coil can be different from the voltage at
the primary coil
➢ Number of turns of the coil in primary and secondary are not
the same
- Ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of
turns in the secondary coil

● Turns Ratio Formula

𝑁𝑃 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦
- 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑁𝑆
= 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

● Transformer Output Voltage Formula

𝑉𝑃 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠)
- 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑇𝑅
= 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

➢ 𝑉𝑆 = secondary voltage (Volts)

★ Transformer Voltages & Currents

𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑃
- 𝑉𝑆
= 𝐼𝑃
= 𝑁𝑆

➢ 𝐼𝑆 = Induced Secondary
➢ 𝐼𝑃 = Induced Primary
 5. Electric Motor
Basic Parts of an AC and DC Motor + How do Electric Motors Work?
- A generator operating in reverse: changes electrical energy to mechanical
energy

★ DC Motor
- DC Generators can be used as DC motors, so DC motors have the
same parts as a simple DC generator

● Simple DC Motor
- Brushes are connected to a battery to send current to the
armature
- Magnetic field produced by this current interacts with the
field of the magnet and exert a force that rotates the
armature.
➢ Rotation = electric current creates 1 magnetic field to
interact with
the magnetic field of the magnets
- A shaft attached to the armature makes the rotational
motion available for doing work
- Rotor coils
- Commutator: changes current
- Shaft
- Brush
- Stator magnet

● Brushed DC Motor
- Armature “rotor”: connected with the electromagnet rotates
- Permanent magnets are stationary “stators”

● Brushless/Emerging DC Motor
- No brushes or commutator
- Electronically commutated
- Permanent magnets are glued to the rotor
- Electromagnets are part of the stator
- Used in computer cooling fans
★ AC Motor
- No brushes or commutator
- Two coils (similar to a transformer)
➢ Electromagnetic induction transfers energy between the two
coils causing the second coil to spin